Anticipatory breach includes renunciatory breach and prospective inability to per-form the contract.The renunciatory breach can be expressed orally or in writing,as well as through an act.The dictions of the renunciatory breach should be certain,so that it could be rea-sonably understood that such a breach would occur.The obligations refused to perform should be substantial and fundamental in the contract.The obligator could withdraw the renunciatory breach and indicate his will to perform before the non-breaching party accepts the renunciatory breach,thus preventing rescinding the contract.The obligator's subjective intention is not a constitutive requirement of the renunciatory breach.The non-breaching party is entitled to discharge the contract as well as claim for damages for breach of contract when the expression or the behavior of the obligator constitutes an anticipatory breach.Also,the non-breaching party may urge the withdrawal of the renunciatory breach or ignore it until the expiration of the time limit for perform-ance.The non-breaching party is entitled to require the obligator to provide sufficient assurance when the obligator's ability to perform is sensibly doubtful.The failure of the obligator to provide such assurance constitutes an anticipatory breach of contract.
With the goal of promoting the healthy growth of minors,the legislative demand of the Family Education Promotion Law is to universally enhance the capacity of family education and regulate family education behavior.However,within the flexible legislation,advocacy meas-ures that focus on guidance and promotion are difficult to fully address the various problems in family education reflected in juvenile delinquency or criminal infringement in judicial practice.Between the improper and mild parenting methods and the direct infringement of guardianship,we should focus on the connection between law and law,and further clarify the mandatory conno-tation of Article 49 of the Family Education Promotion Law ordering acceptance of family educa-tion guidance.We should strengthen the judicial intervention of the state on family guardianship dysfunction and difficult self-healing guardianship behaviors,and establish an effective interme-diate measure through the mandatory writ of supervision and guardianship.Establishing a stand-ardized system for receiving recommendations of family education guidance,mandatory supervi-sion orders,and rigid revocation of guardianship qualifications,and also promoting the imple-mentation of guardianship responsibilities of the Civil Code through the family education approach of social law.In terms of the specific structure of supervision and guardianship,it can be im-proved from clarifying the systematic content elements of supervision and guardianship orders,de-termining the standardized scope of application,improving the preliminary investigation and eval-uation and subsequent tracking and adjustment procedures,collaborating with social support,and constructing a tiered mandatory security system.
"因果关系推定""因果关系拟制"以及"独立请求基础"三种规范模式均能在《民法典》第1170条中得到印证.立法者倾向于将共同危险行为作为独立请求基础的做法容易导出复数诉讼标的."具体加害人不明"还将引发诉讼标的转化不畅以及"判非所请"等《民法典》实施难题.以"视为"为标识的"因果关系拟制"虽然不存在复数诉讼标的,但有扩大审理范围和诉讼构造复杂化之问题."因果关系拟制"和"独立请求基础"可能诱使受害人和法官"向共同危险行为逃逸".以《民法典》与《民事诉讼法》协同实施为基准,"因果关系推定"的诉讼实施更为顺畅,在程序转化方面具有自身优势.以"纠纷一次性解决"为导向,侵权责任编亟待"特殊→一般"之逆向化整理.对于请求内容相同的侵权之诉,法官应在同一诉讼标的内体系化地运用侵权责任规范.
The amendment of Article 1182 of the Civil Code to Article 20 of the Tort Liability Law not only makes the application of disgorgement damages no longer based on the difficulty of determining the losses suffered by the infringed party,but also makes disgorgement damages a distinct type of tort liability and a way of assuming liability completely different from the filing of damages and compensation for loss.Due to the fact that different types of liabilities often corre-spond to different applicable conditions,and Article 1182 does not provide a comprehensive and clear description of the applicable conditions for disgorgement damages,the applicable conditions for deprivation of benefits should be reinterpreted.Based on the unique legal principles and effects of the tort liability system,the infringement of personal rights and interests,the benefit of the infringer,and the causal relationship should be determined as three necessary conditions for the application of disgorgement damages,while the loss suffered by the infringed person is not the prerequisite for its application.Based on the deprivation and prevention functions of the system of disgorgement damages,the unlawfulness of the infringing act should be taken as the fundamental reason for attribution of liability;At the same time,in order to fully utilize the preventive func-tion,the degree of fault of the infringer should be in a positive correspondence with the scope of benefits that can be deprived,which in order to achieve a dynamic match between the applicable conditions and the scope of liability.
