Fungal pathogens remain a major constraint to global food production, while resistance to chemical fungicides continues to increase. Although Trichoderma spp. are extensively studied as microbial biocontrol agents, no integrated synthesis has yet connected the field's bibliometric growth with its mechanistic and technological foundations. This study analyzed 3082 Scopus-indexed publications (1975-2024) using R (bibliometrix) and VOSviewer to track publication trends, global collaboration networks, and thematic evolution. Results were linked to primary literature on molecular mechanisms and field performance. Annual output grew from 39 (2000) to 285 (2023), with an 8.6 % compound annual growth rate. Collaboration patterns reveal two central axes India-Eastern Mediterranean and China-United States aligned with national bioinput agendas. Thematic clusters show a transition from single-strain antagonism to integrative approaches involving omics, microbial ecology, and formulation design. Trichoderma efficacy is driven by antibiosis, enzymatic lysis, and hormone-mediated defense, shaped by rhizosphere conditions and formulation matrices. Advances in encapsulation, osmoprotection, and chemical compatibility have improved field persistence and efficacy. This study identifies the need for standardized reporting, omics-informed strain selection, and regulatory-aligned formulation strategies to improve the reproducibility, scalability, and adoption of Trichoderma-based biocontrol as a resilient component of sustainable agriculture.
Octopus mimus aquaculture has gained relevance owing to its commercial potential; however, optimization of its reproductive and growth conditions in captivity requires further study. The objective of this study was to evaluate the reproductive conditioning, morphometric growth, and water quality of this species in a controlled system. To do this, adult O. mimus were selected and kept in circular tanks with controlled temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and salinity. Weight, total length (TL), mantle length (ML), and arm length (AL) measurements were made, in addition to monitoring seawater quality throughout the conditioning cycle. Paralarvae hatching productions were recorded, and Fulton's condition index (k) was calculated to assess octopus health. The results showed that larger females produced more paralarvae, and that temperature significantly influenced the incubation period. The morphometric relationships between TL, ML, and LA were highly correlated, particularly in females. The seawater quality, with temperatures close to 22 °C, dissolved oxygen between 7.8 and 9.2 mg/L, 7.1-8.0 pH, and salinity around 35.3 PSU, was optimal for the welfare and reproduction of octopuses. This study provides keys to the effective management of O. mimus in aquaculture, with an emphasis on the importance of proper water quality management and the selection of larger broodstock.
Introducción. La maralfalfa (Pennisetum sp.) destaca por su productividad forrajera en regiones tropicales; no obstante, la evidencia técnica sobre su manejo para la producción de propágulos es insuficiente. La calidad de la semilla asexual está supeditada a factores agronómicos que determinan la robustez y madurez fisiológica del tallo. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de la densidad de siembra y el número de cosechas sobre el rendimiento y las características morfométricas de la maralfalfa como semillero. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en Huaral, Perú (2018-2019), bajo un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 3 × 2. Se evaluaron tres densidades de siembra (0,50; 0,75 y 1,00 m entre plantas; 0,80 m entre surcos) y dos cosechas (120 días post-siembra y 90 días post-corte). Se cuantificó el rendimiento de biomasa fresca (RBF), altura de planta (AP), peso de tallo (PT), número de tallos por planta (NTP), diámetro de tallo (DT) y número de nudos (NNT). Resultados. No se detectó interacción significativa entre factores (p > 0,05). El RBF, PT y NTP fueron significativamente superiores (p < 0,05) en la segunda cosecha, con incrementos del 45 % (1,45 vs. 1,00 kg/planta), 29 % (564,31 vs. 437,30 g) y 10 % (3,79 vs. 3,45 tallos), respectivamente. El mayor DT se obtuvo con la densidad de 1,00 m (3,97 cm; p < 0,05), mientras que la densidad de 0,50 m produjo plantas de mayor AP (3,80 m; p < 0,05) y NNT (15 nudos; p < 0,05). Conclusiones. La segunda cosecha optimiza el rendimiento y el macollamiento debido a la consolidación del sistema radicular. Para la producción de propágulos, la densidad de 1,00 m favorece la robustez (diámetro), mientras que la de 0,50 m maximiza la disponibilidad de nudos por unidad de área, permitiendo un manejo diferenciado según el objetivo del semillero.
Hydrocarbon pollution from oil spills, traffic emissions, and industrial processes continues to be a significant global threat to biodiversity, soil quality, water quality, and human health. Lichens, mutualistic life forms between fungi and photobiont symbionts that lack a protective cuticle, are widely used as biomonitors because they integrate atmospheric inputs and accumulate organic and inorganic contaminants. However, evidence for lichen-based hydrocarbon biomonitoring is methodologically heterogeneous, with limited comparability across studies regarding taxon selection, analytical endpoints, exposure design, and reporting practices. Here, we combine a global bibliometric analysis with a systematic review to map research trends in environments influenced by mining, where co-exposure to metals is frequently reported alongside organic fractions. The literature shows the recurrent use of taxa such as Xanthoria parietina, Pseudevernia furfuracea, Evernia mesomorpha, Cladonia mitis, and Hypogymnia physodes, but there is substantial variability in the measured variables and protocols. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and total petroleum-related fractions are the primary organic targets across studies, often accompanied by metal tracers (e.g., Hg, As, Pb, Cu) for source attribution and characterization of co-pollutants. We highlight implications for environmental monitoring in resource-limited regions and propose priority elements for standardization to improve reproducibility and cross-study synthesis.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is highly variable, and emerging variants have been responsible for severe outbreaks with unprecedented economic losses. Lima represents a major center of pig production; however, the absence of a structured epidemiological surveillance program has facilitated the spread of divergent variants in commercial farms. The present study provides an initial assessment of GP5 variability in a high-risk production setting. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic variability, N-glycosylation sites, and recombination events within this region. Bioinformatic tools and servers were used for phylogenetic analyses, revealing that all 24 analyzed strains clustered within sublineage 1A, with evidence of divergent variants. Several amino acid substitutions were identified in domains associated with neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibody responses, including A27V/S (12/24), A31T (1/24), N32S/G/R/E (16/24), S34N/T (3/24), S35N/I (6/24), H38L (1/24), L39F (7/24), Q40L/R (6/24), L41Y/V (3/24), I42V (1/24), Y43H (4/24), N44I (4/24), L45R (4/24), T46A (4/24), K58E/V/R (15/24), and S59H/R/N (8/24) in GP5. Nine N-glycosylation patterns (A-I) were identified, with nine putative sites at N30, N32, N33, N34, N35, N44, N50, N51, and N57. Patterns A, B, E, and G exhibited five to six potential glycosylation sites in 12/24 strains. A recombination event was detected in strain RC05088942.1_montana/PERU/2019-R, with RC05088941.1_montana/PERU/2019 as the putative major parent (96.1% similarity) and an unidentified minor parent; however, strain RC05088939.1_montana/PERU/2019 showed the closest phylogenetic relationship. Genetic diversity analysis revealed 172 polymorphic sites. Tajima's D test yielded a value of -0.84020, which was not statistically significant (P > 0.10), indicating that the null hypothesis of neutral evolution could not be rejected. Overall, this study provides the first detailed characterization of ORF5 gene diversity in PRRSV strains detected in pigs suspected of infection from commercial farms in Lima in 2019. Broader sampling with temporal resolution is required to better understand nationwide evolutionary patterns.
