On the bases of statistical data and his field work the author gives an overview of family names and toponymy of the Municipality of Majur in Banovina, the area which has been by affected depopulation processes, and which today has six times less inhabitants than eighty years ago (in 1931 there 4338 people lived there and according to the last census of 2021 only 760 people). The depopula-tion processes accelerated during the Croatian war of Independence: at the beginning of the war the Croats were expelled from the district and after the military-police operation Oluja mostly Serbian inhabitants moved out. Demographic changes are reflected in the family name fund as none of the five family names with the largest number of carriers in 1948 are among the most frequent in 2021. In the family names the basic Slavic layer (Croatian and Serbian) can most fre-quently be found. The most frequent foreign language layer reflected in local toponymy is Turkish, which has been reflected in the family names originat-ing from nicknames and family names motivated my terms denoting professions. From other adstrate layers German, Vlach, Hungarian and Albanian can also be found. The area of the Municipality of Majur has diverse reflections of hydro-nymic stems, especially the names of muddy soils (bara, berek, luka, obarak, palu & ccaron;ak and poloj).
The local dialect of Velo Grablje, a rural settlement in the western part of the island of Hvar, belongs to the insular subdialect of the Southern & Ccaron;akavian dialect. The local dialect of Grablje has so far been documented only intermittently in dialectological research of the past century. This paper introduces new field data and provides a systematic description of the vowel system, consonantism, and prosodic features of the Grablje local dialect. Given the settlement's relative geographical isolation and long-standing rural character, a high degree of linguistic preservation is expected. Although several phonetic and phonological innovations can be observed, the local dialect of Grablje remains predominantly conservative. Today, however, the village counts only about twenty inhabitants as a result of severe depopulation, rendering the future of the local dialect increasingly uncertain. This situation underscores the urgency of its documentation, analysis, and sustained preservation efforts.
In contrast to many local Shtokavian dialects, where the consonant xis unstable either having disappeared or been replaced by another consonant, most likely before the seventeenth century-numerous Cakavian and Kajkavian dialects have retained this consonant in its original position. Building on the analysis of the distribution ofx in Croatian stokavian dialects presented in the article Consonant h in Shtokavian Croatian local dialects in the territory of Croatia from a geolinguistic perspective by M. Marinkovic and S. Vrani & cacute; (2024), the present study examines the status of this consonant in Cakavian and Kajkavian local dialects in the same area. The aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of the distribution of the consonant within the Croatian dialect continuum, with particular attention to the contact zones between different Croatian dialect groups. The analysis relies on material collected as part of the Linguistic Geography of Croatia in a European Context (LinGeH) project, as well as on data for the Common Slavic Language Atlas (OLA), the Croatian research for which continued as part of LinGeH. The results show that in the Cakavian local dialects, the consonant x is well preserved in all positions in northern Cakavian , that is, in Istria and the Kvarner region. It is less stable in local dialects belonging to the continental subdialect of the Ikavian-Ekavian type and in southern Cakavian local dialects (especially those of Novigrad, Petr & ccaron;ane, Sveti Filip i Jakov, and Trogir), where instability arises due to contact with neighbouring & Scaron;tokavian dialects. In the Kajkavian local dialects, x is likewise well preserved in all positions, except in dialects located in heterogeneous areas-particularly those marking the interface between Kajkavian and & Scaron;tokavian-such as the local dialects of Vukmani & cacute;, Trebarjevo Desno, and Domagovi & cacute;. The (non-)preservation and replacement of the consonant x in all word positions, as well as in the initial clusters *xv-and *xt-, in the Cakavian and Kajkavian local dialects in Croatia, are presented in detail on dialect maps.
The paper offers a detailed etymological analysis of the Sarajevo oikonyms Vrbanja and Vrbanju & scaron;a, contextualised within the extra-linguistic reality in which they emerged. Previous etymological treatments were imprecise and led to incomplete conclusions regarding the possible linguistic origin and age of these oikonyms. The etymological and motivational analysis of the two oikonyms, along with the examination of extra-linguistic factors relevant to their formation, is based on Ottoman registers from 1455-1604, topographic maps and regulatory plans of the Sarajevo area published between 1882 and 1949, as well as other written sources. The analysis proposes that the toponymic base of both oikonyms is the anthroponym Vrban, derived from the Latin personal name Urbanus, from which, after the Slavic adaptation Urbanus > Vrban, the oikonym Vrbanja was formed with the possessive suffix-j. The oikonym Vrbanju & scaron;a was subsequently derived from Vrbanja using the suffix-u & scaron;a. This conclusion is supported by extra-linguistic evidence related to the cultural history of the city.
