Kalna General College

Stereochemistry, the study of the spatial arrangement of atoms within molecules, has emerged as one of the most transformative branches of organic chemistry, intricately linked to biology, pharmacology, and materials science. This article presents a historical exploration of the development of organic stereochemistry, from early empirical discoveries to the theoretical breakthroughs that defined the field. It revisits the foundational experiments of Louis Pasteur, who, in the mid-nineteenth century, first separated mirror-image tartrate crystals and introduced the idea that molecular asymmetry could be biologically derived. The subsequent contributions of Van 't Hoff and Le Bel, who independently proposed the tetrahedral carbon model in 1874, marked a pivotal advancement in understanding three-dimensional molecular structures. These insights not only explained optical activity but also laid the conceptual groundwork for modern structural chemistry. Recent advances continue to push the boundaries of stereochemical science, but their roots lie in a continuum of pioneering ideas and observations. The structural formulas of August Kekulé helped shape the visual language of molecular structure. Arthur Cushny’s integration of stereochemistry with pharmacology heralded the birth of chiral drug science. Emil Fischer's lock-and-key hypothesis and his work on carbohydrate stereochemistry opened the door to understanding biological recognition. Arnaldo Piutti’s early insight into enantioselective receptor interactions marked the first recognition of stereochemical discrimination at biological targets. The geometric perspective offered by the Easson-Stedman model deepened our comprehension of molecular interactions in biological systems. Meanwhile, Alfred Werner’s revolutionary work on coordination compounds and molecular geometry extended stereochemical principles beyond carbon, profoundly influencing modern inorganic and medicinal chemistry. By revisiting the landmark moments and scientific pioneers that shaped this field, this article aims to contextualize current developments within a rich historical framework. It affirms that a deep appreciation of stereochemistry’s past can inspire and inform its future by bridging the legacy of molecular handedness with the promise of new chemical frontiers.

Air quality forecasting is an important application area of the time series forecasting problem. The successful prediction of the air quality of a place well in advance can able to help administrators to take the necessary steps to control air pollution. The administrator can also warn the citizens about the adverse effect of air pollution in advance. In this study, an air quality forecasting method is proposed to successfully forecast the air quality of a place. Here the type-2 fuzzy time series (FTS) forecasting method is applied to predict air quality. The performance of any FTS heavily depends on the selection of its hyperparameters. In this letter, a fuzzy time series optimization (FTSBO) algorithm is proposed to optimize all the hyperparameters of the FTS forecasting method. The proposed FTSBO algorithm originated from the butterfly optimization technique. In this work, the performance of the proposed forecasting method is also compared to the well-known forecasting methods. The simulation results established that the proposed forecasting method produces satisfactory performance, and its performance is better in comparison to other well-known forecasting methods.

Nanotechnological techniques are promising to standard spectroscopy methods as they are more durable, sensitive, targeted, and affordable. Nanotechnology has shown significant new promising approaches for efficient nutrient management to ensure sustainable agriculture. The combined approach of nanotechnology and phytotechnology called “nano-phytoremediation” is used to reduce toxic environments and restore these degraded resources. Nanotechnology also has a significant impact on nutrient uptake in precision agriculture. It's an eco-friendly and cost-effective method for managing and cleaning up soil conditions. Nanoremediation employs nanomaterials to enhance adsorption and sequestration of pollutants and has emerged as a cutting-edge approach with promising in situ and ex situ applications. Applications based on nanotechnology are easy to use, inexpensive, and suggest improved remediation and treatment techniques that could significantly lower soil contamination.

Fungi are both harmful and beneficial to plants they are the causative agents of many plant diseases through the use of diverse strategies. Sometimes they kill their host plants thus there is a need to control the fungi for proper growth and development of plants. Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn is a causative pathogen of many medicinal plant diseases, especially leaf spot and blight disease of Solanum nigrum L. The present study was conducted to determine the inhibitory effects of six selected medicinal plant extracts viz. Ocimum sanctum L., Solanum melongena L., Bergera koenigii L., Calotropis gigantean (L.) W.T.Aiton, Justicia adhatoda L., Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees against mycelial growth of Curvularia lunata. Both ethanolic extract and aqueous extract show significant inhibition of tested pathogenic fungi as compared to control.

Phenoxazines have sparked a lot of interest owing to their numerous applications in material science, organic light-emitting diodes, photoredox catalyst, dye-sensitized solar cells and chemotherapy. Among other things, they have antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimalarial, anti-alzheimer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antibiotic properties. Actinomycin D, which contains a phenoxazine moiety, functions both as an antibiotic and anticancer agent. Several research groups have worked on various structural modifications over the years in order to develop new phenoxazines with improved properties. Both phenothiazines and phenoxazines have gained prominence in medicine as pharmacological lead structures from their traditional uses as dyes and pigments. Organoelectronics and material sciences have recently found these compounds and their derivatives to be quite useful. Due to this, organic synthesis has been used in an unprecedented amount of exploratory alteration of the parent structures in an effort to create novel derivatives with enhanced biological and material capabilities. As a result, it is critical to conduct more frequent reviews of the work done in this area. Various stages of the synthetic transformation of phenoxazine scaffolds have been depicted in this article. This article aims to provide a state of the art review for the better understanding of the phenoxazine derivatives highlighting the progress and prospects of the same in medicinal and material applications.