Swami Vivekanand University, Madhya Pradesh

Heavy metals (HMs) are mostly toxic to all forms of life and are tenacious environmental pollutants. Rapid industrialization, urban development, and unsustainable agricultural implications lead to their accumulation in soil and water ecosystems, promoting serious ecological and health risks. In course of time, the growing global population, demand for food, water, energy, and technology have increased heavy metal-contaminated wastewater discharges. Conventional physicochemical treatment approaches, although widely applied, often suffer from limitations such as incomplete metal removal, significant energy requirement and cost effectiveness. Microorganisms such as bacteria, algae, and fungi demonstrate great efficiency in HM detoxification and degradation by virtue of their natural biological properties. These microorganisms have the capability to reduce toxic metal ions in their surroundings to non-toxic or fixed forms. The current review aims to critically assess the efficiency of individual bioremediation processes in microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, algae, and their combinatorial states like bacteria-algae, algae-fungi, and algae-algae consortia. A great deal of emphasis has been given to elucidate the mechanistic insights specific to consortia particularly mutualistic carbon/nutrient exchange, bioprecipitation, EPS-mediated capture, enzymatic transformation, adsorption/chelation and synergistic indirect effects. Moreover, the importance of interspecies interactions through metabolite transfer and signaling has been underlined in terms of system stability and remediation ability. Future research direction includes reactor-scale integration studies, modeling efforts, and the use of artificial intelligence/machine learning tools. Thus, engineered bacterial communities based on omics analysis can provide a basis to improve bioremediation strategies in terms of efficiency, stability, and sustainability for the remediation of HMs in wastewaters. Release of different heavy metals in wastewater leads to their bioaccumulation in the food chain causing ecological imbalance and health hazards in humans. In order to bioremediate these toxic heavy metals from the wastewater, microbial consortium (comprising algae, fungi, and bacteria) may be beneficial as they work synergistically to detoxify metals into stable or less harmful forms through multiple bioremediation pathways; thus, providing a sustainable solution for heavy metal pollution management.

At present, there is an escalating concern among consumers regarding the spoilage and safety of food items. Furthermore, the packaging materials used within the packaging industry are typically unsustainable food packaging. To confront this significant challenge, nanotechnology may offer a feasible alternative to standard packaging practices. Several naturally derived polymers are capable of substituting petrochemical-based polymers. The application of biopolymers has demonstrated an ability to prolong the shelf life of food items. However, these materials frequently exhibit limited functionality. The incorporation of nanomaterials can significantly enhance the capabilities of these films. Furthermore, the fields of nanotechnology and food packaging are trending areas of research that hold promise for addressing various challenges within the packaging sector. Integrating nanomaterials into food packaging materials yields significant advantages relative to traditional packaging approaches. It contributes to enhanced food quality and safety, provides consumers with insights into their dietary practices, enables the repair of packaging tears, and increases the longevity of food storage. Incorporating various nanomaterials into biobased films has gained prominence in sustainable food packaging. This review explores the general overview of the historical perspective of nanotechnology. In addition, we addressed the various kinds of nanomaterials involved in food packaging. The functions of nanomaterials in food packaging applications are briefly reviewed. The compilation and discussion highlight the nanotechnology for safe, sustainable, and satisfiable food packaging. Finally, the toxicity, safety, and future trends of the nanomaterials in sustainable food packaging were briefly summarized. This review underscores the necessity of nanotechnology in sustainable food packaging.

Dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic dengue fever and dengue shock syndrome were caused by Dengue mosquito bites. Common signs such as fever and headache, are connected to distinctive medical disorders. From the previous and ongoing studies, it is far unknown what genes or protein signaling pathway mechanism underlies the association between DF, DHF and DSS in Indian context. In our study, the gene expression dataset was retrieved from the GEO database with accession number GSE94892. Here, mRNA sequence analysis done of each DF, DHF and DSS patients from peripheral blood mononuclear cells sample. GEO2R became used to carry out differential gene expression analysis using a dengue data set. Protein-protein interaction networks have been built, gene set GO enrichment and KEGG Pathway enrichment done in SR plot, and cluster analyses have been performed in STRING and MCODE. During this study, we diagnosed 10 hub genes in all 3 condition. The gene set of showed that the ten hub genes diagnosed in each condition constituted the best range of common hub genes discovered beneath all 3 conditions in India. The conclusion of this study can be beneficial for treating DF, DHF and DSS conditions within the context of handling DEV in India.

In India, the Indo-Gangetic Plain has become a hotspot for atmospheric pollutants, with seasonal residue burning being a major contributor. The rapid increase in crop productivity with the introduction of high-yield varieties increased the challenge of managing the large quantity of residue generated, which ultimately pushed agriculture towards heavy mechanization. Managing a substantial quantity of leftover material after mechanical harvesting is burdensome, so farmers are choosing easy methods, i.e., in situ residue burning. Statewise analysis in India revealed that Punjab (64

Heavy metals are highly hazardous compounds that must be managed carefully, economically, and sustainably. Bioremediation is an essential method for reducing the harmful levels of toxic heavy metal pollutants in the environment. Bacteria employ bio-sorption and bio-accumulation strategies that entail ATP-dependent substrate-specific sequestration to eliminate the contaminants through redox metabolism and enzyme-transformation procedures. Metal ions can be bound and transported to the bacterial cytoplasm via possible chemisorption sites in the bacterial cell wall. Immobilizing bacterial cells on biochar will improve the simultaneous potential, synergistic adsorption, and bioaccumulation of heavy metals from contaminated soil. Bacterial immobilization on biochar can be understood by the adsorption principles. Biochar that has been pyrolyzed at temperatures higher than 500 °C is suggested for immobilizing bacteria. Extra polymeric substances (EPS) released from bacterial cells lessen the stress of metal contaminants during bioremediation by immobilizing bacteria on biochar. The use of biochar-immobilized Bacillus spp. and Geobacillus spp. was investigated in this review study. For example, biochar mediated by Bacillus subtilis has a 99.9