We report the first successful synthesis of a novel magnetically recoverable nanocatalyst, Fe3O4@Al2O3/Co-Cs, incorporating cesium (Cs) as a co-catalytic promoter for efficient and sustainable hydrogen generation via NaBH4 hydrolysis. In this system, magnetite (Fe3O4) serves as a magnetic core, enabling facile separation and recyclability, whereas the Al2O3 shell enhances thermal stability, structural integrity, and active-site dispersion. Cobalt (Co) acts as the primary active metal, whereas Cs is introduced here for the first time in NaBH4 hydrolysis as an electronic promoter, significantly enhancing electron transfer and accelerating the hydrogen generation rate (HGR). Comprehensive characterization using FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM/EDX, and BET analyses confirmed the successful formation of a hierarchical core-shell structure. FE-SEM images revealed a flower-like morphology composed of aggregated nanosheets and nanoparticles that promoted efficient mass transfer and gas diffusion. Catalytic performance tests conducted at 30 degrees C demonstrated a high hydrogen generation rate of 17.24 L g- 1 min- 1. The apparent activation energy was determined to be 27.18 kJ mol-1, indicating favorable reaction kinetics under mild conditions. Thermodynamic analysis revealed a low enthalpy of adsorption (Delta Hads = 35.66 +/- 0.01 kJ mol-1) and a small entropy change (Delta S degrees = 0.09022 +/- 0.01 kJ mol- 1 K-1), suggesting favorable interactions between the reactants and catalyst surface. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further confirmed that the Fe3O4@Al2O3/Co-Cs system exhibited enhanced adsorption strength and reduced activation barriers, facilitating NaBH4 hydrolysis through efficient charge transfer, intermediate stabilization, and synergistic catalytic effects. Overall, this study highlights the novel role of cesium as an alkali metal promoter in NaBH4 hydrolysis, opening new opportunities for the design of advanced non-noble metal catalysts for hydrogen generation.
Land consolidation (LC) is a widely adopted land management instrument for improving agricultural efficiency through parcel restructuring and reducing land fragmentation. However, how LC reshapes the spatial distribution of land value remains insufficiently understood. This study investigates the spatial determinants of post-consolidation land value potential (LVP) using parcel-level data from an agricultural LC project in Türkiye. The analysis examines the effects of changes in parcel compactness (ΔCI), fragmentation, and pre-consolidation LVP within a spatial econometric framework. The average LVP increased from 0.491 before LC to 0.737 after LC, representing an improvement of approximately 50%. OLS residuals exhibited significant spatial autocorrelation (Moran's I = 0.198, p < 0.001), confirming that conventional regression was inadequate. Model comparison identified the Spatial Error Model (SEM) as the most appropriate specification (AIC=-510.51), indicating that post-consolidation LVP is primarily influenced by spatially structured contextual factors rather than direct parcel-to-parcel interactions. The findings demonstrate that LC reshapes rather than eliminates inherited spatial value structures and highlight the importance of accounting for spatial dependence when evaluating rural land management interventions. Methodologically, the study provides a reproducible spatial econometric framework that can support more robust and equitable evaluations of LC programmes.
The structural properties, surface hardness, wear and corrosion behaviors of plasma- and gas-nitrided, PVD TiN coated and electroless Ni-B coated EN-GJS-700-2 (GGG-70) grade ductile cast iron (DI) were investigated in detail. The structural properties were examined with an optical microscope, a scanning electron microscope and x-ray diffraction. The surface hardness was tested with Vickers microhardness tests; the wear behavior was investigated by ball-on-flat linear reciprocating abrasion/friction tests and the corrosion behavior was studied by electrochemical tests. The 1.95 µm PVD TiN coating had the hardest surface hardness with 2782 HV0.001 value. All nitrided and coated specimens exhibited better wear and corrosion resistance than the DI-substrate. The PVD TiN coating demonstrated the best wear resistance with the lowest wear loss (0.231x10−3 mm3) and the lowest friction coefficient value (0.16). Corrosion tests revealed that electroless Ni-B-coated specimens (0.002 mm/year corrosion rate) and nitrided specimens (0.002 mm/year for plasma- and 0.076 mm/year corrosion rate for gas-nitrided) showed excellent corrosion resistance, while the PVD TiN-coated specimen (0.673 mm/year corrosion rate) showed moderate corrosion protection0020.
This study evaluated the recovery of valuable compounds from three-phase olive pomace (OP) using supercritical CO2 extraction (SC-CO2) focusing on the effects of lyophilization and adsorbent addition. Lyophilized olive pomace (LOP) and perlite-added olive pomace (POP) were compared in terms of extraction efficiency and extract quality. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity (ABTS•+) were enhanced compared to those of raw pomace. The maximum TPC recovery values reached 2.49
