本文以语言类型学中论元配置模式为视角揭示汉语"把"字句的结构属性.研究发现:1)依据 Dixon(1994:49-52)、Whaley(1997:157)和 Song(2001:142)等类型学者有关小句的基础语序识别论元配置模式的观念,汉语具有句法上的主-宾格和施-通格的混合模式,"把"字句是施-通格模式中的句式;"把"不是通格/施格/宾格/旁格标记,而是充当区分语法角色施事性论元A和受事性论元P的联系项成分;"把"字句的A和P分别是施格论元和通格论元.2)"把"字句和施-通格语言的施-通格句在四个方面具有共同特征:通格论元P的话题性、定指性、受影响性以及句式的体意义.3)"把"字句中的同一语法角色可由不同语义角色来承载,但不同语义角色承载同一语法角色的能力不同,可构成一个两极为施格-施事性论元A和通格-受事性论元P的语义角色等级.
羡余否定现象有很多争议.人们很容易认为词义是羡余否定的根本要素,羡余否定词不过是隐性否定动词的否定义的上浮.但实际上羡余否定不能完全归结为词汇现象,因为羡余否定不仅需要引发﹁p,同时还需要引发p.语用上造成p和﹁p的冲突才是最关键的.只引发﹁p,要么难以形成羡余否定,比如"禁止、反对"等;要么只能产生偶发的羡余否定,比如"忘、拒绝"等.归根结底,最关键的因素是语用而非词义.羡余否定词仍有意义;更确切地说,羡余否定一般是强调主体的态度.相应地,羡余否定句式都是糅合句式.
北部土家语中名词重叠极具特色,其几种形式类型的语义特征在世界语言中都较为罕见.从重叠词语的基式与重叠式的关系来看,土家语名词重叠可分为完全重叠和不完全重叠两类.其中,完全重叠式的基本形式为AB(C)AB(C),能完全重叠的名词主要有方位名词和地貌名词,方位名词重叠语义表"最",即在所指示的方向位置的范围里胜过其余;地貌名词重叠后,原词中某些描写性特征的程度加深.不完全重叠式有A t(c)hi55 AB(C)和ABAX两种形式,二者语义上均表类指与任指,但在构成方式、进入格式的名词的范围、重叠式所表的词性以及组合关系上存在一定的区别.土家语名词重叠受到一定语言机制的制约:从内部机制来看,土家语缺乏本族程度副词,若需表"高量",只能借助重叠的手段来实现;从外部机制来看,汉语与土家语长期接触影响,使得土家语借用了汉语的"A里AB"格式并加以改造,产生了 A t(c)hi55 AB(C)的不完全重叠形式.
本文梳理学界对世界语言中屈折完整体和派生完整体的认识过程,发现派生类完整体可以经由两种不同路径演变为屈折类完整体,二者既可以共存于同一种语言,又存在不同方向的兴替.中国学者对汉语"了"类体标记与叙述性关系的论述,有的远早于经典类型学文献的出版时间,有的是在与时体类型学经典研究基本隔离的情况下形成的独立认识.使用完整体等跨语言比较概念能够避免选定具体语言中特定形式的机会主义影响,有利于解决汉语句尾和词尾体标记话语功能多样性的难题,更能体现类型学研究的追求.
本文在既有研究的基础上,从信息结构(焦点、话题)的句法表现对上古汉语的"吾、我"之别做了进一步的论证.对《论语》《左传》"吾、我"用例的穷尽性调查发现:1)主语如是第一人称代词且是焦点或话题时,用"我"不用"吾";这一点已有学者提及,本文的论证更加系统全面.2)句子如已另有焦点或话题,主语如是第一人称代词,用"吾"不用"我";这一点几乎无人论及,本文做了详细的分析.以上调查证明,至少在春秋后期到战国中期这段时间鲁国等地域的通用语中,"吾"和"我"在句法分布上是存在严整区别的.本文对解释上古汉语第一人称代词系统为什么纷繁多样有较大的参考价值,所得结论不但可以更加准确地揭示"吾、我"之别,还可以为追溯"吾"及其异文形式的来源提供很好的角度,同时也能为深入认识上古汉语其他人称代词提供比较重要的参考.
