This study examines the operation of provincial mints ( dar al-darb ) in Suba Bihar during the classic period of the Mughal Empire, spanning from the administrative reorganizations of Akbar in 1580 to the death of Aurangzeb in 1707. Traditionally, Mughal numismatic history has focused on the central mints of Delhi, Agra, and Lahore as the primary drivers of imperial monetization. By analyzing the administrative, fiscal, and economic functions of the mints at Patna and Rajmahal, this paper argues that provincial mints were not merely mechanical replicas of the center, but active instruments of state formation and economic integration. The establishment of a unified, high-purity tri-metallic currency system the silver rupiya , gold muhar , and copper dam served a dual purpose: it facilitated the extraction and transmission of agricultural surplus from the fertile Bihari hinterland to the imperial treasury, and it integrated regional agrarian markets into the expanding Indian Ocean commercial network. Drawing upon contemporary Persian chronicles such as the Ain-i-Akbari and Akbarnama, alongside English and Dutch factory records and extant numismatic evidence, this study demonstrates that the expansion of monetization in Bihar fundamentally transformed the region's economic landscape. The proliferation of Mughal coinage progressively displaced localized barter networks, standardized transactional practices across diverse markets, and reduced regional transaction costs. More significantly, the integration of Bihar into a uniform monetary regime strengthened fiscal extraction, facilitated commercial expansion, and reinforced Mughal authority over a strategically sensitive and politically volatile frontier. By linking monetary circulation with processes of state formation, the paper argues that coinage functioned not merely as an economic medium but as a crucial instrument of imperial consolidation and governance.
With the speeding up of China’s urbanization process, the problems related to the left-behind children - especially the psychological matter–have become more and more prominent. To solve such kind of problems requires the intervention of the professionals like the social workers. Due to long term lack of companionship from the parents, the left-behind children suffers from insufficient emotion and internal innovation, which leads to low self efficiency. Furthermore, their poor communication skills with other people causes their withdrawal, suppress emotions, accumulate inwardly and result in severe negative impact. Therefore at this moment, emotional intervention becomes particularly crucial. The left-behind children can open up about their true thoughts through the communication with the social workers, who can promptly provide emotional comfort for their inner struggles to get result of mental nourishing. Therefore, emotional intervention renders service with warmth and highlights humanistic care.
"The article examines current issues of spiritual and moral education of youth in Uzbekistan under conditions of global transformation of value orientations. Special attention is paid to the formation of ideological immunity in the younger generation as a means of protection against spiritual threats and religious extremism. It also analyzes the influence of globalization, the digital environment, and social networks on the value system of young people. The significant role of the family and the education system as key institutions in shaping spiritual values and a stable worldview is emphasized."
The article highlights the pedagogical importance of using graphic organizers in mother tongue lessons. It analyzes the role of graphic organizers in presenting educational material in a visual, systematic, and understandable way, as well as their potential in developing students’ logical and creative thinking skills.
This paper examines the systematic legal transplantation phenomenon of the European Union's Artificial Intelligence Act (EU AI Act) among some Latin American countries, such as Brazil and Peru, through the lens of function-oriented comparison, taking anti-discrimination rules as an example. It has been discovered that, while these countries have generally introduced the EU's leading, risk-oriented regulatory model for new AI applications and safeguards against core interests, the resulting regulatory mismatch is substantial. Analysis finds deficiencies in this transplantation include the lack of corresponding institutional enforcement capabilities and inflexible risk classification systems that are not tailored to local priorities or technological situations. Although the papers deal with apparently identical themes such as anti-discrimination, in fact they have different socio-cultural and historical backgrounds. For example, in terms of anti-discrimination, although the focus of the EU is generally on problems such as immigration and religious discrimination, such as Islamophobia; The deep-seated reasons for discrimination in Latin America stem from colonial rule, impacting indigenous people. The paper has found that effective AI governance requires deep localisation modifications of transplanted regulatory models, and rules and implementation systems suitable for the specific cultural environment need to be developed; Only then can an appropriate regulation for the Digital Age be generated.
"This thesis provides a scientific and theoretical analysis of the pedagogical opportunities of the media education space in forming students’ socio-legal culture within the continuous education system. In the context of globalization and digital technologies, young people’s access to information and social activity is increasingly developing within the media education environment. Therefore, teachers need to develop effective methods for forming students’ legal awareness, social responsibility, and media literacy through the use of the media education space. The thesis examines the pedagogical and methodological possibilities of the media education space, its role in developing students’ socio-legal culture, and its integration into the continuous education system as key issues. The study theoretically substantiates the development of students’ legal knowledge, social behavior, and critical thinking skills through media tools, interactive methods, problem-based situations, and project-based learning. This topic is scientifically and practically relevant, as it contributes to increasing students’ legal awareness and educating them as responsible, active, and media-literate individuals. At the same time, the thesis helps identify important pedagogical directions for developing teachers’ media pedagogical competence and implementing innovative methods in the process of continuous education."
The article reveals the writer G. Esemuratova’s mastery in portraying the role of women and girls in society and within the family, as well as depicting the realities of life in her works. It also highlights the ideological content and the educational significance of her literary works.
This article analyzes the concept of “Every Child Defends the Homeland” beyond traditional military protection, emphasizing the multifaceted contribution of the younger generation to the prosperity and stability of the nation. By highlighting the need to shift from the paradigm of children’s vulnerability to the recognition of their agency, the study explores the active participation of youth in socio-cultural, economic, environmental, and educational spheres.
