In this work, we have developed rapid and accurate procedures to determine ibuprofen and paracetamol concentrations in both their pure and pharmaceutical forms. The first approach is a novel spectrophotometric method that depends on the formation of a complex resulting from the oxidative coupling reaction with an environmentally friendly reagent, bis-demethoxycurcumin (BDC). It exhibited good linearity over a concentration range of 10-40 & micro;g/mL, with a detection limit of 1.49 & micro;g/mL and a recovery of 99.90%. The second approach has been utilized by employing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the simultaneous separation and quantification of both drugs. Thus, a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile, methanol, and water acidified with acetic acid (60:30:10, v/v/v) was used. In addition, a C18 column (150 & times; 4.6 mm, 5 mu m) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/ min and a column temperature of 35 degrees C was utilized. This method demonstrated linearity over a concentration range of 10-60 & micro;g/ mL for both drugs. According to the tailing factor, values were 1.283 for paracetamol and 1.358 for ibuprofen, and the recovery percentages were within the acceptable range (95.2-102.7%). Both methods were characterized by simplicity and accuracy and successfully determined the drugs in their pharmaceutical forms without interference from excipients. These results represent a scientific contribution, providing reliable and environmentally friendly analytical alternatives.
Grapes are becoming an increasingly significant fruit because of their chemicals and nutritional qualities. Therefore, the importance of the best methods for preserving grapes fresh for as long as possible is growing. Hence, the current study was aimed at estimating the antioxidant levels and some productive characteristics of the grapes treated with copper disperse. The current experiment was conducted during two progressive seasons of 2024 and 2025 on three-year-old grape trees in a private orchard at college of Agriculture, University of Tikrit, Iraq. Grape fruits were treated with copper dispersion and some traits were evaluated, including Percentage of weight loss, Percentage of disintegration, Percentage of damage, Estimation of the percentage of total dissolved solids, Total acidity in juice, Fruit respiration rate and some antioxidant enzymes. The results showed that the lowest weight loss (1.156 +/- 0.003), lowest percentage of disintegration (1.156 +/- 0.003), percentage of damage (4.735 +/- 0.004), lowest total dissolved solids (38.29 +/- 0.22), the highest total soluble solids (TSS) (17.12 +/- 0.01), the highest total acidity (TA) (0.447 +/- 0.005) were observed in the group treated with copper dispersion with a coating containing 16 holes, which reached, which showed significant (p <= 0.05) differences compared to other treated groups and the control group. for antioxidants, DPPH in the group treated with copper dispersion with a coating containing 16 holes (11.21 +/- 0.303) showed nonsignificant (p <= 0.05) differences compared to the control group, which had DPPH (11.897 +/- 0.935). Other treatments showed significant (p <= 0.05) differences with the control group, and the group that was immersed in copper dispersion without coating had the lowest levels of DPPH (8.878 +/- 0.332). FRAP in the group treated with copper dispersion with a coating containing 16 holes (445.8 +/- 11.45) showed non-significant (p <= 0.05) differences compared to the control group, which had FRAP (487.19 +/- 13.92). Other treatments showed significant (p <= 0.05) differences with the control group, and the group packaged with perforated film (16 perforations) had the lowest levels of FRAP (348.82 +/- 12.2). It was concluded from the current study that copper dispersion has different effects on some grape fruit traits, which include maintaining weight, reducing the percentage of spoilage, and preserving antioxidants.
This study investigates the behavioral and situational determinants that disrupt the efficient flow of road traffic in Jordan, framing the issue within the broader discipline of transport logistics and flow management. Official crash data obtained from the Public Security Directorate and cost records from local insurance companies were utilized to develop twelve multiple linear regression models that quantify the relationship between human factors and interruptions in traffic, informational, and financial flows. Six models examined the frequency and severity of accidents, while another six analyzed their associated economic impacts. The modeling results identified a consistent set of influential predictors most notably failure to take necessary driving precautions (X8), violation of traffic priorities (X9), and lane misuse (X4) that significantly contribute to both accident occurrence and the resulting financial losses. Most models achieved R2 values exceeding 0.95, indicating a strong relationship between behavioral inefficiencies and breakdowns in overall road logistics performance. The findings emphasize that driver behavior represents a primary bottleneck in the mobility and cost flow system, directly influencing logistical efficiency across the transport sector. The study highlights the necessity of integrating traffic safety with logistics management by developing preventive strategies, improving regulatory enforcement, and enhancing driver awareness programs. Future research is encouraged to include environmental, temporal, and infrastructural variables to establish a more comprehensive logistics-based framework for understanding and mitigating crash dynamics in Jordan.