The commercialization of data involves two types of subjects-data sources and data processors.According to the two classification criteria of whether the source is an individual or not and whether the processor is a public sector or not,we can divide data into four quadrants:public personal data,non-public personal data,non-public non-personal data,and public non-personal data,with the degree of openness of the data within the four quadrants increasing in order.Data involving privacy cannot be circulated unless it has been anonymized or with the individual's separate consent.Industry regulatory authorities shall supervise the entire processing of individual data.The original data processors are entitled to hold,use and manage data,and profit from them,which shall be refined into the right to hold data resources centered on control,the right to use data processing centered on processing and self-consumption,and the right to operate and dispose of data centered on operating income and non-operating disposal.The rights of successive processors depend on the data circulation contract.For scenarios involving multiple types of data,the distribution of data rights shall follow the corresponding quadrant rules.
Marriage and family law has become a part of the Civil Code,which has promoted the systematization of marriage and family legal norms.Marriage and family law has returned to the civil law nominally,and also brought about the open sources of marriage and family law.The legal source of marriage and family law is not limited to the marriage and family part of the Civil Code.There are also marriage and family legal norms in other parts of the Civil Code and relevant individual laws and regulations.The theory of source of civil law is not limited to the investigation of static forms of source of law,but also to the coordination of dynamic source of law conflicts,so as to form dynamic sources of law.It is inevitable that the marriage and family part has connec-tion and integration with other parts of the Civil Code.The biggest problem in the application of the marriage and family part is how to properly coordinate the dynamic application and connection with the other parts.It is helpful to realize the return of marriage and family codification to Civil Code in essence by dialectically looking at the systemic overflow benefits of other parts of Civil Code and the particularity of the objects and methods of adjustment of marriage and family law.A systematic and comprehensive study on the application and convergence of marriage and family part with other parts of the Civil Code and even relevant individual laws and regulations will help to realize the dual systematization of marriage and family law,both internally and externally,in the Civil Code.
In the process of combating the crime against personal information,there are diffi-culties in the protection of the right of personal information to be forgotten in criminal law,inclu-ding the problem of criminal and civilian fault in legislation,the problem of insufficient supply in theory and the problem of legal conflict in system.The criminal law protection of the right of per-sonal information to be forgotten should adopt a passive protection model,which should recognize the dual nature of natural crime and statutory crime,and should be protected to a certain extent with reference to other legal provisions when considering"public interest"in the scope of statuto-ry crime.For the protection of personal information in key areas,the right of personal information to be forgotten should be protected by hierarchical classification of differential protection rules.In order to realize the rational operation of the right to be forgotten in the field of criminal justice,the limits of the criminal law protection of the right to be forgotten of personal information are put forward in the dimension of time and space,and finally the exclusion of the crime of violating the right to be forgotten of personal information is considered.
In recent years,the juvenile delinquency behavior shows an increasing trend at a younger age.Effective legal regulation of juvenile delinquency behavior is the key project to solve this problem.The current juvenile justice system in our country presents a dual structure of the administrative intervention system and the criminal justice system,with the juvenile justice atta-ched to the adult criminal justice system.The delinquency of minors below the age of criminal re-sponsibility is a regulatory category that needs close attention in the absence of a single targeted administrative intervention system.In this regard,it if far from enough to rely solely on lowering the age of criminal responsibility;under the two-track juvenile justice system,in addition to in-itiating criminal prosecution within the scope of the Criminal Law Amendment(Ⅺ),the levels and standards for handling minors below the age of criminal responsibility should be further clari-fied;Enhancing family supervision ability through linked compulsory parenting education,and trying to achieve"one family,one plan";In the process of implementing the special corrective education system,the measures restricting the personal freedom of minors shall be uniformly ap-plied by the court through judicial procedures.On the premise of respecting the law of"self-healing"of juvenile delinquency,we should ensure the effective intervention of public power to realize the real value of juvenile protection.
The data factor market cannot be naturally generated or operated spontaneously,and its development depends on the shaping of the law in terms of market vision and market struc-ture.Comparative studies shows that the EU has formed democratic markets and liberal markets for data through"market-enabling laws",while the United States has formed efficient markets and liberal markets for data by virtue of"market-embedded laws".Based on the"market in state"theory that combines an effective market with a promising government,our country should take"effective markets and democratic markets"as the goal of cultivating the data factor mar-kets;based on the characteristics of market development stage,legal function,legal organization and other characteristics,market-enabling laws should be given priority and market-embedded laws should be supplemented to carry out data rights and standardize the multi-level market sys-tem to achieve efficient markets,which empower the public and restrict the rights of data control-lers in proportion to achieve democratic markets,and ultimately build a unified,open,efficient,and fair data factor market.