本文发现"复数性名词成分+'都'"中"都"是否出现受语境制约.大致说来,当复数性名词成分所在的句子没有独立完整回答语境中的问题时,"都"最好不出现;反之,"都"通常需要出现.从"都"的这一语境适用条件出发,本文提出"总括-都"表达其所在的句子蕴涵当前讨论问题下的所有命题.如果认为当前讨论的问题即句子的话语话题(Carlson 1982;Roberts 2012),那么"都"总括的其实就是语境中的话题,"总括"也就可以直观地理解为,"都"表达与之结合的句子包括当前话题下的所有对象,因而也就具有"排除谈话中其他人或事物"(陆庆和2006:198)的功能.同时,为满足"总括",跟"都"结合的句子必须取分配解读,这造成了"都"的"分配效应".本文进一步认为,这种分析可以让我们对"都"的"总括义、甚至义、超预期"效果有统一的认识.最后,本文指出"都"的"总括义"是一个预设,这使我们可以通过"强制性预设"现象来解释"都"为什么在某些环境下必须出现.
The traditional Chinese phonology regards the final（yunmu） of the Chinese syllable unsegmentable so that there has been little study on the Chinese vowel phonemes until about thirty years ago when the theories of general linguistics became more and more popular. Now there have been some more studies on the inventory of Chinese vowel segments. However, the ideas about the inventory of the underlying Chinese vowels are surprisingly controversial, varying in the number of vowel phonemes from ten to none, let alone the different individual vowels. Such great divergent opinions of the inventory of Chinese phonemic vowels result not only from the traditional obstinacy in the integrity of the final, but also from the limited understanding of the abstraction of phonemes. According to the nature of a phoneme which is understood as an abstract category in contemporary phonology, this article makes a scientific analysis of more than fourteen surface vowel segments in light of contemporary phonological theories. It believes that the two apical high vowels [■] and [■] are allophones of the underlying phonemic laminal high vowel/i/, the former only appearing after apical consonants in complementary distribution with the latter which can appear after more different initial consonants, and that only one underlying low vowel is/a/, with [a], [ A], [■], [■], [■] or [■] surfacing either in complementary distribution with each other or as free variants. The most controversial issue of the Chinese phonemic vowels is about mid vowels, surfacing as [e], [ o], [■], [■], [ ?] or [■] ． Due to the equal frequency of mid vowels being complementarily distributed on the surface, the proposed number of phonemic mid vowels range from four to one, sometimes without any reason given for their opinions. Generally speaking, if the variant segments are in equally frequent complementary distribution on the surface, the possible underlying structure can be either in an abstract form with no phonetic reality or the one which is the most unmarked.There are some attempts to treat underlying mid vowel as an underspecified abstract category with only [-high,-low] features and get fully specified with different features of[ +/-back], [ +/-round], [ +/-tense] or [ +/-rhotic], surfacing as [e], [o], [■],[ ■], [ ?] or [■] ． But such attempts of treating the underlying mid vowel as an underspecified abstract form are far from convincing, with problems in full feature specification on the surface. Based on the theory of radical underspecification in which the unmarked value of features is unspecified underlyingly, this article finds that the mid central vowel is the most unmarked among the six after analyzing the feature specification of all the surface mid vowels and claims that the unmarked central vowel [ ?] represents the underlying mid vowel in Chinese, with other five mid vowels surfacing as its allophones.Through a systematic and well-knit analysis, the article arrives at five phonemic vowels in Chinese which are/i y u ? a/．
This paper aims to introduce Enfield’s theoretical framework for enchronic analysis, distilled from the research practice of interactional linguistics. Its term “enchrony” is intended to be parallel with the traditional diachrony and synchrony perspectives. Its Chinese version literally means to make a balanced analysis in response to the gradual progress of speech time. The notion of enchrony is needed for bringing together certain aspects of language that are typically handled by quite disparate conceptual and methodological approaches, especially Conversation Analysis, neo-Piercean semiotics and relevance theory.Enfield has refined some relevant concepts and methods that have been applied in practice in interactional linguistics over the years, and integrated them into the theoretical system of the enchronic analysis. Its core notions include: 1) Social interaction consists of two parts: the action as a symbol and the response it triggers. 2) The sequence formed by these two parts is a complete unit of interaction. 3) Multiple sequences are connected into a communicative trajectory with “because motives” and “in-order-to motives”. 4) Meaning is derived from the composite utterances formed by the combination of such sequences. 5) Move is the basic level unit in social interaction. 6) To interpret the meaning of the composite utterances, a relevance analysis is required. 7) There are two facets of relevance: effectiveness of the symbol to the response, and the appropriateness of the response to the symbol. Such an enchronic analysis theory is part of the Behavioral Biology framework.Situated within an integrated set of causal frames for language, enchrony provides conceptual tools for an account of language that foregrounds social cognition and interaction in a usage-based model. Enchronic analysis has a wide range of applications, especially for incremental sentences in Chinese, the talk management function of interjections, interactivity of topics, the establishment of demonstrative properties of noun phrases, and blended sentence construction. This paper provides some examples to illustrate such applications in grammar research.Enchrony is not just a frame that happens to have been under-appreciated and can readily be bolted onto our existing accounts of language without much ado. Rather, enchrony is the frame that matters most. The enchronic perspective can be used in conjunction with the access and activation model of cognitive grammar, which is complementary to each other. It also suggests a sociological hypothesis for the origin of human language.