Although the local dialect of the village of Bobovi & scaron;& cacute;e has been mentioned in previous summary studies by Hraste and & Scaron;imunovi & cacute;, and the overwhelming number of its linguistic features coincide with those of the Bra & ccaron; & Ccaron;akavian local dialects as a whole, it has not been researched so far, and thus not been described separately on any of the linguistic levels. The article presents the results of research into the phonological system of Bobovi & scaron;& cacute;e, a South & Ccaron;akavian local dialect of the western part of the island of Bra & ccaron;, based on recent field research.
The paper presents and analyses anthroposomatic phraseological units with the component oko ('eye') as found in & Ccaron;akavian local dialects. The data were collected from 25 published dictionaries and two phraseological studies. More than one hundred phraseological units were identified. These units were organised into thematic-semantic fields according to contemporary principles of dialectal phraseology. These units fall into two main groups: those referring to humans, and those not referring to humans. The group referring to humans displays a wide range of semantic variation and demonstrates the active use of the component oko. Central meanings include perception, cognition, emotions, moral and social relations, and physiological states. The paper pays particular attention to local attestations and variants of phraseological units. It also outlines the principles of lexicographic processing, resulting in a systematic headword entry OKO as a model of dialectal phraseography. The findings confirm that the component oko is highly productive in phraseology and plays a significant role in shaping the human bodily and spiritual image in & Ccaron;akavian phraseology.
Premda se govor sela Bobovišća tu i tamo spominje u dosadanjim Hrastinim i Šimunovićevim sumarnim studijama i premoćan se broj njegovih jezičnih osobina podudara s osobinama bračkih čakavskih govora u cjelini, on do sada nije istražen, tako ni zasebno opisan ni na jednoj od jezičnih ravni. U članku se na temelju obilatoga materijala prikupljenoga za terenskoga rada podastiru rezultati istraživanja fonološkoga sustava Bobovišća, južnočakavskoga govora zapadnoga dijela otoka Brača.
In the region of Gorski Kotar, numerous local dialects from all three Croatian dialect groups have coexisted for centuries. Among these dialects is the Cakavian Ekavian local dialect of Mrzla Vodica, which constitutes the focus of this paper. This locality is situated in the immediate vicinity of Crni Lug and its surrounding hamlets where, as in most of Gorski Kotar, Kajkavian is spoken. The local dialect of Mrzla Vodica, as established in earlier studies, belongs to the Western Cakavian group of dialects and it is the only Ekavian dialect in Gorski Kotar. In addition to the local dialect of Mrzla Vodica, this group largely includes the Ikavian-Ekavian dialects spoken in Benkovac FuZinski, Slavica, Sljeme, Brestova Draga, and Stari Laz. Since field research has shown that only a few native speakers remain in these localities today, which also confirms their imminent disappearance, the study of the local dialect of Mrzla Vodica was essential and urgently needed to document its status in the 21st century. This paper thus presents data collected during conversation with several inhabitants of Mrzla Vodica. The dialectological analysis conducted examines phonological and morphological features of this local dialect. Thus, both its status as an autochthonous local dialect of Gorski Kotar and its Cakavian Ekavian origin have been determined. Furthermore, certain verified features confirmed the coexistence of two different dialect of certain morphological forms in the local dialect of Mrzla Vodica indicate a former system currently in the process of dying out, and some particularities are recalled by the speakers only from the speech of their ancestors, confirming their absence in today's communication.
Mjesni govor Veloga Grablja, ruralnoga naselja na zapadnom dijelu otoka Hvara, pripada otočnom poddijalektu južnočakavskoga dijalekta. Grabaljski je govor tek djelomično opisan u radovima na temelju dijalektoloških istraživanja tijekom prošloga stoljeća. U radu se donose novi podatci s terena te se opisuje vokalizam, konsonantizam i prozodija grabaljskoga govora. Uzevši u obzir relativnu geografsku izoliranost i ruralni karakter naselja, pretpostavljala se visoka razina očuvanosti jezičnih značajki. Iako su utvrđene poneke fonetske i fonološke inovacije, grabaljski se mjesni govor pokazao konzervativnim. S obzirom na to da zbog snažne depopulacije naselja u njemu danas prebiva svega dvadeset stanovnika, budućnost je grabaljskoga mjesnoga govora neizvjesna. Stoga je njegovo dokumentiranje i daljnje istraživanje neodgodivo.
