Sri Siddhartha Institute of Technology (SSIT) is a university located in Tumkur, Karnataka, India. Sri Siddhartha Institute of Technology was established by the Siddhartha Education Society..
The information sharing on behalf of the delivery of the packet in the network router and the original information that is share to the correct person is enabled for the analysis and then the analysis is done. The traffic related problem based on the sharing the information is occur when two or more sis sent in the same routing path. So the packet or the information has been sent using the single router or an execution time delivery for the analysis. The method of novel QoS Routing, fault tolerance is used in this study for the analysis of the system to produce the formation and the analysis of the packet routing. Fault tolerance is used in the deliver the packets without fail and to deliver it in the fast manner. The QoS is used for managing the information or the packets which makes and send the data which is the high priority of the data and the analysis of the dependency is analysed. The finding of the CRAFT related protocol and the efficient routing has been found. Routing system the effective method for the analysis and the protocol transfer has been enabled using the CRAFT method. The suggested system explains the algorithms for enhancing fault detection, fault isolation, data redundancy, robustness against coalescing innovative QoS routing, and fault tolerance improving QoS parameters in the ad-hoc wireless network utilising CRAFT protocol. Compared to the early existing system, fault detection is now three times better. The execution time is 96% faster, and the decreased latency is less than 2 ms. The data redundancy rate is likely about 90% when restricted to the current services, which have improved in terms of resilience by 93%, jitter by 7%, and packet arrival time by over 50 ms per transmission.
In the last few decades, the implementation of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) in numerous domains has been required by fast-evolving wireless services and deployment demands. In the optimization problem, the MANET routing protocol considers network dynamics and limited energy. The existing MANET routing and clustering frameworks struggle with reduced performance owing to the absence of a fixed infrastructure, inefficient bandwidth usage, and unstable cluster head maintenance in dynamic network conditions, leading to increased latency and energy consumption. In this analysis, recent trust-based secure cluster head selection and route-based MANET used hybrid frameworks such as metaheuristics with Deep Learning (DL) /Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) approaches, metaheuristics with fuzzy frameworks, metaheuristics with cryptographic algorithms, and hybrid trust-aware routing protocols. First, metaheuristic with DL / DRL is used to combine advanced metaheuristic with autonomous learning, and then, metaheuristic with a fuzzy-based framework is used to manage the evaluation of trust. Next, metaheuristics with cryptography are used to provide mathematical security and authentication during cluster selection. Finally, hybrid trust-aware routing protocols are used to integrate trust metrics directly into the routing path to ensure a secure and stable path for data transmission. The experimental results were evaluated using metrics such as energy efficiency, network lifetime, packet delivery ratio and computational time.
Integrating wind energy into the power grid offers significant benefits in reducing reliance on fossil fuels, but challenges such as intermittent generation impact system stability and power quality. This chapter explores advanced control techniques for optimizing grid-connected wind energy systems, focusing on Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) and hybrid controllers. Incremental Conductance (IC) MPPT is examined for its effectiveness in maximizing energy capture under varying wind conditions. Hybrid control strategies, combining Proportional-Integral (PI) control, fuzzy logic, and model predictive control (MPC), are discussed for their robustness in addressing grid disturbances. The chapter also covers energy storage integration with wind turbines, improving grid reliability, and fault detection mechanisms to maintain system integrity. The results highlight the role of real-time control, power quality management, and grid compliance in enhancing the efficiency and reliability of renewable energy integration.
A novel thiazole-based co-crystal, N-(thiazol-2-yl) benzamide benzoate[TBB], was synthesized and characterized using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystal structure analysis revealed that the compound crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system with space group P21/n and exhibits a nearly planar molecular geometry with a dihedral angle of 9.66°. The crystal packing is stabilized through N–H···O, O–H···N, and C–H···O hydrogen bonds together with π···π stacking and dispersive intermolecular interactions. Hirshfeld surface analysis identified H···H contacts as the dominant contribution to crystal packing (38%), followed by H···C/C···H (11.3%) and H···O/O···H (5.9%) interactions, indicating the significant role of van der Waals forces in crystal stabilization. Energy framework calculations showed that dispersion energy (−156.43 kJ mol⁻¹) is the major stabilizing component, resulting in a total interaction energy of −146 kJ mol⁻¹ . DFT calculations performed at the B3LYP/6–311 + + G (d, p) level reproduced the experimental geometry and yielded a HOMO–LUMO energy gap of 4.624 eV, suggesting good kinetic stability and moderate chemical reactivity. QTAIM and NCI analyses confirmed the coexistence of hydrogen bonding, π···π stacking, van der Waals interactions, and steric effects governing the supramolecular assembly. NBO analysis revealed significant donor–acceptor charge transfer interactions with stabilization energies up to 57.62 kcal mol⁻¹ , demonstrating efficient electron delocalization within the molecular framework. Molecular docking studies against the aspirin-acetylated cyclooxygenase-2 protein (PDB ID: 5F19) exhibited a favorable binding affinity of −7.6 kcal mol⁻¹ , indicating promising molecular recognition behavior. The combined experimental and theoretical results highlight the importance of intermolecular interactions in controlling crystal stability and electronic properties, suggesting potential applications in pharmaceutical co-crystal engineering, supramolecular chemistry, molecular recognition, and functional molecular materials.
Common effluent treatment plants (CETPs) produce sludge that contributes to soil and groundwater pollution, posing significant environmental challenges. This study examines the potential of utilizing CETP waste as a partial substitute for fine aggregate in M20 grade concrete to address disposal issues and promote natural resource sustainability. By evaluating the fractional and microstructural properties of concrete with varying CETP sludge replacement percentages (0
