The University of Pannonia (University of Veszprém until March 1, 2006; Hungarian Pannon Egyetem, formerly known as Veszprémi Egyetem) is a university located in Veszprém, Hungary. It was founded in 1949 and is organized in five faculties: Arts and Humanities, Engineering, Agriculture, Economics and Information Technology.
The conversion of carbonaceous solid wastes into H-2-rich syngas is an important route for sustainable energy transition. However, maintaining catalyst stability under complex processing conditions remains a major challenge. This study investigates the durability and regeneration behavior of Ni-Mg-Ca multifunctional catalysts during a plasma-assisted and sorption-enhanced reforming system for biomass and plastics co-pyrolysis. The synergistic effects of plasma-catalysis and in-situ CO2 capture significantly improved performance, achieving a maximum H-2 yield of 71.22 mmol/g (similar to 69 vol%) while reducing the CO2 concentration to similar to 9 vol%. During cyclic tests, catalyst deactivation was mainly caused by carbon deposition and sintering of active metals. Two different regeneration routes were employed and showed distinct performance and mechanisms. Thermal regeneration (TR) restored approximately 92% of catalytic activity through fully oxidizing coke accumulation and rebuilding the crystalline structure. In contrast, plasma regeneration (PR) recovered over 80% of the initial activity via selective removal of amorphous carbon and the introduction of oxygen vacancies, while largely preserving the catalyst texture. Based on these findings, a hybrid regeneration strategy of frequent non-invasive plasma cleaning and periodic thermal treatment is proposed as an effective way to extend catalyst lifetime and improve the cost effectiveness of waste-to-hydrogen technologies.
Energy intensity, commonly defined as energy use per unit of economic output, is widely used to assess efficiency improvements and progress toward decoupling. However, its interpretation is complicated by the fact that energy intensity is a composite, context-dependent indicator shaped by technological, structural, behavioral, infrastructural, and biophysical factors. This semi-systematic review synthesizes evidence from 147 studies across economics, engineering, industrial ecology, and biophysical analysis to clarify the drivers and limits of historical intensity trends. The review shows that observed declines often reflect structural change, sectoral reallocation, fuel switching, offshoring, and accounting conventions rather than genuine efficiency improvements. Rebound effects, infrastructural lock-in, material stock accumulation, and thermodynamic constraints further limit the potential for sustained long-term reductions.These mechanisms collectively elucidate why energy intensity cannot be regarded as a direct indicator of efficiency or as credible evidence of prospective decoupling. Building on this insight, the paper develops an integrated conceptual framework that links macroeconomic intensity dynamics with embodied energy, behavioral feedback, infrastructural inertia, and physical limits. This framework provides a more robust foundation for interpreting intensity-based indicators in modeling and policy contexts, particularly in scenarios that extrapolate past trends.The review also identifies several research priorities. Future research ought to amalgamate decomposition analysis with stock-based and material-flow methodologies, internalize rebound and behavioral feedback within macro-energy models, enhance multi-scale accounting of embodied energy and offshoring, and integrate biophysical constraints into long-term scenario formulation. Advancing these directions will strengthen the interpretive value of energy intensity and support more realistic assessments of long-term energy–economy pathways.
In this study, catalytic cracking of Fischer–Tropsch wax was carried out in a batch reactor system on two different zeolite catalysts: ZSM-5 and β-zeolite, to evaluate their performance and reusability. After each run, the liquid products were separated into naphtha and middle distillate fractions, and various properties such as product yields, composition, cold flow properties, distillation characteristics and cetane index were determined. Results showed that β-zeolite maintained higher catalytic activity and stability than the other zeolite. ZSM-5 began to deactivate after the fourth reuse, leading to incomplete conversion and a selectivity shift toward heavier hydrocarbons, as well as higher naphtha distillation temperatures. Catalyst reuse caused the cold flow properties of middle distillates to deteriorate, while the cetane index increased due to molecular changes. In contrast, β-zeolite achieved full conversion even after multiple reuses, with minimal variation in product structure or distillation behavior. Pour point of middle distillate remained below − 15 °C throughout. After regeneration by calcination, β-zeolite maintained stable performance for up to three additional cycles. Regression models were fitted to the measurement data, using polynomic regression, and artificial neural networks. The resulting models can be used to accurately predict the important factors for different catalytic cycles.
This study explores, characterizes, and outlines a conceptual framework for the construct of tourism students' resilience to the uncertainty caused by COVID-19. The novelty of this research lies in its focus on personal resilience through students' attitudes toward a tourism career during a crisis. This research uses a mixed-methods approach by integrating qualitative insights with quantitative data from the validated COVID Stress Scales. This study reveals a novel four-phase resilience process, according to which a resilient construct emerges when students manage initial emotional disruptors, reframe adversity cognitively, and implement proactive behavioral strategies. This exploratory study contributes to the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions and career construction theory by illustrating the ways in which students reinterpret adversity, maintain motivation, and build resilience during a crisis. The research highlights the importance of fostering a resilient construct through skill development, university - industry collaboration, and workplace interventions by recommending actions in the four phases.
Phytoplankton and phytoplankton ecologists are subject to extremely different temporal and spatial scales. For example, they show very different generation times and occupy spaces of very different relative sizes compared to the planet they both inhabit. Nevertheless, phytoplankton ecologists often attempt to apply their own time scales to the object of their study. This could be a problem for the results (and their interpretations) reported in ecological studies on phytoplankton that do not take into account the temporal and spatial scales on which the life of these microorganisms is based. Any attempt to explain how environmental variables may influence phytoplankton dynamics should therefore be based on adequate sampling frequencies and with an appropriate spatial resolution. These topics were analysed in detail back in the second half of the last century, but seem to have been neglected over the years. In this short opinion paper, we will attempt to highlight, in a serious yet light-hearted manner, some aspects of temporal and spatial scales that may be relevant in the study of phytoplankton and that should be considered by phytoplankton ecologists when presenting the results of their studies on these extraordinary organisms.
