Naproxen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), has emerged as a contaminant of concern due to its environmental persistence, incomplete removal by conventional wastewater treatment processes, and associated ecological risks. It has been detected at concentrations ranging from nanograms to micrograms per liter in surface waters, wastewater effluents, and, in some cases, drinking water, particularly in regions with limited treatment infrastructure. Several bacterial genera, such as Pseudomonas and Bacillus, have been reported to transform naproxen through hydroxylation and ring-modification reactions catalyzed by specific enzymes. Microbial consortia, when provided with optimal pH, temperature, oxygen, and nutrient conditions, demonstrate greater degradation efficiency compared to single strains. Despite extensive research on pharmaceutical pollution, a comprehensive understanding of naproxen biodegradation and the environmental factors influencing its removal remains limited. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the occurrence of naproxen in aquatic environments, microbial degradation pathways, and the influence of the combined effects of microbial characteristics and abiotic parameters, including pH, temperature, oxygen availability, and nutrient supply, on degradation efficiency. Several key knowledge gaps remain, including an incomplete understanding of metabolic pathways utilized by diverse microbial communities, the impact of emerging contaminants on naproxen degradation, and the long-term ecological implications of residual naproxen in treated effluents. In addition, challenges related to scaling laboratory findings to real-world applications and integrating biodegradation with other treatment technologies require further investigation. By integrating dispersed findings into a unified conceptual framework, this review identifies critical knowledge gaps and proposes future research directions to advance biologically based strategies for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment.
Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) are essential for seamless system integration in software development but meeting both Functional and Non-Functional Requirements (NFRs) remains challenging. Standards like ISO/IEC 25010:2023 and OAS often overlook critical quality factors like real-time performance, reliability, scalability, and maintainability. This study addresses a notable gap in existing literature by focusing on NFRs in APIs and developing a quality-centric framework. Existing studies predominantly focus on functional requirements, neglecting critical NFRs essential for APIs' efficiency. The research highlights the development of a quality-centric framework for improving APIs' performance and development practices. We employed Systematic Literature Review guidelines and followed strict selection criteria to assess 1,246 articles collected geographically across continents. The absolute review of 112 articles, reduced to 20 relevant articles, reveals a lack of frameworks to address quality challenges related to NFRs in API development. Most of the models focus on functional requirements only and pay insufficient attention to NFRs, posing challenges for the software development industry. The study emphasizes the need for an efficient framework to improve the quality of NFRs in APIs. It highlights the limitations of current studies and standards in addressing run-time NFRs that promote more effective API quality development practices.
PurposeThere has been a growing emphasis in both academic and industry spheres on the importance of efficient supply chain management. However, supply chains are facing unprecedented levels of upheaval and unforeseen events. From natural disasters to artificial crises, political and economic turmoil and the ever-changing landscape, uncertainties abound. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of structural risk sharing, structural collaboration, supply chain ambidexterity, dynamic reconfiguration, dynamic sensing and supply chain flexibility on supply chain resilience.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 2,301 manufacturers across various industries in the USA. The hypotheses were evaluated using Structural Equation Modeling through Smart PLS version 4.0.FindingsAll direct and sequential mediation hypotheses were supported. Structural collaboration exerted a stronger effect on supply chain ambidexterity than structural risk sharing. Supply chain ambidexterity strongly enhanced dynamic sensing and reconfiguration, thereby improving supply chain flexibility. Notably, supply chain flexibility emerged as the strongest direct predictor of resilience. The most influential indirect pathway was structural collaboration -> ambidexterity -> dynamic sensing -> flexibility -> resilience, underscoring flexibility as the primary mechanism through which structural practices translate into resilience outcomes.Originality/valueSequential mediation introduces innovation by highlighting the impact of supply chain ambidexterity, which benefits both the firm and the broader supply chain network. Prior investigations concentrated on the internal implications of supply chain ambidexterity within a firm. Nonetheless, informed by the dynamic capability view, the variables studied indicate that supply chain ambidexterity empowers firms to navigate intricate supply chain challenges and capitalize on opportunities. This implies that firms can adapt to evolving market conditions, harmonize their operations with their objectives and enhance the resilience of their supply chains against disruptions.
This study examines the links between Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) reporting, innovation intensity, and investment efficiency. The analysis uses 21,068 firm-year observations from 48 countries from 2011 to 2020. Corporate ESG reporting is the ESG score from Refinitiv, innovation intensity is based on corporate intangible intensity, and investment efficiency is based on the McNichols and Stubben (2008) model. In line with the views of the agency theory, the findings indicate that firms with greater ESG reporting have higher investment efficiency and the positive impact of ESG reporting on investment efficiency becomes stronger for firms with higher innovation intensity. The findings identify mechanisms to improve investment efficiency in the form of two corporate strategies: engaging in ESG reporting and innovation. Support should be given, in terms of incentives and policy improvements, to enable firms to strategize for ESG reporting and innovation for better resource allocation in the capital market.
The growing need for sustainable energy in the oil and gas industry has led to increased interest in renewable power sources. Vortex-Induced Vibration (VIV) energy harvesting offers a promising method for converting kinetic energy from fluid flow into electricity. The research focuses on qualifying the influence of structural stiffness on the performance of a single rigid circular cylinder in a VIV energy generation system. Numerical simulations were performed for a Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) model using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The Reynold number of 37000 and stiffness values ranged from 60 N/m to 800 N/m were considered. Results indicate that an optimal stiffness of 600 N/m yields a peak power output of 6.10 W, demonstrating that structural stiffness is a critical factor in maximizing energy conversion efficiency. These findings offer valuable guidance for designing VIV energy generation system to capture energy from water flow more efficiently for clean and sustainable energy.
