Purpose This study aims to comprehensively identify countries’ objectives in implementing halal measures and which aspects of halal measures are raised as constraints in the WTO. It also aims to review countries’ best practices in halal measures and assess their compliance with the WTO TBT Agreement. Design/methodology/approach This research used qualitative methods of screening, categorization and benchmarking to examine case studies from relevant WTO halal cases/regulations. Findings This study finds that halal measures are commonly designed to achieve objectives including consumer information and labeling; prevention of deceptive practices; protection of human health or safety; quality requirements and others. Meanwhile, halal labeling and certification; facilities and logistics; traceability/verification issues; product coverage; recognition of foreign halal certification/accreditation bodies; procedural and administrative issues; and the use of international standards are commonly raised regarding their compatibility with the TBT Agreement. Moreover, six provisions have been used minimally to assess halal compliance measures, including Art. 2.1; Art. 2.2; Art 2.12; Art. 6; Art. 2.9; and Art. 2.4. Research limitations/implications Primarily, its scope is confined to halal-related cases and regulations within the WTO framework. Practical implications This study provides guidance for governments on how to design halal measures that align with WTO rules while still achieving their policy objectives. Originality/value Halal cases have been minimally challenged in the WTO, making it difficult to assess the compliance of halal measures under WTO rules. This study provides guidance to be used in designing WTO-compliant halal measures that facilitate global halal trade.
Synthesis of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) by free radical polymerization has been carried out. NIPA monomer was polymerized by free radical polymerization with the initiator of ammonium persulfate (APS) and tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED). The purpose was to obtain PNIPA for the base-material of therapeutic radiation source. Visual observations indicated that the polymer solution showed different properties at 35ºC. FTIR spectrum showed that infrared absorption peaks of the synthesized polymer were almost the same as PNIPA reported before. Viscosity measurement showed that there was a change of viscosity at temperatures of 30–35ºC. Viscosity of the solution increased dramatically with the increase of concentration. The maximum concentration of the polymer solution for radiation source was 5%.
A pot experiment was conducted at the experiment station PATIR – BATAN, in order to determine phospho-rous content derived from P-fertilizer and organic matters in paddy fi eld, both quantitatively and qualitatively. In the experiment, factorial pattern of Randomized Group Design with 3 replication was used. The fi rst factor was the dose of SP-36 with four doses, which were 0, 30, 60, and 90 kg ha/SP-36. The second dose was organic fertilizer with four doses, which were 0, 5, 10, dan 15 ton/ha. 32P isotope technique with A-value methode was used to determine the absorption of P by the plants in order to establish the composition of P derived from the soil, 32P, SP-36 and organic fertilizer. The results of the experiment proved that an increase in the P content from one of the P sources caused a decrease in the P content from other P sources.
In this work an experimental series was performed in order to modify the surface properties and galvanise ability of the dual-phase steel by the nitriding in an ammonia containing atmosphere (bright nitriding) during re-crystallisation annealing. The samples were characterized using various electron microscopy techniques and special preparation methods. The investigations show that during re-crystallization annealing with a relatively short duration because the nitrides formation with a large amount of nitrogen atoms can incorporate into the surface near area of the steel. The steel microstructures and the oxidation behavior of the alloying elements on the steel surface are positively changed. The decreasing of oxidation causes the surface activation that increases the steel/zinc reactions during hot-dipping. The formation of the Fe7415 inhibition layer also changes. The best quality of the zinc layer surfaces are achieved on the samples after annealing with ammonia concentration between 0.25 and 1 vol.-%. Therewith a new alternative for controlling the hot-dip galvaniseability of high strength steels are proposed.
Analyze of intermediate heat exchanger in Pb-Bi cooled nuclear reactor for hydrogen production design have been done. Based on one dimensional convective and conduction heat transfer model, temperature distribution ofprimary and secondary Pb-Bi at IHX have been modeled. Heat transfer coefficients ofprimary and secondary Pb-Bi coolant are calculated by sub channel analysis method. Primary and secondary Pb-Bi coolant temperature distribution obtained by solving numerically first orders differential equation using Runge-Kutta- Gill method Incase primary coolant flow rate 7000 kg/s and IHX inlet temperature 552°C, outlet temperature and flow rate of Pb-Bi secondary coolant are 542°C and 2700 kg/s. The temperature secondary coolant 542°C corresponds to chemical reaction temperature of steam membrane reforming.