Za razliku od velikoga dijela mjesnih govora štokavskoga narječja u kojem je konsonant x nestabilan, bilo da je izgubljen ili zamijenjen drugim konsonantom vjerojatno prije 17. st., u nizu je čakavskih i kajkavskih govora taj konsonant opstao na starim pozicijama. Budući da su u radu Consonant h in Shtokavian Croatian local dialects in the territory of Croatia from a geolinguistic perspective M. Marinković i S. Vranić (2024.) prikazani rezultati analize distribucije konsonanta x u hrvatskim štokavskim govorima na području Republike Hrvatske, u ovom je radu predstavljen status toga konsonanta u čakavskim i kajkavskim govorima na spomenutom području ne bi li se stekao uvid u njegovu rasprostranjenost na cjelokupnom hrvatskom dijalektnom teritoriju, posebice u arealima kontakta narječjā hrvatskoga jezika. Prikaz se temelji na građi prikupljenoj za projekt Lingvistička geografija Hrvatske u europskome okružju (LinGeH), kao i podatcima za izradu Općeslavenskoga lingvističkog atlasa (OLA), za koji je istraživanje nastavljeno unutar LinGeH-a. Prema tim potvrdama, u čakavskim je govorima konsonant x u svim pozicijama dobro očuvan na sjeveru čakavskoga narječja, odnosno na području Istre i Kvarnera. Nestabilan je uglavnom u mjesnim govorima koji pripadaju kontinentalnom poddijalektu ikavsko-ekavskoga dijalekta te u južnočakavskim mjesnim govorima (u prvom redu Novigrada, Petrčana, Svetoga Filipa i Jakova te Trogira), što je uvjetovano kontaktom sa susjednim štokavskim govorima. U kajkavskim je govorima konsonant x u svim pozicijama također dobro očuvan, izuzev govora koji su smješteni na dijalektološki raznorodnom terenu, odnosno na terenu kajkavsko-štokavskoga kontakta, kao što je slučaj s govorima Vukmanića i Trebarjeva Desnog. Distribucija je (ne)očuvanosti ili zamjene konsonanta x u svim pozicijama u riječi i u inicijalnim skupinama *xv- i *xt- u čakavskim i kajkavskim govorima na području Hrvatske prikazana na dijalektnim kartama.
U radu se, ponajprije na temelju objavljenih statističkih podataka i terenskoga istraživanja, toponomastički obrađuju prezimena i toponimija Općine Majur na Banovini, području koje je izrazito zahvaćeno depopulacijskim procesima, te koje danas ima šest puta manje stanovnika nego prije osamdesetak godina (godine 1931. u općini je živjelo 4338, a po posljednjemu popisu iz 2021. tek 760 stanovnika). Val se raseljavanja ubrzao tijekom Domovinskoga rata: na početku su rata s područja općine protjerani mjesni Hrvati, a nakon vojno-redarstvene operacije Oluja uglavnom se iselilo srpsko stanovništvo. Demografske se promjene ogledaju i u mjesnome prezimenskome fondu. Naime, nijedno od pet prezimena koja su imala najviše nositelja 1948. nije među pet najčešćih 2021. U prezimenima je najzastupljeniji temeljni slavenski (hrvatski i srpski) sloj. Od adstratnih je slojeva najzastupljeniji turski koji se uglavnom odrazio u prezimenima nadimačkoga postanja te prezimenima motiviranima nazivima zanimanja. U manjoj su mjeri zastupljeni njemački, vlaški, mađarski i albanski jezični sloj. Područje Općine Majur obiluje vrlo raznolikim odrazima hidronimnih osnova, poglavito naziva blatišta (bara, berek, luka, obarak, palučak i poloj).
Rad donosi detaljnu etimologijsku analizu sarajevskih ojkonima Vrbanja i Vrbanjuša, s objašnjenjem izvanjezične stvarnosti u kojoj su nastali, jer je prethodna etimološka analiza bila neprecizna i dovela je do nepotpunih zaključaka o mogućem jezičnom podrijetlu ojkonima i njihovoj starosti. Etimološka i motivacijska analiza ojkonima, kao i istraživanje izvanjezične stvarnosti kao elementa u procesu nastanka toponima, temelje se na osmanlijskim defterima iz razdoblja 1455. – 1604. godine, topografskim kartama i regulacijskim planovima sarajevskog područja objavljenim u razdoblju 1882. – 1949. godine te drugim književnim izvorima. Predložena je etimološka analiza prema kojoj je toponimska osnova ovih ojkonima antroponim Vrban izveden iz latinskog antroponima Urbanus, iz kojeg je, nakon slavenske prilagodbe Urbanus > Vrban, posvojnim sufiksom -j izveden toponim Vrbanja. Ojkonim Vrbanjuša je izveden sufiksom -uša iz ojkonima Vrbanja. Ovakav zaključak se temelji i na izvanjezičnoj stvarnosti, koja se odnosi na kulturnu povijest grada.
