Context and relevance. As a result of the conducted scientific analysis, it was revealed that victimization in cadets can manifest itself in a potential form. The potential victimization of a cadet's personality is a risk factor for the manifestation of victim behavior in a victimogenic situation. Objective. To study the psychological characteristics of the potential victimization of cadets in educational institutions of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia. Methods and materials. 366 cadets of educational institutions of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia took part in the study. As a result of data clustering (based on the results obtained using the methodology "Research of propensity to victim behavior" by O.O. Andronnikova), two groups of cadets were identified: the potentially victimized type, which included cadets with average scores on the scales of the questionnaire, the non-victim type, which included cadets with low scores on the scales of the questionnaire. In the course of an empirical study, the significance of differences between groups of cadets of potentially victimized and non-victim type was analyzed according to the indicators of the methods proposed in the study. Results. The scheme of the model of potential victimization of a cadet's personality in educational institutions of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia (the structure of which consists of motivational-value, cognitive, behavioral and emotional components) is described. Conclusions. The potential victimization of a cadet in an educational institution of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia is an integrative characteristic that includes a set of psychological qualities and traits of a cadet's personality that can increase the likelihood of victim behavior in a victimogenic situation.
The article addresses the problem of psychological readiness of correctional security officers to use lethal force with firearms. The peculiarities of their operational and service activities related to the potential use of firearms are analysed, and the factors contributing to stress and having a negative impact on the personality of pre-trial detention center officers carrying out service with weapons are identified. The sample consisted of 25 employees from the security department, who perform their duties with firearms at the Federal Penitentiary Institution SIZO-1 of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia in the Republic of Mari El. The research methods included a diagnostic block: the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire by R.B. Cattell (Form C), the Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire, and G. Schubert’s “Readiness for Risk” technique (RSK). The Psychometric Expert program was used to process the data. During the empirical research, which aimed to study the psychological readiness of these employees to use lethal force with firearms, a group of officers with low psychological readiness for using lethal force with firearms was identified. It was concluded that specialized psychological work is necessary for these individuals, aimed at developing and enhancing their psychological readiness.
One of the topical and timely directions in the development of criminal law science is the expansion of doctrinal ideas about the essence and content of public danger. Taking into account the influence of socio-political processes on criminal legislation and the practice of its application, a rethinking of the conceptual foundations of the theory of social danger is required. In the work, on the basis of identifying dialectical contradictions, regular trends in the development of social danger as a criminal law phenomenon are determined. Such opposites are recognized as the theory of a socially dangerous state of an act and the theory of a socially dangerous state of a person as the basis for criminal liability. Meanwhile, the presented technique also makes it possible to identify gaps and shortcomings in criminal legislation that reduce the effectiveness of legal regulation in the criminal law sphere. As a result of rule-making work, new legislative constructions are fixed in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which contradict not only the principles of criminalization, but also the principles of criminal law. The most problematic issues of this order include: criminal law prohibitions that provide for liability for a socially dangerous state of the individual; norms of criminal law providing for an unjustified reduction in the public danger of an act; expansion of compositions with administrative prejudice. They force us to raise the question of the expediency and necessity of their introduction into the criminal law legislation. In the course of the study, the authors substantiate the idea that the criminal law phenomenon of “social danger” is characterized by inverse development trends. The analysis shows that this type of development is characterized by recurring qualitative changes that are present in the criminal law (reducing or increasing social danger) or indicating its loss, which are based on dialectical contradictions. The authors come to the conclusion that there is a dualism in the understanding of public danger, which is recognized as the basis for criminal liability, which is directly enshrined in the construction of the norms of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.
The article examines the factors that prevent the formation of loyalty of employees of penitentiary system to professional-service groups of their affiliation. The position is argued that alongside with absence of factors of formation of loyalty, there are specific socially-psychological obstacles for formation of loyalty to professional-service groups. Such obstacles were identified based on the analysis of empirical data (N=2786, respondents — men and the women engaging various positions in establishments and territorial units of Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia of 76 subjects of the Russian Federation; methods - The «Method of color metaphors», the questionnaire «Subjective assessment of integration»). In relation to large formal groups (like ministry) such an obstacle is the lack of experience of joint activities and emotional experiences in the group. At the level of large contact groups (organizations), the most significant factors preventing loyalty are the lack of exclusivity and value of the group, obvious differences in the normative and value orientations of their members. The main factor hindering loyalty to small contact groups in the professional and service sphere is the ignoring or rejection of a member of the group by its other members.
An important postulate of modern linguistics is the idea that the language of a nation should be studied in close connection with its culture. One of the most distinctive aspects of British national life are pubs. Their names are of particular interest, since it is often quite difficult to find out why they have been called like that. The paper deals with the names of British pubs. The purpose of the study is to identify the propositional models underlying the process of nomination on the material of British pub names. The authors put forward a hypothesis according to which it is possible to identify cognitive models if certain background knowledge is available. The research material includes The Wordsworth Dictionary of Pub Names, as well as the website Pubs Galore, which presents the names of all pubs operating currently in the United Kingdom in the order from more to less popular. Along with the method of quantitative calculation and classification of phenomena, the method of cognitive modeling developed within the framework of cognitive linguistics was used. The study examined 100 names and identified 10 types of propositional cognitive models in the names of British pubs. The peculiarity of this type of models is that it specifies the elements and the relationships between them. Each type of the models has one obligatory element - the NAME OF THE PUB. It is connected by various types of relations (INCLUDES, ASSOCIATES, etc.) with another element, which is in fact a concept that turned out to be relevant in each specific act of nomination. According to the number of models, there are 10 such elements: 1) HERALDIC SYMBOL, 2) PLACE, 3) CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PUB, 4) SPORTS/ENTERTAINMENT, 5) RELIGION, 6) MONARCH, 7) LITERARY CHARACTER, 8) HISTORICAL PERSON, 9) NAVIGATION, 10) HISTORICAL EVENT. Several of the listed elements can be combined in the name of a pub. The identified types of models are considered in close connection with background knowledge. It is convincingly proved that without knowing particular cultural and historical information, it would be extremely difficult or even impossible to determine the motivation base underlying the name of a pub. The conducted research allows us to better understand how the structuring of information about such a national phenomenon as the British pub is reflected in the English language. In general, cognitive modeling is considered to be a productive method of modern linguistics, which makes it possible to study the interrelation between language units and other cognitive components.
