Wetlands help to regulate the climate by sequestering and storing carbon from the atmosphere into their biomass and soils. Although wetlands can provide valuable ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, there is a lack of quantifiable data for different types of wetlands. Teal-green carbon in floodplain forests and blue carbon in coastal and marine environments are the focus of this study. We use two contrasting wetland habitats and explore carbon sequestration and storage mechanisms, current evidence and data gaps, and their potential opportunities to contribute to climate change mitigation. Using a case study of hardwood floodplain forests in Germany, we find that age, structure and hydrological conditions are important factors in carbon sequestration while the evidence shows that sequestration is higher in young forests compared to old ones. Soil carbon stocks are found to be larger in the low elevated active floodplain compared to the higher elevated floodplain highlighting the importance of connectivity between the river and the floodplain. In a second case-study exploring carbon storage in Scottish saltmarshes, similar factors driving carbon storage are seen, including, position in the tidal frame, sediment supply, and sediment type. The policy landscape is used to highlight opportunities to increase the potential contribution of Scottish saltmarshes for climate change mitigation. Although data are limited and gaps exist for other greenhouse gas fluxes, overall, we argue that it is crucial to conserve all remaining riverine and coastal wetlands for their biodiversity and carbon storage function. Where possible and practical, these valuable ecosystems should be restored to increase their potential in this regard. Highlights Blue and teal-green carbon habitats can make an important contribution to carbon sequestration and storage. Blue and teal-green carbon habitats offer multiple ecosystem services in addition to carbon sequestration. Protection and restoration of blue and teal-green carbon habitats provide opportunities for improved climate change mitigation potential.
Perceived gender differences and the supposed flaws of women are frequently conveyed in comedy formats – yet the consequences of such humor may differ for female and male recipients. Theory and research on stereotype threat and social identity threat suggest that stereotyping or devaluing communication against women can lead to their decreased identification with domains in which they are negatively stereotyped. Additionally, according to prejudiced norm theory , sexist humor that objectifies and stereotypes women can increase recipients’ tolerance of discrimination. This research sought to test both theories to explore the differential effects that sexist humor may have on women and men. In an experiment, it was examined whether the exposure to sexism in comedy (vs. non-sexist comedy) influences individuals’ 1) leadership aspirations and 2) endorsement of benevolent sexism. Participants ( N = 384; n = 154 female and n = 230 male) watched either a sexist or a non-sexist comedy clip by the American comedian Anthony Jeselnik . Watching sexist comedy had a small negative effect on women’s, but not on men’s leadership aspirations. Watching sexist comedy did not substantially influence participants’ endorsement of benevolent sexism; however, independent of experimental condition, men reported more benevolent sexism than women. Results are discussed in the light of the ongoing replication crisis and with respect to their practical relevance.
The lithium enediamide complex [{(THF)2Li}2(tBu-DAD)] (tBu-DAD-tBuN-CHCH-NtBu) exhibits pronounced basic and nucleophilic reactivity. C-H-acidic diethyl malonate derivatives RCH(COOEt)2 (R-H, Ph) are readily deprotonated to give resonance-stabilised carbanions [RC(COOEt)2]-. The resulting increase in electrophilicity at the carbonyl carbon atoms enables subsequent reaction with the enediamide dianion. In the case of CH2(COOEt)2, this transformation can be viewed as electrophilic substitution at the enediamide unit, leading to C-C bond formation between one of the C-C carbon atoms and the ester carbonyl carbon atoms. In contrast, the reaction with PhCH(COOEt)2 corresponds to electrophilic addition to the enediamide C-C bond. Steric effects of the phenyl substituent further induce rearrangement of the N-C-C-N framework into an N-C-N-C connectivity within one enediamide unit. Unlike the reactions with other esters, no electron transfer to the diethyl malonate derivatives is observed. Phenylacetylene is likewise deprotonated but subsequently undergoes a cascade of transformations, including enamine alkynylation and hydrovinylation, to yield a lithium complex featuring a 1,2-diamidoethane fragment and an enamide-amine moiety linked by a phenylvinylidene unit. Notably, no redox activity of the enediamide unit is observed in these reactions either.