The intrinsic feature of language is interactional. Interactional linguists consider grammar as shaped by social interaction. Therefore, interactional linguistics research should be based on social interaction. In naturally occurring conversations, we can often see a phenomenon that a sentence is built by different speakers, which is called collaborative construction by interactional linguists. Collaborative construction refers to the joint construction of a syntactically complete sentence by adjacent turns uttered by different speakers. Projection is a feature of human conduct that prefigures possible trajectories of how an action or a sequence of actions might develop in the next moment, which thereby allows interactants to negotiate and accomplish coordinated action in the subsequent course of interaction. In other words, projection provides a central resource for interactants to coordinate their conduct vis-1-vis one another’s in prospect of what is happening now and what is going to happen next, and thereby negotiate joint courses of action-in-progress. The phenomenon of projection involves a wide range of multidisciplinary interests. In recent years, many researchers have paid attention to exploring the mechanism of projection with a focus on the relationship between projection and grammar. Differences in language types have an impact on syntactic projection, the consequence of which affects the output of collaborative construction. For example, from the perspective of grammatical structure, due to some typological features of Japanese grammar and English grammar, the projection of the type of turn being produced（and the type of action being performed by that turn） tends to be made relatively late in the developmental course of a turn-in-progress in Japanese as a delayed projection language, while the projection of turn-shape is typically ach ieved earlier in English as an early projection language. Typologically divergent grammatical resources in different langu ages might provide varying ways for their speakers to organize the projection of the eventual shapes of unfolding turns. A number of studies have highlighted the collaborative nature of the production of syntactic units in English, Japanese and Chinese. This paper mainly intr oduces current research of syntactic collaborative construction in English and Japanese, and current studies in Chinese conversation, especially focusing on the ques tion of whether and how various projection techniques are grammaticized into grammatical constructions in different languages. It suggests that interactional linguistics research from a cross-linguistic perspective will better reveal the characteristics of different languages.
This paper discusses how story recipients use preliminary questions（Pre-Q） and question-and-answer questions（QA-Q） in Mandarin conversational storytelling activities. On one hand, Pre-Qs are used to confirm the ability and feasibility of an action before it is performed, so as to avoid negative face problems. On the other hand, the confirmation function of Pre-Qs is constrained by the subsequent response. If the response is dispreferred, it will directly affect the way of the subsequent sequence development. The QA-Qs consist of two parts: 1) telling question for seeking information; and 2) confirmation of the candidate answer. Responders of the questions first confirm the candidate answer and then answer the telling question, which is consistent with the principle of contiguity in response to multiple questions（Sacks 1987）.The object of this research is the questions used by recipients of the storytelling. Question as the first pair part of an adjacency pair has high sequential implicativeness, because syntactic structures and contents of questions restrict and affect the subsequent response type and the sequence trajectory. The turn design of turn-constructional units in Pre-Qs and QA-Qs plays an important role in storytelling activities: retrospectively, it is directly related to the storytelling, for example, it can be the assessment of the previous story content; prospectively, it is indirectly related to storytelling, such as triggering a new line of storytelling, adjusting story stance, or intervening storytelling to seek background information. The study of Pre-Qs is to look into the restriction on the use of interrogative questions from the perspective of interactional sequence organization. As for the QA-Qs, this study is to analyze the influence of question structure on storytelling from the perspective of syntactic format.This paper explains the cross-fertilization relationship between conversational action and syntactic format from the perspective of sequential position, projectability of the first pair part of an adjacent pair and structural features of questions. It emphasizes that the implementation of conversational action and the use of grammatical practice in interaction do not rely on predetermined rules, but are collaboratively completed by both parties embodied in the local contingency and situated interaction.