We propose an advanced Perfect Metamaterial Absorber for Microwave Band (PMAMB) featuring a unique Y-shaped resonator design, specifically suitable for multi-frequency PMAMB across the X, Ku, K, and Ka bands. Constructed on an FR4 substrate, this PMAMB demonstrates exceptional perfect absorption, independent of polarization angle, and angular stability. The design realizes strong absorption peaks at four distinct frequencies: 10.28 GHz, 16.56 GHz, 22.74 GHz, and 25.96 GHz with absorption rates of 95.7 %, 97.3 %, 99.8 %, and 97.1 %, respectively, as confirmed through detailed simulation analysis. The evolution of the design, progressing through three resonator designs (1, 2, and 3), highlights how structural simplicity can significantly enhance performance. This PMAMB outperforms the existing structure in both multi-microwave band functionality and efficiency. Its versatility makes it highly appropriate for applications such as electromagnetic interference shielding (EMI), radar systems, and advanced wireless communication technologies.
This paper details the synthesis of the ligand 2-(2-pyridyl)benzothiazole (pbt) and its reaction with mercury(II) chloride. While the complex [Hg(pbt)Cl2] was successfully synthesized, attempts to form the mixed-ligand complex [Hg(pbt)(2-MBO)2] unexpectedly resulted in the formation of a homoleptic polymeric mercury(II) complex, [Hg(2-MBO)2]n, instead. This unexpected outcome is attributed to the higher affinity of Hg(II) for the sulfur donor atoms of 2-mercaptobenzoxazole (2-MBO) compared to the nitrogen donors of pbt, leading to ligand substitution and the formation of a thermodynamically stable polymeric structure stabilized by bridging thiolate ligands and potentially non-covalent interactions. Spectroscopic characterization (IR) supports the coordination modes of the ligands in both mercury complexes, showing a decrease in C = N absorption upon pbt coordination in [Hg(pbt)Cl2] and the presence of only thioamide absorptions in the polymeric [Hg(2-MBO)2]n. The crystal structure of the tetrameric unit of the polymeric [Hg(2-MBO)2]n complex reveals a distorted tetrahedral coordination geometry around the mercury(II) center, coordinated by sulfur atoms from two 2-mercaptobenzoxazole (2-MBO) ligands and nitrogen atoms from symmetry-related 2-MBO ligands, leading to a two-dimensional polymeric network. The two crystallographically independent 2-MBO ligands exhibit slight differences in planarity. Structural analysis indicates Hg-N bond lengths are shorter than Hg-S bond lengths. Comparison with related structures from the Cambridge Structural Database shows that the observed polymeric nature is unique. Hirshfeld surface analysis and 2D fingerprint plots highlight the importance of H...H contacts in stabilizing the supramolecular assembly, while enrichment ratio calculations suggest a high propensity for Hg...N interactions. Void analysis indicates that the crystal packing is relatively dense, suggesting good mechanical stability. Furthermore, the DFT study showed that the highest occupied crystal orbital (HOCO) is located on some sulfur atoms and benzene rings, while the lowest unoccupied crystal orbital (LUCO) is on some mercury atoms and carbon-sulfur bonds. The band structure shows a wide bandgap of 2.8 eV at the Gamma point, indicating the material is likely a semiconductor and non-magnetic due to paired electrons. Analysis of an isolated tetramer revealed that sulfur atoms are better electron donors than nitrogen atoms, with sigma* Hg1-S2 being the primary electron acceptor. A small back-donation from the mercury d orbital to a carbon-sulfur antibonding orbital was also observed with minimal stabilization energy.
