In what has been termed the “manifesto conversation,” the question has been raised as to “how the marketing discipline will successfully use its human and institutional resources to reverse its troubled trajectory, renew itself, and meet its responsibilities to its stakeholders” (Hunt et al., 2022, p. 139). This research question is the focus of this paper. Herein we draw on stakeholder theory amplified by concepts from systems and institutional theory, to offer an approach to address this question. Using stakeholder systems theory we argue (a) that competitiveness among sub-fields operates to invoke mutual improvements for the marketing stakeholders of each sub-field, and (b) that due to the constitutive nature of systems, each necessary contribution by a given sub-field can be identified and included in sufficiently serving marketing’s stakeholders. We offer three contributions. First, we develop theory to suggest how multiple marketing constituencies might continue to pursue novel research while remaining true to the foundations of each constituency. Second, we suggest a theoretical mechanism for integration across sub-fields. Third, we offer ideas whereby marketing-discipline actors can work proactively to create, maintain, and in some cases disrupt the institutions that presently constrain the development of marketing as a core field of study in a dynamic business environment. It therefore is our hope that our analysis in this paper can serve an effectuating purpose as the marketing discipline seeks to use its human and institutional resources in connection with its troubled trajectory, to renew itself, and meet its responsibilities to its stakeholders.
Although object-extracted relative clauses (ORCs) are more difficult to process than subject-extracted relative clauses (SRCs), there is still substantial disagreement regarding the cognitive mechanisms underlying these effects. The current visual-world eyetracking experiment took a novel approach to this problem by examining whether ORC-SRC differences would emerge at the matrix verb during the processing of spoken sentences containing these structures. Fixation patterns at the onset of the matrix verb revealed a tendency for participants to fixate the picture representing the subject of the sentence in both ORCs and SRCs. Crucially, participants considered the picture corresponding to a competing noun more while processing ORCs versus SRCs. The results are most readily explained under a memory-retrieval account of relative-clause processing, according to which language comprehenders experience less retrieval interference while processing SRCs than ORCs. The findings also highlight the visual-world paradigm as a fruitful approach for studying the processing of complex syntactic structures.
We apply social identity theory (SIT) within a culturally endorsed implicit leadership theory (CLT) frame to model how cultural values shape relationships between authentic leadership and follower outcomes. We use meta-analytic methods to test hypotheses with data from 292 studies drawn from over 40 countries, comprised of 100,641 individuals, and including 35 attitudinal, behavioural, and performance outcomes. Meta-analytic regression of cultural values coded at the country level reveals a significant pattern of moderation effects across 42.9% of the correlates we tested, suggesting that authentic leadership theory is culturally embedded. The effects of authentic leadership vary to the extent that it aligns with followers' sociocultural identities and actively interacts with the processes by which these identities are constructed and maintained. We provide a dynamic view of SIT, where leadership plays a critical role in shaping, reinforcing, or disrupting followers' social identities.JEL Classification: M12
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular and liver metabolic diseases are interconnected conditions, associated with obesity. However, both can occur in lean individuals, and the distinct clinical profiles and outcomes in this population remain poorly defined. AIM To compare liver and cardiovascular outcomes between lean and non-lean individuals with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published in the past 20 years comparing seven outcomes between lean and non-lean with dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease individuals. A random-effects model was applied to calculate pooled odds ratios (pORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the outcomes. RESULTS A total of 31 studies comprising 10735550 participants were included. Non-lean individuals with MASLD had higher odds of liver fibrosis (pOR = 2.0, 95%CI: 1.0, 3.9, P = 0.04) and hepatic steatosis (pOR = 2.1, 95%CI: 1.5, 2.9, P < 0.001) compared to lean individuals with MASLD. Lean individuals with MASLD had lower odds of cirrhosis (pOR = 0.7, 95%CI: 0.5, 0.9, P = 0.007) and hypertension (pOR = 0.7, 95%CI: 0.6, 0.9, P = 0.002) compared to non-lean individuals with MASLD. There was no significant statistical difference in mortality between lean and non-lean MASLD groups (pOR = 1.4, 95%CI: 1.0, 2.0, P = 0.06). Also, no statistically significant differences were found for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (pOR = 1.2, 95%CI: 0.7, 2.0, P = 0.5) and cardiovascular diseases (pOR = 0.9, 95%CI: 0.7, 1.0, P = 0.1). CONCLUSION In our study, lean individuals with MASLD have the similar odds of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, cardiovascular diseases and mortality compared to non-lean MASLD patients. Therefore, there is a need to expand MASLD screening and risk stratification strategies beyond obesity-based metrics alone.
A fundamental problem with nonlinear models is that maximum likelihood estimates are not guaranteed to exist. Though nonexistence is a well known problem in the binary choice literature, it presents significant challenges for other models as well and is not as well understood in more general settings. These challenges are only magnified for models that feature many fixed effects and other high-dimensional parameters. We address the current ambiguity surrounding this topic by studying the conditions that govern the existence of estimates for (pseudo-)maximum likelihood estimators used to estimate a wide class of generalized linear models (GLMs). We show that some, but not all, of these GLM estimators can still deliver consistent estimates of at least some of the linear parameters when these conditions fail to hold. We also demonstrate how to verify these conditions in models with high-dimensional parameters, such as panel data models with multiple levels of fixed effects.
