The personal lives of judges and the attendant risk of conflicts of interest pose a critical threat to judicial independence, impartiality, and public trust in Indonesia’s judiciary. This normative legal study assesses the Indonesian Code of Ethics and Conduct for Judges (KEPPH) using statutory, conceptual, and comparative methods, with particular reference to the Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct. The research examines how KEPPH addresses intersections among judges’ personal finances, family ties, and professional duties, and reviews enforcement practice through decisions of the Judicial Commission, the Supreme Court, and the Judges’ Honor Council. Findings indicate that, while KEPPH establishes a comprehensive normative framework prohibiting judges from adjudicating matters involving personal interests, substantial gaps in implementation remain. Key vulnerability areas identified include financial interests, business activities and ancillary positions, familial relationships, and political affiliations that may create actual or perceived conflicts of interest. Comparative analysis with Netherlands, Singaporean, and Malaysian standards shows substantive alignment with international best practices but highlights weaknesses in enforcement—especially in financial disclosure, oversight of secondary employment, and institutional coordination between internal and external supervisory bodies. The study concludes that strengthening internal–external supervision, adopting risk-based oversight, enhancing transparency through systematic financial reporting, promoting merit-based judicial appointment processes, and instituting continuous professional ethics education are necessary to protect judicial independence and sustain public confidence in Indonesia’s judiciary.
Public transport accessibility is fundamental to sustainable urban mobility, yet conventional GIS-based spatial indicators often fail to capture commuters' lived experiences. This study integrates GIS-based and perception-based accessibility measures to provide a more comprehensive understanding of conditions in Indonesian medium-sized cities. A qualitative multiple-case study design was conducted across four cities—Malang, Mataram, Pontianak, and Kendari—involving fourteen informants including commuters, operators, planners, elderly passengers, and a person with disability. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews, field observations, document review, and spatial analysis, then analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding alongside cross-case comparison, integrating spatial and qualitative findings. Results reveal that objective spatial accessibility and perceived accessibility are often inconsistent, producing four typologies combining high/low spatial and perceived accessibility. Key factors shaping perceived accessibility include walkability, sidewalk continuity, pedestrian safety, service reliability, waiting time, route suitability, information availability, intermodal integration, and inclusive infrastructure. Some residents near transit stops reported poor accessibility due to discontinuous pedestrian infrastructure and unreliable services, while others accepted longer walking distances when services were predictable and affordable—showing accessibility depends on the entire travel experience, not just spatial proximity. The study concludes that GIS indicators should be complemented by perception-based measures, offering an integrated framework to identify mismatches between infrastructure and commuter experience and support inclusive, user-centered transport planning in Indonesian medium-sized cities.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis koherensi hukuman minimum wajib bagi pelaku perdagangan narkotika dalam sistem peradilan pidana nasional, dengan mempertimbangkan keterkaitan antara peraturan dan implementasi kebijakan pemberantasan narkotika. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan konseptual dan yuridis, yang melibatkan analisis kualitatif terhadap bahan hukum primer dan sekunder. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa penerapan hukuman minimum wajib terkait dengan sistem peradilan pidana nasional melalui interaksi antara Undang-Undang Narkotika, Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana (KUHAP), peraturan pelaksana, kerangka kelembagaan Badan Narkotika Nasional (BNN), serta kebijakan pemerintah daerah terkait pencegahan dan pemberantasan penyalahgunaan dan peredaran gelap narkotika (P4GN). Keterkaitan ini menunjukkan sinkronisasi vertikal dan horizontal yang mendukung kepastian hukum, perlindungan masyarakat, dan penegakan hukum yang efektif. Dengan demikian, pengaturan dan penerapan hukuman minimum wajib menunjukkan koherensi lintas regulasi; namun demikian, perubahan pada sistem penjatuhan hukuman nasional memerlukan harmonisasi dan klarifikasi norma-norma hukum untuk memastikan tercapainya tujuan pencegahan dan pemberantasan peredaran narkotika, sekaligus menjunjung tinggi prinsip keadilan dan proporsionalitas dalam praktik penegakan hukum pidana secara konsisten dan terukur.
Tanah merupakan kebutuhan mendasar manusia yang terbatas jumlahnya, sehingga memicu kebutuhan akan kepastian hukum dan perlindungan hak kepemilikan. Di Indonesia, pengaturan hak atas tanah berlandaskan Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1960 tentang Peraturan Dasar Pokok-Pokok Agraria, yang mengakui jual beli sebagai salah satu cara utama peralihan hak. Transaksi jual beli tanah wajib memenuhi sifat terang dan tunai serta dibuktikan dengan Akta Jual Beli (AJB) di hadapan Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah (PPAT) untuk dapat didaftarkan di Badan Pertanahan Nasional. Namun, seringkali terdapat kendala administratif yang menghambat pembuatan AJB, sehingga masyarakat menggunakan Perjanjian Pengikatan Jual Beli (PPJB) sebagai solusi hukum. Berdasarkan asas kebebasan berkontrak dan syarat sah perjanjian menurut Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata, PPJB memiliki kekuatan mengikat selayaknya undang-undang bagi para pihak. Permasalahan muncul ketika PPJB telah dilaksanakan secara lunas disertai penguasaan fisik tanah, namun AJB belum dapat dibuat sehingga menimbulkan kesenjangan antara kebenaran materiil dan kebenaran formil administrasi. Meskipun Surat Edaran Mahkamah Agung Nomor 4 Tahun 2016 memberikan pengakuan hukum atas hak pembeli yang beritikad baik, instrumen ini bukanlah peraturan perundang-undangan, sehingga masih menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum dan risiko bagi keberlangsungan hak kepemilikan pembeli. Penulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kedudukan hukum, kekuatan mengikat, serta perlindungan hukum yang diberikan terhadap transaksi jual beli tanah melalui PPJB, guna menemukan keseimbangan antara kepastian hukum formal dan perlindungan hak atas dasar kenyataan hukum yang terjadi di tengah masyarakat.
This study aims to analyze the role and responsibilities of notaries in drafting deeds relating to the renunciation or transfer of inheritance rights, and to examine their implications for creditor protection under civil and Islamic law. A normative juridical method was employed, utilizing statutory, conceptual, case-based, comparative, and fiqh mawaris approaches. The findings establish a fundamental distinction between renunciation of inheritance (verwerping van erfenis) under Article 1057 of the Indonesian Civil Code—which falls within the court's jurisdiction—and the transfer of inheritance rights formalized through notarial deeds under contractual freedom. Within Islamic inheritance law, the relevant concepts are not renunciation of inheritance but rather takharuj (التخارج) and tashaluh (التصالح), which are mechanisms for the consensual transfer of inheritance rights after such rights have vested, pursuant to the principle of ijbari. With respect to creditor protection, Islamic law explicitly prioritizes the settlement of debts over the distribution of inheritance, as stipulated in Surah An-Nisa verses 11–12, so that no agreement among heirs may lawfully prejudice the rights of legitimate creditors. Indonesian civil law, by contrast, continues to rely on repressive mechanisms such as actio pauliana under Article 1341 of the Civil Code and Article 1061, which have not provided adequate preventive protection. Comparative analysis with Dutch law (beneficiaire aanvaarding) and French law (renonciation à succession) underscores the need for comprehensive reform of Indonesian inheritance law. This study recommends strengthening notarial professional standards, developing more comprehensive regulations, and harmonizing Islamic inheritance principles with civil law within Indonesian notarial practice. Keywords: Notary; Inheritance Renunciation; Takharuj; Creditor Protection; Islamic Inheritance Law
