Background. The use of well-designed agrotechnical methods allows you to harvest winter rye, regardless of weather conditions, with minimal resource and labor costs. In addition, the correct choice of precursors and moisture standards on grain crops increases the efficiency of crop development, optimizes the area of nutrition and solar insolation, resistance to pests and diseases. The effectiveness of the choice of technology elements directly depends on the analysis of their application, depending on the requirements of agricultural technology, crop varieties, as well as the level of soil fertility. The issue of increasing the productivity of winter rye in the Central Non-Chernozem region, through the development and improvement of technology elements with subsequent introduction into agricultural production aimed at increasing the production of high-quality grain crops, is undoubtedly an urgent, important and promising area, which determined the implementation of these studies. The purpose is to determine the efficiency of growing and productivity of winter rye depending on the complex action of precursors and the seeding rate in the Central Non–Chernozem region. Materials and methods. The research was carried out in the period 2021-2024 in the conditions of the Domodedovo district of the Moscow region. Three variants of the precursor were studied: winter wheat (control), peas for grain, spring rapeseed and five variants of crop seeding rates. The dynamics of the development of winter rye plants against the background of the use of various precursors and seeding rates is determined; the crop structure, yield and quality indicators are determined depending on the factors studied; the economic efficiency of the proposed elements of winter rye cultivation technology is revealed. All the studies were conducted according to generally accepted methods and the methodology of field work as described by B.A. Dospekhov. Results. The conducted studies have shown high efficiency of placing winter rye crops after leguminous crops, especially peas for grain, as precursors. The optimal seeding rate for winter rye is 3.5–4.0 million seeds per hectare, which ensures consistently high yields. The use of appropriate agrotechnical measures contributes to the achievement of high and reliable grain harvest rates — from 50.1 to 56.5 quintals per hectare, depending on the weather conditions of a particular season. The average yield was 5.29 t/ha with 3.5 million seeds per hectare and 5.35 t/ha with an increase in crop density to 4.0 million seeds per hectare. The results obtained are recommended for practical implementation in order to increase the productivity of winter crops and optimize production costs.
The recharge processes of deep levels (traps for majority and minority carriers) in optical DLTS (ODLTS), conventional DLTS, long-term relaxation of nonequilibrium conductivity, and Maxwell relaxation are considered from the perspective of the activation-transit theory. Experimental data from various literature sources are provided, supporting the validity of this theory. It is shown that applying the Shockley-Read-Hall theory approach to describe nonequilibrium deep-level recharge processes leads to ambiguous results. To avoid errors in determining deep-level parameters via DLTS, it is recommended to perform measurements at a depletion voltage corresponding to the resonance condition.
Pesticide treatment of grain crops with pesticides - fungicides, herbicides, and seed dressers - plays a key role in ensuring high harvest quality. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of integrated plant protection applications to ensure the phytosanitary stability of spring wheat crops in the Ryazan region. The experiments were conducted in 2024-2025. The spring wheat protection scheme included: seed treatment with Sterling, WSC at 1.5 L/t and Graviet, SC at 1.5 L/t; treatment in the tillering stage with a tank mixture containing the systemic fungicide Rakurs, SC - 0.2 L/ha, the insecticide Borey Neo, SC (125+100+50 g/L) - 1.0 L/ha and the herbicides NordStream, WDG - 0.07 L/ha, Stingray, EC - 0.35 L/ha; treatment at the flag leaf stage with the fungicide Lantsea, CME at 0.8 L/ha. The research showed that the development of root rot in spring wheat crops did not exceed 2-3.5%, and the prevalence of the disease was 4-14.1%. The use of the fungicide Rakurs, SC reduced brown rust development by 12.3-13.4% and decreased its prevalence by 35-45.6%. The biological efficacy of the agent reached 48.3-58%. The use of the herbicides NordStream, WDG and Stingray, EC reduced weed infestation of the crops, providing a high level of efficacy against annual and perennial dicotyledonous weeds (95-97.4%) and grass weed species (97.5-97.6%). The results confirm the feasibility of the integrated use of plant protection products to maintain phytosanitary stability and increase the yield of spring wheat.
The article presents the results of a study evaluating the effects of planting patterns and growth regulator application on the productivity of Iceberg lettuce under open-field conditions in the Moscow Region. The research was conducted in 2025 on sod-podzolic medium loamy soil at AgroMix LLC in the Kolomna urban district. The object of the study was Iceberg lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata) of Gavrish breeding. A two-factor field experiment was established to assess three planting patterns (30 × 30, 35 × 35, and 40 × 40 cm) and six treatment systems involving the growth regulators Epin-Extra and Zircon, as well as the biological product Fitosporin-M. A positive effect of growth regulators on seed quality, plant growth, and development was established. The highest germination energy and laboratory germination rate were recorded following the combined application of Epin-Extra. Planting pattern was found to have a significant effect on yield formation. The highest average yield of Iceberg lettuce (35.2 t/ha) was obtained with the 35 × 35 cm planting pattern. The application of growth regulators increased yield compared with the untreated control, with the greatest effect achieved through the double application of Epin-Extra, including pre-sowing seed treatment and foliar spraying during the growing season. An interaction between planting pattern and treatment application was demonstrated. The maximum yield of 38.2 t/ha was achieved when the 35 × 35 cm planting pattern was combined with the integrated application of Epin-Extra, resulting in a yield increase of up to 19% compared with the control treatment. The use of growth regulators improved marketable yield, increased head weight, and reduced nitrate accumulation. The results obtained allow recommending a cultivation technology based on a 35 × 35 cm planting pattern and double application of Epin-Extra for Iceberg lettuce production in the Moscow Region.
Introduction. The problem of corrosion damage to the working bodies of agricultural machinery during off-season storage remains a pressing one due to the ineffectiveness of traditional preservation methods. Solving this problem is necessary to reduce material losses, increase the service lifetime of equipment, and ensure uninterrupted operation during seasonal fieldwork. Aim of the Study. The study is aimed at the theoretical and experimental substantiation for the use of alkali metal and ammonium tetraboron phosphates as highly effective corrosion inhibitors for protecting steel 65G. Materials and Methods. The object of the study was steel 65G, which is used to manufacture the working bodies of agricultural machines. The inhibitory effect of the synthesized lithium, sodium, potassium, and ammonium tetraborophosphates was assessed using the gravimetric (according to GOST 9.908–85, VLA-200 g-M scales), electrochemical (potentiostat P-5848, three-electrode cell), and corrosion fatigue (2·106 cycles) methods in a 3% NaCl solution. Results. When potassium tetraborophosphate was added to a 3% NaCl solution, the corrosion rate of steel 65G was 4.2·10–3g/(m2·h), while it was 44.6·10–3 g/(m2·h) in a solution without an inhibitor. According to electrochemical measurement data, the steel corrosion potential in the solution with potassium tetraborophosphate changed from −0.42 to −0.16 V. In the cleaning solution MS-8 with the addition of potassium tetraborophosphate (5 kg/m3) at a temperature of 60 °C and a washing period of 6 minutes, the surface cleaning degree reached 88.9%, and the contact angle was 25°. In carrying out corrosion fatigue tests based on 2·106 cycles, the steel fatigue limit in an aggressive environment with potassium tetraborophosphate increased by 6.5 MPa compared to a solution without an inhibitor. Discussions and Conclusion. The results obtained allow us to recommend the studied tetraboron phosphate compounds, particularly potassium tetraboron phosphate, as effective detergentpassivating additives to aqueous cleaning solutions and to corrosion protection compounds for agricultural machinery during off-season storage. This will ensure technological effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and increased lifetime of the equipment.
