Background. The use of well-designed agrotechnical methods allows you to harvest winter rye, regardless of weather conditions, with minimal resource and labor costs. In addition, the correct choice of precursors and moisture standards on grain crops increases the efficiency of crop development, optimizes the area of nutrition and solar insolation, resistance to pests and diseases. The effectiveness of the choice of technology elements directly depends on the analysis of their application, depending on the requirements of agricultural technology, crop varieties, as well as the level of soil fertility. The issue of increasing the productivity of winter rye in the Central Non-Chernozem region, through the development and improvement of technology elements with subsequent introduction into agricultural production aimed at increasing the production of high-quality grain crops, is undoubtedly an urgent, important and promising area, which determined the implementation of these studies. The purpose is to determine the efficiency of growing and productivity of winter rye depending on the complex action of precursors and the seeding rate in the Central Non–Chernozem region. Materials and methods. The research was carried out in the period 2021-2024 in the conditions of the Domodedovo district of the Moscow region. Three variants of the precursor were studied: winter wheat (control), peas for grain, spring rapeseed and five variants of crop seeding rates. The dynamics of the development of winter rye plants against the background of the use of various precursors and seeding rates is determined; the crop structure, yield and quality indicators are determined depending on the factors studied; the economic efficiency of the proposed elements of winter rye cultivation technology is revealed. All the studies were conducted according to generally accepted methods and the methodology of field work as described by B.A. Dospekhov. Results. The conducted studies have shown high efficiency of placing winter rye crops after leguminous crops, especially peas for grain, as precursors. The optimal seeding rate for winter rye is 3.5–4.0 million seeds per hectare, which ensures consistently high yields. The use of appropriate agrotechnical measures contributes to the achievement of high and reliable grain harvest rates — from 50.1 to 56.5 quintals per hectare, depending on the weather conditions of a particular season. The average yield was 5.29 t/ha with 3.5 million seeds per hectare and 5.35 t/ha with an increase in crop density to 4.0 million seeds per hectare. The results obtained are recommended for practical implementation in order to increase the productivity of winter crops and optimize production costs.
The recharge processes of deep levels (traps for majority and minority carriers) in optical DLTS (ODLTS), conventional DLTS, long-term relaxation of nonequilibrium conductivity, and Maxwell relaxation are considered from the perspective of the activation-transit theory. Experimental data from various literature sources are provided, supporting the validity of this theory. It is shown that applying the Shockley-Read-Hall theory approach to describe nonequilibrium deep-level recharge processes leads to ambiguous results. To avoid errors in determining deep-level parameters via DLTS, it is recommended to perform measurements at a depletion voltage corresponding to the resonance condition.
The article presents the results of many years of experimental research and theoretical substantiation, the purpose of which was to develop an anti-stress concept for the protection of seeds and plants at the early stages of the development of grain crops. The need to form this conceptual direction and its practical implementation is dictated by the fact that for many decades and up to the present, the problem of mechanical damage to seeds has persisted in the seed production of grain crops. In the seed material of grain crops, the proportion of injured seeds ranges from 1/3 to 2/3, but this indicator is not standardized by GOST. The problem of protecting seeds from injury has not yet found an effective solution in engineering and design developments. Anti-stress protection studies were performed on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) of Agate, Daria, Lyubava and barley (Hordeum distichon L.) varieties Vladimir, Yaromir, Reliable. The seeds met the requirements of GOST R 52325-2005, and the injury rate by year, type, and variety ranged from 31 to 57%. The seed batches were differentiated into two categories according to their physiological state: 1) physiologically high-quality; 2) physiologically low-quality, depending on the level of stress and stress tolerance. Post-harvest storage included 2 options: traditional – outdoor storage and stress-protective – container storage. It was found that container storage of physiologically high-quality seeds contributed to an increase in laboratory germination by 2.7% and physiologically low-quality by 5.1%, respectively, in barley by 1.3 and 3.6%. Container storage of physiologically high-quality seeds ensured the formation of maximum field germination in spring wheat and barley on average over the years of research – 87.2 and 85.7%, while when storing these seeds on the floor, this indicator was 79.3 and 82.1%, or 7.9 and 3.6% lower.
Pesticide treatment of grain crops with pesticides - fungicides, herbicides, and seed dressers - plays a key role in ensuring high harvest quality. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of integrated plant protection applications to ensure the phytosanitary stability of spring wheat crops in the Ryazan region. The experiments were conducted in 2024-2025. The spring wheat protection scheme included: seed treatment with Sterling, WSC at 1.5 L/t and Graviet, SC at 1.5 L/t; treatment in the tillering stage with a tank mixture containing the systemic fungicide Rakurs, SC - 0.2 L/ha, the insecticide Borey Neo, SC (125+100+50 g/L) - 1.0 L/ha and the herbicides NordStream, WDG - 0.07 L/ha, Stingray, EC - 0.35 L/ha; treatment at the flag leaf stage with the fungicide Lantsea, CME at 0.8 L/ha. The research showed that the development of root rot in spring wheat crops did not exceed 2-3.5%, and the prevalence of the disease was 4-14.1%. The use of the fungicide Rakurs, SC reduced brown rust development by 12.3-13.4% and decreased its prevalence by 35-45.6%. The biological efficacy of the agent reached 48.3-58%. The use of the herbicides NordStream, WDG and Stingray, EC reduced weed infestation of the crops, providing a high level of efficacy against annual and perennial dicotyledonous weeds (95-97.4%) and grass weed species (97.5-97.6%). The results confirm the feasibility of the integrated use of plant protection products to maintain phytosanitary stability and increase the yield of spring wheat.
The article presents the results of a study evaluating the effects of planting patterns and growth regulator application on the productivity of Iceberg lettuce under open-field conditions in the Moscow Region. The research was conducted in 2025 on sod-podzolic medium loamy soil at AgroMix LLC in the Kolomna urban district. The object of the study was Iceberg lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata) of Gavrish breeding. A two-factor field experiment was established to assess three planting patterns (30 × 30, 35 × 35, and 40 × 40 cm) and six treatment systems involving the growth regulators Epin-Extra and Zircon, as well as the biological product Fitosporin-M. A positive effect of growth regulators on seed quality, plant growth, and development was established. The highest germination energy and laboratory germination rate were recorded following the combined application of Epin-Extra. Planting pattern was found to have a significant effect on yield formation. The highest average yield of Iceberg lettuce (35.2 t/ha) was obtained with the 35 × 35 cm planting pattern. The application of growth regulators increased yield compared with the untreated control, with the greatest effect achieved through the double application of Epin-Extra, including pre-sowing seed treatment and foliar spraying during the growing season. An interaction between planting pattern and treatment application was demonstrated. The maximum yield of 38.2 t/ha was achieved when the 35 × 35 cm planting pattern was combined with the integrated application of Epin-Extra, resulting in a yield increase of up to 19% compared with the control treatment. The use of growth regulators improved marketable yield, increased head weight, and reduced nitrate accumulation. The results obtained allow recommending a cultivation technology based on a 35 × 35 cm planting pattern and double application of Epin-Extra for Iceberg lettuce production in the Moscow Region.