In the gradual transition from traditional criminal law to network criminal law,be-havioral issues have undergone quantitative changes and accumulated qualitative changes.Initial-ly,the behavior in network criminal law is based on danger as its essence,characterized by a di-versified structure,as well as transitions and phases.This also requires a restatement of the be-havior,which involved in variable factors,followed as the basic normative elements to define,the normative clarification of cyber social technology risks,and proper introduction of the"hu-man"element of cyber behavior are the pivot elements.It is necessary to define the main types of behaviors in the network criminal law,including both intentional negligent behaviors,actions,o-missions,and holding behaviors,intentional cessation behaviors,common dangerous behaviors,and behaviors during the transition period.Such situations also include mature network imple-mentation behaviors and other independent or exclusive network behaviors.The theoretical em-powerment of behavior in cybercriminal law aims to construct the theoretical framework of behav-ior,clarify the legislative basis of behavior,and provide the identification rules of behavior in cy-bercriminal law.
The judicial assessment of the business environment under the rule of law is a comprehensive assessment of the ability and level of the people's court to serve and safeguard the business environment.It takes the social environment,government environment and market envi-ronment in the process of production and operation of market subjects as the basic dimension,and takes judicial fairness,efficiency and convenience as the value goal,and aims to measure the le-gal system,external conditions of judicial operation and the effect of judicial operation of a coun-try or region.At present,the World Bank's Business Environment Assessment Indicator System(BEAIS)is widely used,including two first-level indicators relating to justice,including"dis-pute settlement"and"bankruptcy".However,this indicator system has defects such as failing to fully cover the current situation of the business environment governed by the rule of law in judicial service protection,insufficient attention to judicial operation and its effects,and the possibility of impacting a country's legal system by blindly benchmarking.In this regard,China can adopt the"dual-track"model of World Bank evaluation and domestic judicial evaluation,focusing on do-mestic evaluation,combining business environment laws and regulations and judicial quality and efficiency evaluation index system,establishing a national unified judicial evaluation index sys-tem of business environment under the rule of law,focusing on judicial operation and its effect e-valuation,and utilizing the evaluation method combining objective data and subjective cognition.Make the evaluation results more scientific and practical.
China has entered the era of misdemeanors,but the inverse phenomenon of"light punishment and severe consequences"hinders the construction of misdemeanor management sys-tem.The collateral consequences of a crime consist of normative and non-normative conse-quences.At present,the incidental consequences of crime have functionally evolved into punish-ment for those released after serving their sentences,and the causes of this alienation phenome-non are the large and complex carrier of criminal collateral consequences,the lack of substantive connection with the crime committed,and the abuse of punishment for breach of trust.Therefore,the elimination of criminal collateral consequences with complex causes and diverse vectors can-not be solved by eliminating the previous convictions of normative collateral effects alone,and the elimination of unfavorable legal status is not the same as the restoration of rights and reputations to a satisfactory state;In this regard,it is also necessary to build a reinstatement system and e-liminate previous convictions to resolve normative evaluation.As for non-normative evaluations,the dissemination of criminal records at the social level should be eliminated at the root,with spe-cific countermeasures such as expanding the system for sealing criminal records and introducing a"social guarantor mechanism"to restore the social credit of those released after serving their sen-tences.
规划许可是国土空间规划的实施机制,是土地开发建设管制措施的基础,能确保土地使用权人在其权限范围内开发建设,并取得由此产生的利益.在此基础上,规划许可通过区分建筑物形态,能厘定建筑物物权规范的适用对象;通过明确建筑物权属,能界定建造人取得建筑物所有权的情形;通过辅助不动产登记,能建立完整的登记簿并明确物权的客体;通过影响相邻关系,能理顺相邻关系规范并协调其与规划许可诉讼之间的关系.在理解规划许可的这些私法功能时,应持有民事结合行政、私权融合管制的观念.
金融机构、金融风险的特殊性,决定了金融监管机构对于出现危机的金融机构,不能像对待普通企业那样,任由其淘汰出局,而应有一系列特殊法律制度安排.这些特殊安排主要体现在《金融稳定法》(草案)中.《金融稳定法》(草案)的重要立法目的是建立科学有效的金融风险防范、化解、处置机制.建议《金融稳定法》(草案)进一步提高立法的科学性和透明度;建立最低限度的程序正义;抓大放小,关注系统性金融风险和系统重要性金融机构;扩大存款保险管理机构职能,明确存款保险机构是风险处置机构之一;引入控制人责任,以增强金融公司治理的独立性;进一步落实追赃挽损的主体责任.