This article explores the psychological and social development of primary school-age students, the formation of the psychological mechanisms underlying learning activities, and their role in the development of the child as an individual. It highlights the significance of the educational process in fostering cognitive, emotional, and social growth during the early school years.
The article provides an in-depth analysis of the theoretical, axiological, and methodological foundations of civic and patriotic education based on Immanuel Kant’s ethics. It substantiates the role of key concepts such as the categorical imperative, duty, moral autonomy, and human dignity in shaping the civic consciousness of youth. The study also highlights the relevance of civic and patriotic education within the framework of youth policy in the Republic of Uzbekistan, taking into account presidential decrees and resolutions. Civic responsibility is interpreted not as an external obligation but as an internal moral necessity, while patriotism is viewed as a conscious position aligned with universal ethical principles. As a result, Kantian ethics is presented as a solid philosophical foundation for civic and patriotic education in the modern educational system.
Epics hold a special place in Karakalpak literature, distinguished from other works by their artistic richness and genre-specific features. This article discusses the epics of Karakalpak literature in the years of independence and their genre characteristics and artistic qualities.
The article examines the features of the use of anthroponyms in students’ speech and identifies modern trends and problems associated with their usage. The analysis covers lexical-semantic and pragmatic aspects, including the functions of anthroponyms in communication, as well as their role in personal identification and socialization. Special attention is paid to the influence of the educational and sociocultural context on the choice and use of proper names. The results of the study make it possible to gain a deeper understanding of the processes of actualization of anthroponyms in the speech of the younger generation and the peculiarities of their linguistic behavior in modern conditions.
This article focuses on examining the conceptual foundations of the genesis of tolerance in the context of students’ moral and ethical preparation for professional pedagogical practice. It emphasizes that the professional training process of future specialists in the field of education should be based on strategic principles for establishing positive tolerant attitudes. This approach is integrated through the updating of professional standards, regulatory documents, and ethical codes of pedagogical activity, with the learner-centered component as a key element. The final section presents an analysis of empirical data obtained during an experimental study aimed at effectively forming positive tolerant attitudes in the academic environment of youth.
This article examines the importance of inclusive education in society and the role of the teacher. It analyzes issues related to providing equal opportunities for children with special needs, as well as developing their individual abilities and social adaptation. The study includes official data and practical projects as examples, describing the work of inclusive classes and centers. It also evaluates the methods and features of inclusive education, as well as its impact on strengthening justice and equality in society.
This article discusses the importance of questioning in history lessons and the development of teachers’ skills in formulating logically correct questions and tasks. It focuses on creating learning assignments that foster students’ independent thinking, ability to work with information, compare data, and extract key ideas. The study also presents approaches and suggestions for developing teachers’ competencies in selecting essential historical content and designing meaningful, pragmatic, and effective educational tasks for students.
This article discusses the family as the fundamental unit of society and emphasizes the incomparable role of the family in child upbringing. It highlights the importance of cooperation between preschool educational institutions and parents, both collectively and individually, in providing education and upbringing to children. In society, upbringing is not only the personal responsibility of parents but also their social duty. The article also reveals ways of achieving positive results in child upbringing.
This article’s primary goal is to examine audiobooks as a context through which the interaction between human and Synthesized Voice generated by AI has become socially meaningful. More broadly, this study approaches audiobooks as a communicative process in which meaning is not transmitted but constructed through interaction between human listeners and technological agents. The new researches indicates that the audiobooks in social-technical context created new interaction between human listeners, making the AI-generated voice socially meaningful. While audiobooks have traditionally been treated as a convenience-based extension of print reading, Recent developments in AIGC have transformed audiobooks into a context in which listeners engage not only with narrative content but also with synthetic voice as a socially interpretable entity. This shift is making AI generated audiobook narration to be fundamentally experiential. Unlike traditional audiobooks, which voice is perceived as an actor. In other words, artificial intelligence-synthesized sound is a symbol of social significance. In the context of audiobooks, it interacts deeply with people, shapes people’s cognition as part of people’s daily life. In this context, speech synthesis functions as a media technology that participates in an actor network with listeners, whereby human and technological agents reciprocally influence one another and collaboratively produce social significance. This paper makes three key contributions. First, it reconceptualizes audiobooks as sociotechnical interaction sites rather than passive media formats, highlighting the active role of synthetic voice in shaping user experience. Second, it integrates CASA and ANT to provide a multi-level theoretical framework that explains synthetic voice as both a perceived social actor and a networked actor. Third, it proposes a four-stage mechanism model that specifies how social meaning is constructed through interaction with AI-generated narration.
The article discusses the use of the 4C model in developing students’ creativity, its tasks, and its results. It also presents the effectiveness of the 4C model in classroom teaching.
The article examines the digital transformation of the education system in the context of the information society and its impact on the professional activity of teachers. It substantiates that teachers’ media competence is becoming an integral component of their professional competence and is manifested in the ability to design a digital educational environment, organize pedagogical interaction through the use of new media, and effectively implement blended and distance learning.
This article explores methods of studying Giuseppe Verdi’s creativity in Music Culture lessons in general education schools. It highlights pedagogical approaches to introducing Verdi’s works, developing students’ musical perception, and enhancing their cultural and aesthetic understanding. The study also discusses effective teaching strategies for improving students’ engagement and appreciation of classical music.