As a means of language expression, prosody is one of the important resources for the implementation of interaction, which has attracted more and more attention. Starting from the two characteristics of distinctiveness and prominence in the expression of prosody, this article summarizes the changes of prosodic elements found in natural dialogues in the field of interactive linguistics, both domestic and overseas. The article proposes that prosodic expression is realized in the changing characteristics presented on the basis of the stability of the prosodic characteristics, which are manifested on different prosodic levels of language expression. Through the adjustment of suprasegmental characteristics, such as pitch, duration, and tone intensity, the construction and transfer of turn, the implementation of social behavior and the expression of different positions are embodied by means of intonation, accent, pause, and strength. In the specific sequence of natural conversation, the change of voice quality and the state of breath can also be used as the basis for explaining the speaker’s behavior. It is important to note that due to the tonal characteristics of Chinese, the intonation analysis method represented in English is not completely suitable for Chinese. This article tries to sum up some basic methods for prosodic analysis in Chinese oral interaction and build a basic interpretation framework. At the same time, it is believed that the rich forms of prosodic varieties in natural conversation can be used to re-understand the concepts of intonation unit, intonation characteristics, pitch onset and declination, stress level, text cohesion, etc., broaden the horizons of prosodic research, and improve the existing Chinese prosodic theories.
In this paper, we present a review of overseas linguistic contributions to the study of interjections in four aspects. Firstly, in terms of the classification of interjections, foreign scholars usually distinguish different levels based on the orientation of the participants themselves. According to the “next-turn proof procedure”, the analysis is observable and reliable, free from subjective judgment. Secondly, the sequential environment is another critical aspect in studying interjections. On the one hand, interjections could be placed at the beginning of turns or even stand alone as turns. On the other hand, interjections could be placed in the first position, second position, or third position. The sequential position is always relevant to the function of interjections. Thirdly, recent research on interjections also pays close attention to their intended directionality toward the utterance. There are two different directions related to interjections. The interjection which is relevant to its previous talk could be regarded as backward-looking, whereas others associated with their subsequent talk could be regarded as forward-looking. Fourthly, epistemic exhibition and affectivity expression are two main functions of interjections mentioned in these overseas studies.In general, research from an interactional linguistic perspective mainly focused on the action interjections could index, especially on linguistic constituents they can initiate in interactive communication. Interjections reflect how participants manage sociality through interaction. In contrast to studies based on single sentences, which simply describe the meaning of the interjections themselves, an interactive interpretation of their usage based on naturally occurring conversation data can fully reflect the multiple dimensions of their actual usage.
It has been profoundly illustrated in the works of great Chinese scholars like Yuen Ren Chao and Shuxiang Lü that the production and comprehension of a sentence is a dynamic process. Such illustrations are highly coincided with such notions as projection and projectability in interactional linguistics. Projection refers to the phenomenon that the utterance-in-progress would foreshadow the possible turn completion and action trajectory. In line with relevant previous research, this paper takes the assessment sequence in Chinese natural conversation as an example and discusses the role of projection as a basic mechanism in turn construction and action recognition. It is found that the construction of turns for assessment, as well as the recognition of assessment action, relies on both the projectability of syntax, prosody and bodily-visual conduct, and the action sequence and activity framework. Syntactic projection operates on both intra-clausal and inter-clausal levels. In a single clause, adjective phrases and [verb-complement of state] structures can project the upcoming adjective with their former part and thus put the assessment of the speaker ‘on record’. Beyond a single clause, the concessive-adversative compound sentence with a valenced preliminary component can project its subsequent component in a way described in Lerner（1991） as ‘compound TCU’ for co-completion. Prosodic features contribute to the projection of assessment by either projecting the continuation of the current turn unit or displaying affective stance on part of the speaker. The former is represented by the last-syllable lengthening at a non-TRP position, which signals the speaker’s intention of continuation, while the latter by significant accent which can package the ongoing unit as an evaluative nominal ‘minor sentence’. Bodily-visual projection is reflected in such conducts as iconic gestures that construct the unit together with verbal devices, and facial expressions like lip-pursing and smiling that project turn yielding. Besides, the sequential organization of assessment and interactional patterns within the global activity provide crucial reference for local turn construction and assessment recognition. This study provides deeper and more detailed understanding to the issue of sentence production and comprehension on both micro-and macro-level. It also reveals the profound value of analyzing linguistic structures from an enchronic and sequential perspective, which means to capture the dialogic and emergent nature of language within the situated sequential position and activity framework, and with an integral, dynamic analysis of syntax, prosody and bodily-visual conducts.