U radu se prikazuju i analiziraju frazemi s antroposomatskom sastavnicom oko zabilježeni u čakavskim govorima. Na temelju građe ekscerpirane iz 25 objavljenih rječnika i dva frazeološka rada izdvojeno je više od stotinu frazema koji se svrstavaju u tematsko-semantička polja prema suvremenim načelima dijalektne frazeologije. Frazemi su razvrstani u dvije temeljne skupine, one koji se odnose na čovjeka i one koji se ne odnose na čovjeka. Prvu skupinu obilježava izrazita semantička raznolikost i konceptualna plodnost sastavnice oko. U središtu frazeološke slike nalaze se značenja vezana uz percepciju, spoznaju, emocije, moralne i društvene odnose te fiziološka stanja. Posebna se pozornost posvećuje lokalnim potvrdama i varijantama frazema, kao i načelima leksikografske obrade, pri čemu se uspostavlja nadnatuknica OKO kao model dijalektne frazeografske obrade. Rezultati potvrđuju visoku frazeološku produktivnost sastavnice oko te upućuju na njezinu ključnu ulogu u oblikovanju čovjekove tjelesne i duhovne slike u čakavskim idiomima.
Otok is located twenty kilometers south of Vinkovci, twenty kilometers northeast of Zupanja, near river Bosut. According to the 2021 population census, it has 3,571 inhabitants, and administratively it belongs to the Vukovar-Srijem County. The local dialect of Otok is part of the Slavonian dialect, its Posavina subdialect, and belongs to the group of Ikavian local dialects of the eastern part of Slavonia. Some linguistic facts about the local dialect of Otok can be gathered from the capital study of Stjepan Ivsic Danasnji posavski govor (1913). It should be mentioned that in the summer of 1970 Ivanka Veric-Vojt filled out a questionnaire for the Srpskohrvatski dijalektoloski atlas in Otok. As an Ikavian settlement Otok is mentioned in the article of Stjepan Sekeres Areali ikavskog, ekavskog i ijekavskog govora u slavonskom dijalektu (1983). The more detailed description of this local dialect is in Ilija Lavrni & cacute;'s book The Ikavian speech of eastern Slavonia (1983), where the author analyzes the phonological and morphological systems based on the field work involving older speakers of the local dialects of Otok, Privlaka and Komletinci, notes the specificities of microtoponyms and anthroponyms and records some more specific words. Although there are dialectological data on the local dialect of Otok, the dialect has not been researched or described in recent times. Given the fact that today this is an urban settlement, it is worth recording and highlighting its current linguistic state. In this article, based on recent field research, language characteristics on the phonological and morphological levels are singled out. The results of the latest research show that even today, on the one hand, the accentuation has changed in the local dialect of the indigenous population, but on the other hand it has preserved a large number of features that are characteristic of the Slavonic dialect.
The paper aims to determine dialect change at the lexical level in the Croatian-& Ccaron;akavian local dialect of Betina on the island of Murter using the example of one hundred and two selected terms from the field of viticulture and cooperage terminology. Starting from the assumption that younger speakers use fewer dialectal variants than their older peers, we consider language accommodation and social and economic changes as factors of dialect levelling. The field study consisted of structured interviews with respondents from two generations of speakers. The lexical corpus was collected from six older respondents, and then the knowledge of the meaning and use of the term was verified among twelve younger respondents. The results show that 63 % of speakers know the meaning and that 45 % claim to use the terms, which indicates that dialect levelling and change at the lexical level in local dialect of Betina is already occurring.
