Personal data has become one of the most valuable assets in the digital era, yet its extensive collection and processing by digital platforms, corporations, and government institutions have created significant risks of misuse, unauthorized disclosure, and violation of individual privacy. While Indonesia has responded through Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection, positive law alone provides limited ethical grounding for evaluating why such protection matters and how far it should extend, particularly in the face of emerging challenges such as algorithmic profiling and automated decision-making. This study examines personal data protection through the lens of Maqasid al-Shariah, the objectives of Islamic law, to identify the extent to which Islamic legal reasoning can complement and, in certain respects, extend the normative foundations of positive data protection law. Using normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, this study analyzes primary legal materials, including Qur'anic verses, authentic hadith, and Indonesian data protection legislation, alongside secondary materials drawn from classical and contemporary Maqasid al-Shariah scholarship. The analysis employs qualitative content analysis, categorizing findings according to the dimensions of hifzh al-din, al-nafs, al-'aql, al-nasl, al-mal, and the contemporary extension of hifzh al-'irdh. The findings show that core principles of Law Number 27 of 2022, namely lawfulness, transparency, purpose limitation, and accountability, are substantively consistent with the Islamic principles of taradhi (mutual consent), amanah (trustworthiness), 'adl (justice), and dar' al-mafasid (prevention of harm). However, the analysis also identifies areas where Maqasid al-Shariah offers a broader ethical horizon than current positive regulation, particularly regarding the algorithmic manipulation of human reasoning (hifzh al-'aql) and the moral, rather than merely administrative, character of data trusteeship. This study concludes that harmonizing Islamic legal objectives with positive data protection law can produce a more comprehensive, ethically grounded framework for digital governance in Muslim-majority societies such as Indonesia. Keywords: personal data protection; Maqasid al-Shariah; digital privacy; Islamic law; Law Number 27 of 2022.
Perkembangan meningkatnya permintaan dalam hunian apartemen dalam segi bisnis penjualan apartemen dengan sistem pre-selling melalui Perjanjian Pengikatan Jual Beli (PPJB) merupakan fenomena yang lazim dalam sektor properti di Indonesia. PPJB digunakan sebagai instrumen hukum awal yang mengikat antara pengembang dan pembeli sebelum dilakukannya Akta Jual Beli. Namun, dalam praktiknya, posisi pembeli sering kali berada pada kondisi yang lemah akibat ketidakseimbangan posisi tawar dan dominasi klausula baku yang disusun sepihak oleh pengembang. Kondisi tersebut berpotensi menimbulkan kerugian bagi pembeli, khususnya apabila pengembang melakukan wanprestasi seperti keterlambatan pembangunan, perubahan spesifikasi bangunan, atau kegagalan proyek. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bentuk perlindungan hukum bagi pembeli apartemen dalam hubungan kontraktual PPJB dengan pengembang properti serta mengkaji kepastian hukum yang diberikan oleh peraturan perundang-undangan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa perlindungan hukum terhadap pembeli apartemen secara normatif telah diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2011 tentang Rumah Susun, Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen, serta Peraturan Menteri PUPR Nomor 11/PRT/M/2019 tentang Sistem Perjanjian Pendahuluan Jual Beli Rumah. Meskipun demikian, implementasi perlindungan hukum tersebut belum sepenuhnya memberikan kepastian hukum yang efektif bagi pembeli. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penguatan pengawasan, penegakan hukum, serta perbaikan substansi PPJB agar tercipta keseimbangan hak dan kewajiban antara pengembang dan pembeli apartemen.
The personal lives of judges and the attendant risk of conflicts of interest pose a critical threat to judicial independence, impartiality, and public trust in Indonesia’s judiciary. This normative legal study assesses the Indonesian Code of Ethics and Conduct for Judges (KEPPH) using statutory, conceptual, and comparative methods, with particular reference to the Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct. The research examines how KEPPH addresses intersections among judges’ personal finances, family ties, and professional duties, and reviews enforcement practice through decisions of the Judicial Commission, the Supreme Court, and the Judges’ Honor Council. Findings indicate that, while KEPPH establishes a comprehensive normative framework prohibiting judges from adjudicating matters involving personal interests, substantial gaps in implementation remain. Key vulnerability areas identified include financial interests, business activities and ancillary positions, familial relationships, and political affiliations that may create actual or perceived conflicts of interest. Comparative analysis with Netherlands, Singaporean, and Malaysian standards shows substantive alignment with international best practices but highlights weaknesses in enforcement—especially in financial disclosure, oversight of secondary employment, and institutional coordination between internal and external supervisory bodies. The study concludes that strengthening internal–external supervision, adopting risk-based oversight, enhancing transparency through systematic financial reporting, promoting merit-based judicial appointment processes, and instituting continuous professional ethics education are necessary to protect judicial independence and sustain public confidence in Indonesia’s judiciary.