This paper presents a study of listing expressions in Mandarin Chinese by using natural conversational data. Listing refers to the action of describing or interpreting things by counting or arranging items one by one.This paper firstly describes listing expressions in both written and spoken Chinese, and then focuses on their uses in spoken data and the difference between spoken data and written materials. Then it briefly reviews studies on juxtapositions and listing constructions in the literature, before dividing listing expressions into two categories: closed vs. open listing.Then, this paper focuses on the collaborative construction of listing expressions in naturally-occurring Chinese conversations. Collaborative production embodies the interactive nature of language. It demonstrates that talk-in-interaction is built upon projection. Specifically, the recurrent pattern of “three-partedness” for a listing expression warrants syntactic resources for its collaborative production. This observation shows that other than syntactic consideration and overt grammatical markers, some ungrammatically established practices also contribute a lot to the mutual understanding among interactional participants.The co-produced listing items contribute to both showing agreement and affiliation and reflecting the contrast to some extent. The interactional function of a listing expression is closely related to its sequential position, which includes: when used for initiating action, 1) expanding the previous speaker’s utterance and supplementing information; 2) echoing with the prior utterance, while changing the original agenda; when used for a responsive action, 3) supplementing with extra listing items to refute/disagree/challenge the prior speaker/co-interlocutor; 4) performing a trigger for summarizing from the other parties. This paper goes on to point out that prosodic resources are as effective as syntactic means in identifying/projecting listing expressions, specifically, prosodically equalized packaging plays an important role in the identification of listing structures. Listing as afterthoughts also requires prosodic package/contribution to accomplishing certain communication tasks. To achieve co-production of listing expressions, both syntactic and prosodic cues are mobilized, which also reflects the participants’ interactional intention and attitudes. Finally, this paper discusses the cross-linguistic dimension of listing expressions. Because Chinese has listing particles and modal particles that are absent in Indo-European languages such as English, Chinese bears more availability in packaging different levels of listing items into uniform syntactic elements with consistent structures. For example, it can adjust the prosodic duration of utterance by adding a final-syllable lengthening intonation with the particle units. It also helps to convey emotions and attitudes through the design of various prosodic configurations.
Language ideology, conceptualized as morally and politically loaded representation of nature, structure, and use of language in a social world, can be traced back to C. S. Peirce’s semiotics. The present article therefore attempts to delineate sets of concepts drawn on semiotics, namely the concepts relevant with indexicality proposed by Michael Silverstein and those around rhematization proposed by Susan Gal and Judith Irvine. In doing so, the article makes a tentative argument that the latter goes beyond the former within the framework of Peirce’s semiotics. The article first addresses the issue of the coalescence of linguistic anthropology with variationist sociolinguistics in terms of language ideology studies, and shows that the orientation to language users’ agency in variationist sociolinguistics witnesses the appearance of language ideology studies in linguistic anthropology. This point is discussed in the second section of this article, indicating that language ideology proposed in linguistic anthropology is investigated against the background that variationist sociolinguistics moves from its first wave to the second, where the agency of language users becomes a key issue of research. Then the consequent two sections are devoted to address respectively Silverstein’s highlight of language ideology in terms of indexicality and Gal and Irvine’s account of language ideology as semiotic process of rhematization. Both issues are discussed to see how relevant concepts are deployed to account for the process of ideological process. Regarding Silverstein’s work, his concepts of indexicality and indexical order are discussed to show, for example, how language ideology can assign an index with a social meaning and how the first order indexical correlation moves to the second. Regarding Gal and Irvine’s work, concepts such as rhematization, axis of differentiation, erasure and fractual recursivity are discussed to show how they bring language ideology to a focus in understanding the ways in which contrasting qualities perceived in the signs are taken to be like or to resemble qualitative contrasts in what the signs are taken to index. These somewhat detailed discussions help reach an argument that, in terms of Peirce’s semiotics, the conceptualization of rhematization goes beyond that of indexicality. Three points are highlighted for this argument. Firstly, the concept of indexicality draws on Peirce’s second trichotomy of signs, i.e. index, icon, and symbol, but rhematization draws on Peirce’s third trichotomy of signs, i.e. rheme, dicent, and argument. What is more significant in this respect is that rhematization explains the move from indexical relation a sign has with its object to iconical relation in which a sign is taken to be like its object. Secondly, in terms of Peirce’s first trichotomy of signs, i.e. qualisign, sinsign, and legisign, the concept of rhematization provides an insight for understanding how qualisign（quality in the category of Firstness） becomes sinsign（object in Secondness） according to legisign（laws in Thirdness）. Thirdly, the concept of rhematization, together with the set of axis of differentiation, erasure and fractal recursivity, offers a more insightful account of the ideological work, which furthers Peirce’s concept of “conjecture” in that it deepens our understanding of the process.