This article describes the basic characteristics of the dialect of Preko. The introductory section defines the position of the Preko dialect in the Croatian dialect system. The second section addresses important phonological features of the Preko dialect in comparison to those of the other Ugljan dialects. The third section offers a brief outline of the Preko morphology and a comparison of certain forms to their equivalents in the neighbouring dialects. The fourth section presents a number of interesting syntactic phenomena, which are generally found in all Ugljan dialects, as well as some other dialects. The fifth section contains a few comments on the lexicon. The dialect of Preko is essentially similar to the other Ugljan dialects, although it is easily distinguished from the rest due to its phonology. The most peculiar of all Ugljan dialects is that of Kukljica, followed by the Kali dialect. Both of these dialects differ from the others by vowel lengthening before opstruents and by the lengthening of a in auslaut. The other Ugljan dialects that stand out due to their phonological peculiarities are the dialect of Preko (with the phonologically almost identical dialect of the neighbouring islet of O & scaron;ljak) and that of Polje, which differs from the Preko dialect solely by the lj > j change, whereas the other Ugljan dialects are somewhat different both from the Preko dialect and from one another. In the morphology of the Preko dialect and other Ugljan dialects, particularly interesting is the verb, on the one hand because of the abundancy of accentual type C verbs with vowel-shortening, and on the other, because of their rich verbal mood system. The syntax of & Ccaron;akavian dialects is relatively poorly studied and the short overview presented in this article demonstrates that it possesses many interesting features. An interesting lexical characteristic of Preko and the other Ugljan dialects is their well-preserved system of narrowly-specialised kinship terms.
The local dialect of Hum na Sutli is characterized by a complex phonological system. Some key features of Hum phonology include: - In prosody: a one-accent system, progressive shift of old Proto-Slavic circumflexes, the retraction of short stress from the non-final syllable to the prestressed length, and shortness in the penultima, as well as from the penultima to the pre-stressed length. There is also a diachronic lengthening of initially stressed short penultimate syllables (primarily in the penultima), which is reflected in the vocalism. - In the vowel system: an eleven-phoneme system of stressed vowels, prephonologization of diachronic quantity into vowel quality, where all long vowels, except a , have different reflections than short vowels, a complex interrelation of initial vowels reflections, and the influence of nasal consonants on vowel reflections. - In the consonant system: the presence of the phoneme ] and the marginal phoneme u , the development of *tj and & ccaron; into z , the development of * stj and * skj into & scaron; , and * zdj and * zgj into & zcaron; , the replacement of v with f in final position before a pause or voiceless obstruents, and numerous changes in consonant clusters. Many features of the Hum na Sutli local dialect are also found in other Upper Sutla dialects, as well as in local dialects across the wider Croatian Zagorje area and in western Croatian dialects in general. A number of dialectal features from the Hum na Sutli local dialect are also present in the eastern local dialects of the Central Styrian dialect of the Slovenian language. When analyzing the Croatian-Slovenian linguistic area, these include Upper Sutla-Central Styrian, Zagorje-Styrian, and generally Croatian-Slovenian dialectal features. The Hum na Sutli local dialect stands out among neighboring dialects, as well as among the local dialects of the Croatian language in general, due to the development of the back nasal Q .
The paper presents the areal distribution of dialectally specific lexemes, specifically Croatian lexemes related to 'back', 'spine' and 'shoulder blades' using the method of linguistic cartography. The data collected through field dialectological research have been systematically categorized into lexical types and illustrated on interpretative maps, each accompanied by brief comments on the observed distribution patterns. The second part of the paper provides an analysis of & Ccaron;akavianphraseological units containing these anthroposomatic terms. A semantic-conceptual approach is applied to describe the thematic semantic fields into which the extracted phraseological units fit. The aim of the paper is to explore the productivity of these components in & Ccaron;akavian phraseology, taking into account all expressions that refer to the upper posterior part of the human body. This analysis seeks to contribute to a deeper understanding of dialectal variations and their implications in linguistic research.
The article describes and discusses the dialectal variation of words for 'forest' in Croatian. Apart from widespread nouns like gora, bo & scaron;ka and & scaron;uma, the words drmun, lug, husta, loza, grm, umejak, kolinjak, gu & scaron;& cacute;, ograde, drve & cacute;a, les, & zcaron;ivica, dubrava, ki & cacute;e, grmlje, kr & ccaron; and gaj have all been attested as the basic word for 'forest' in one or more Croatian dialects. The article offers a detailed overview of the geographical distribution of these words based on fieldwork carried out in a recent large collaborative fieldwork project and on the existing dialectological literature. The geographical distribution of the Croatian words for 'forest' is visualized with the help of four maps. The article further discusses the origin of the words for 'forest' and their role in toponymy, as well as factors that may have played a role in the rise of the present day distribution of the lexemes.
Based on the data gathered from the questionnaire for the Croatian linguistic atlas, dialect dictionaries, dialectological studies and unpublished material collected through recent field research, the paper presents a cartographic review of the lexemes with the meaning of watermelon and melon in the Kajkavian, & Ccaron;akavian and & Scaron;tokavian dialects, as well as their dialectological and etymological analysis. The work aims to contribute to Croatian geolinguistic research, especially in the semantic field of cuisine.