Supervisor pada perusahaan fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) menghadapi tuntutan operasional kompleks yang memerlukan konsistensi kinerja di bawah tekanan tinggi. Penelitian ini menganalisis pengaruh kepemimpinan transformasional, dukungan organisasi, dan resiliensi karyawan terhadap kinerja supervisor pada perusahaan FMCG di Pasuruan menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan analisis regresi linier berganda.. Kuesioner didistribusikan kepada seluruh populasi supervisor lini pertama (50 orang) melalui total sampling, dan 31 kuesioner lengkap dapat diolah (response rate 62%). Hasil menunjukkan ketiga variabel berpengaruh positif dan signifikan secara parsial maupun simultan terhadap kinerja supervisor, dengan model yang menjelaskan 69,6% variasi kinerja (R²=0,696; adjusted R²=0,662; F=20,590; p<0,001). Resiliensi karyawan memiliki koefisien terstandar terbesar (β=0,559), diikuti dukungan organisasi (β=0,324) dan kepemimpinan transformasional (β=0,289). Interval kepercayaan 95% seluruh koefisien tidak mencakup nol, namun karena desain cross-sectional dan ukuran sampel yang kecil, temuan ini bersifat asosiatif dan perlu dikonfirmasi pada sampel yang lebih besar. Temuan ini menegaskan peran kritis kapasitas adaptif individu dalam lingkungan operasional bertekanan tinggi dan memberikan panduan praktis bagi perusahaan FMCG untuk mengombinasikan penguatan resiliensi supervisor dengan intervensi organisasi berupa dukungan sumber daya dan pengembangan kepemimpinan atasan.
ABSTRACT The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in customer risk assessment offers Islamic financial institutions opportunities to process information more systematically, while also raising legal concerns regarding the limits of technological authority and legal accountability for financing decisions. This study aims to examine the position of AI in customer risk assessment and the legal responsibilities of Islamic financial institutions in its application. The study employs normative legal research using statutory and conceptual approaches. The analysis involves examining legal provisions concerning Islamic banking, personal data protection, customer protection, and technology governance, followed by an assessment of these provisions in relation to the principles of prudence and accountability in AI utilization. The findings indicate that AI can support data processing, identify risk patterns, and provide information to inform the assessment of prospective customers’ financing eligibility. However, algorithmic outputs cannot replace the professional judgment and legal responsibility of the institution authorized to make financing decisions. Islamic financial institutions remain obligated to supervise analytical outputs, ensure that data are used in accordance with applicable regulations, and maintain fairness, information security, and compliance with Sharia principles. This study concludes that AI implementation must be supported by adequate governance and meaningful human oversight to ensure that technological efficiency remains balanced with customer legal protection and accountability for financing decisions. ABSTRAK Pemanfaatan Artificial Intelligence (AI) dalam penilaian risiko nasabah membuka peluang bagi lembaga keuangan syariah untuk mengolah informasi secara lebih sistematis, tetapi sekaligus menimbulkan persoalan mengenai batas kewenangan teknologi dan pertanggungjawaban hukum atas keputusan pembiayaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kedudukan AI dalam proses penilaian risiko nasabah serta tanggung jawab lembaga keuangan syariah atas penggunaannya. Penelitian menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual. Analisis dilakukan melalui penelaahan ketentuan hukum yang berkaitan dengan perbankan syariah, pelindungan data pribadi, perlindungan nasabah, dan tata kelola teknologi, kemudian dikaitkan dengan konsep kehati-hatian serta akuntabilitas dalam penggunaan AI. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa AI dapat dimanfaatkan untuk membantu pemrosesan data, mengenali pola risiko, dan menyediakan informasi sebagai bahan pertimbangan dalam menilai kelayakan calon nasabah. Namun, keluaran algoritma tidak dapat diperlakukan sebagai pengganti penilaian dan tanggung jawab hukum lembaga yang berwenang mengambil keputusan pembiayaan. Lembaga keuangan syariah tetap berkewajiban mengawasi hasil analisis, memastikan penggunaan data sesuai ketentuan, serta menjaga keadilan, keamanan informasi, dan kepatuhan terhadap prinsip syariah. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa penerapan AI perlu disertai tata kelola yang memadai dan pengawasan manusia agar efisiensi teknologi berjalan seimbang dengan perlindungan hukum nasabah dan akuntabilitas keputusan pembiayaan.