虽然手势和言语有极为密切的关系,但手势在语言系统中的角色一直没有得到广泛的认同.失语症患者的手势为研究这一问题提供了新的视角.本文回顾了针对失语症患者手势研究的主要成果,并总结了现有研究的争议.一类研究表明,失语症患者的手势会出现与言语平行的损伤,如手势的使用特点会因失语症的症状不同而出现差异化的表征.另有研究认为,失语症患者的手势不会出现损伤,而会对患者的言语有所代偿,如弥补言语中缺失的信息.也有研究持折中观点,认为手势的代偿事实上也存在一定的局限性.现有研究还发现,就其功能而言,患者的手势可辅助言语产出和提升交际效果.通过分析前人研究可推断,手势和言语既有同步性又有互补性,在紧密联系的同时可能又存在一定程度的分离.手势可承担重要的语言功能,或具有一定的语言潜质.本文最后分析了现有研究的局限性,并试对未来的研究方向做出展望.
本文系统考察了青海民和甘沟话语法词"个"的功能分布,从语言接触的角度讨论了各功能的来源及形成过程.甘沟话中一般写作"个"的形式包含四个不同的语法词:1)与数词组合构成数量词的通用量词"个".2)指示代词"这个"的省略形式"个",用于名词前表定指.3)土族语数词nige'一'的省略形式ge在汉语中的对应形式"个".这类"个"相当于"一",用在名词后表单数不定指或类指;修饰动词则表示动作进行了一次,在此基础上发展出其他用法.4)与修饰语标记[t?(s)]组合使用的"个","[t?(s)]+个"可标记名词性修饰语或谓词性修饰语.甘沟话"个"的功能及其形成,显示了接触背景下的河湟方言中汉语语法词的复杂成因,也展示了接触导致的语言变化是如何与系统内其他语言成分协调互动的.
中国社会科学院语言研究所当代语言学研究室译审、原《国外语言学》（本刊前身）主编、中共党员卫志强同志，因病医治无效，于2022年4月9日下午两点在北京与世长辞，享年87岁。
语言接触是语言演变最重要的外部动因.社会语言学、历史语言学、语言类型学对此都很关注.无论功能语言学派还是形式语言学派,都有人把语言接触或由此引发的"借用、干扰"看作语言变化或变异的重要动因或机制.早在1925年,梅耶(1957[1925]:68)在讨论混合语时就谈到了借用,而且关注到汉语.
The Gansu-Qinghai linguistic area（hereafter referred to as the “Gan-Qing linguistic area”） is a region connected to the southwest of Gansu province and the southeast of Qinghai province. Due to the unique geographical and linguistic environment, the Chinese dialects in this area also show some characteristics, such as the object-verb structure. As a dominant syntactic feature of Chinese dialects in the Gan-Qing linguistic area, the object-verb structure has always been a research topic of interest. On the basis of previous studies, this paper makes a systematic definition and analysis of the scope and internal situation of the Gan-Qing linguistic area and discusses the possible sources of the object-verb structure in the local Chinese dialects as well. It is believed that the object-verb structure in this area, as a strong grammatical format, has a considerable influence on the syntactic system and is the result of the gradual solidification of the local Chinese dialects through code switching and language contact in different historical periods under the influence of Tibetan, Mongolian and Sarah languages.This paper also analyzes and discusses the characteristics of the object-verb structure of the Chinese dialect and holds that the object-verb structure of Chinese dialects in this area is a syntactic rather than lexical phenomenon. In the context of proverbs, two-part allegorical sayings, riddles and other relatively stable formats, the verb-object structure is still predominant, but the object-verb structure appears in large numbers in oral language, thus we only need to study it at the syntactic level, especially in the oral context. Moreover, the use of the object-verb structure in the Chinese dialects in this area is restricted by semantic and pragmatic factors: the semantic aspect is reflected by the definiteness and indefiniteness of the object, while the pragmatic one is related to the negative assertion, interrogative and imperative sentences.In addition, through the follow-up survey of the spoken Linxia dialect for nearly 20 years, we found that the verb-object structure is more and more pervasive. The object-verb structure is almost not a format that must be complied with, and there is a trend of further transformation toward the verb-object structure. It can be predicted that under the strong influence of Putonghua, the object-verb structure of Chinese dialects in this area will gradually decline.
