The purpose of this study is to identify and provide a scientific substantiation of the key rights and legal guarantees of those sentenced to imprisonment when subject to disciplinary action, as well as to determine areas for their regulatory specification in criminal-executive legislation. Based on an analysis of the current provisions of the Criminal Executive Code of the Russian Federation, bylaws, and judicial practice, it has been established that a number of essential elements of the disciplinary procedure are not supported by independent and comprehensive legal mechanisms for their implementation. It is shown that the declarative nature of obtaining legal assistance, the lack of a defined procedure for reporting an alleged violation, the uncertainty of access to disciplinary proceedings, and the incomplete regulation of the convicted person's participation in the review of materials and the presentation of evidence reduce the effectiveness of the right to defense and complicate subsequent appeals of sanctions. Conclusions. As a result of the conducted research, the author concludes that it is necessary to specify in criminal-executive legislation the rights of those sentenced to imprisonment (and guarantees for their implementation) applicable to the stages of the disciplinary procedure, including the right to be heard, the right to familiarize themselves with materials, the right to present evidence, a specific appeal procedure, and a number of other rights, as well as to establish the requirement of establishing guilt as a condition for the imposition of a sanction.
В статье подвергается критическому научному анализу ст. 210.1 Уголовного кодекса Российской Федерации, предусматривающая ответственность за занятие высшего положения в преступной иерархии. Исследуются доктринальные противоречия указанной нормы, ключевое из которых заключается в криминализации общественно опасного состояния личности (факта обладания особым крими-нальным статусом) вместо конкретного общественно опасного деяния. Автор приходит к выводу, что подобный законодательный подход входит в противоречие с фундаментальным принципом вины (ст. 5 УК РФ) и классическими постулатами уголовно-правовой доктрины, основанными на неотвратимости ответственности исключительно за виновное действие или бездействие. В работе рассматриваются уголовно-исполнительные аспекты, отражающие специфику реализации лишения свободы в отношении осужденных с высшим криминальным статусом; выявляется фрагментарность правового регулирования их статуса. В целях снижения деструктивного воздействия лидеров в пенитенциарных учреждениях предлагается комплекс мер по совершенствованию Уголовно-исполнительного кодекса РФ, включающих дифференциацию и ужесточение условий отбывания наказания для данной категории, нормативное закрепление их изоляции и особый порядок изменения вида исправительного учреждения. Формулируется вывод о необходимости дальнейшей научной разработки и законодательного решения выявленных проблем как в уголовном, так и в уголовно-исполнительном праве.
The purpose of the research. The article examines the problems of legal regulation of the institute of compensation for inadequate conditions of detention of suspects, accused and convicted persons in the penitentiary system of the Russian Federation. The current legislation (the Criminal Executive Code of the Russian Federation, the Code of Administrative Procedure of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law “On Detention”), judicial practice, as well as the results of the author’s survey of FSIN staff, prosecutors, experts and persons held in penitentiary institutions are analyzed. The aim of the study is to identify systemic shortcomings of the legal mechanism of compensation and to develop scientifically based proposals for its improvement in the following areas: legal regulation, procedural aspects, financial support, control and monitoring, interdepartmental interaction. Findings. As a result of the conducted research, the author concludes that the current compensation institute is characterized by heterogeneity of judicial practice, the absence of uniform criteria for assessing inadequate conditions of detention, and inequality of the procedural status of different categories of citizens. To eliminate these shortcomings, it is proposed: to introduce into legislation the requirement to prove the absence of fault of a public authority; to ensure strict observance of the three-month time limit for filing a claim; to establish an alternative form of compensation in the form of sentence reduction (one day for every ten days spent in inadequate conditions); to create the institute of penitentiary judges; to develop a compensation calculation methodology using correction factors; to form a unified information database of violations within the framework of the interdepartmental electronic interaction system (SMEV). The author concludes that the implementation of the proposed measures will make it possible to form an integral, predictable and humanistically oriented compensation mechanism that complies with constitutional principles and international standards.
This article presents the results of an experimental phonetic study of the specific vowels of the Karaidel subdialect of the northwestern dialect of the Bashkir language. The need to refine the phonetic system of dialects using instrumental analysis methods makes this work relevant. The aim of the study is to identify and acoustically describe complex vowels that do not fit into the traditional classification of monophthongs and diphthongs. The material for the study was audio recordings of the speech of native speakers, which were collected during the expeditions of 2022–2024 in the Karaidelsky and Askinsky districts of Republic of Bashkortostan. The research was carried out using methods adopted in the laboratory of experimental phonetic research named after V.M. Nadelyaev (Novosibirsk Phonological School of V.M. Nadelyaev). The main methods were auditory analysis and computer signal processing in the Speech Analyzer 3.0.1 program. Spectrograms, oscillograms and basic frequency graphs were presented as visual material. As a result of the study, two–component mononuclear vowels were discovered in the dialect for the first time - duphones [oa], [ae], [ie], [ao], [ea], which are allophones of the phonemes /a/, /i/, /a/. Their articulatory and acoustic characteristics were described: formant parameters, duration of components, pharyngalization and other additional articulatory features. Duphones are characterized by the presence of two different components within the same vocal core, for example, [o] and [a], [i] and [e], [s] and [a], etc. It was found that the vowel [oa], which was previously described as "labialized", is structurally A complex duphone is an allophone of the phoneme /a/. It is assumed that the formation of this sound could have been influenced by the Finno-Ugric substrate influence, as well as that additional components in other duphones perform a transitive function. The study for the first time proposed and justified the use of the term "duphone" in the context of Bashkir dialectology. The results of the study expand knowledge in the field of experimental phonetics of the Turkic languages and may be useful for comparative analysis of the languages of the Ural-Volga region.