行政检察建议是检察机关行使法律监督职权的重要方式.在我国,行政检察建议的实践样态多样,实践中发挥了较好的行政权制约监督作用,但也存在适用范围不清、强制约束力较弱、法律规范依据"先天不足"等问题.从制度发生的角度来看,行政检察建议的产生有其外生性制度逻辑和内生性制度逻辑.外生性制度逻辑在于社会治理的需求和政策驱动,而内生性制度逻辑在于中国特色权力制约监督理论、行政检察建议的制度本质与设计目的.为了保持这两种逻辑的统一性,解决实践中存在的问题,应从以下几个方面规范行政检察建议:在权力制约监督关系的整体视野下,明确行政检察建议的权力属性和权力行使的限度;综合考虑各种影响因素,推动行政检察建议的类型化;建立检察机关与行政机关的交流会商和联动的程序性机制;加强检察机关内部监督,切实提高行政检察建议质效.
作为保障法,刑法在数据时代全面介入数据的法律保护已属必然.我国数据犯罪刑法规制呈现出立法与司法相交互的路径,涉及罪名包括计算机数据犯罪、个人信息犯罪、国家秘密类数据犯罪、商业秘密类数据犯罪和其他数据犯罪五大类.刑法未针对数据犯罪设置专门罪名,而是通过罪群将数据犯罪纳入刑法规制范围.这一罪群以计算机数据犯罪和个人信息犯罪为主、以其他数据犯罪为辅,呈现出间接保护、多重保护和重点保护等特征属性.立足当下,对数据犯罪的刑法规制宜维持目前的罪群模式,摒弃刑法先行的路径依赖;展望未来,在前置法对数据确权完成的前提下,可以设置包容性相对较强的侵犯数据权益罪,以进一步严密刑事法网,更好地满足数据权益保护的现实需要.
世界银行营商环境新评估体系将"执行合同"调整为"解决商业纠纷",需在"执行合同"制度史分析上把握"解决商业纠纷"的内涵并分析两者异同.营商民事司法构造包括营商与民事司法的关系、营商民事司法制度理念、营商民事司法程序机制等,可视为法系融合第三波.我国营商民事司法改革表现良好,"解决商业纠纷"指数下我国营商民事司法面临新的挑战.未来中国民事司法应深度参与全球法治营商交流,形塑公共产品属性与司法规律相契合的民事司法功能观,建构裁判请求权下的"法院—当事人"关系,促进民事司法改革系统集成,有品质地减少纠纷解决耗时,构建外向型营商司法评估指数,以电子诉讼规则构建引领全球法院自动化,在新一轮全球营商司法评估中起到应有作用.
我国企业信用监管存在不同监管部门职能交叉、监管领域地域条块分割、事前监管有所弱化等问题,《中华人民共和国社会信用体系建设法(向社会公开征求意见稿)》并未妥善解决之.我国企业信用监管根植于中国实践,与西方市场型信用制度显著不同,西方传统的信用监管理论无法提供合理可行的问题解决方案.立足我国企业信用监管的历史沿革,社会治理理论和信用风险管理理论的有机结合具有较强的解释力.以之为指导,秉持国家治理的中国特色,贯彻治理和法治理念,实现监管主体多元协同、监管标准全国统一、监管方式上信用监管和传统监管有机结合,才能不断完善企业信用监管制度,不断推进社会信用体系建设.
我国的各类改革试验区建设均涉及大量法治问题,对此可从"破旧立新"的维度加以解析.由于自贸区是改革试验区的典型代表,其制度实践涉及各类改革试验区的共性问题,为此,有必要着重以自贸区为例,一方面从"破旧"的角度,分析国家立法机关对自贸区调整法律适用的授权决定及其存在的法治问题;另一方面从"立新"的角度,结合自贸区制度创新的目标和多层面探索,揭示其对法治动态统一的影响.上述的"破旧立新",是各类改革试验区法治建设的基本路径.在突破旧制度与构建新制度的实践中,会形成持续的"破立循环",需要处理好改革与法治、发展与法治、政府与市场、中央与地方"四大关系";揭示其中蕴含的"破立之道",有助于促进改革试验区的法治建设,丰富和提炼相关法治理论和发展理论,推动经济法学、发展法学等相关学科的发展.
证人出庭与否不仅关系到案件事实真相的准确查明,还直接关系到被告人辩护权利能否得到充分的尊重和保障.通过对420份裁判文书的梳理可以发现,人民法院在证人"有必要出庭"条款的适用上,主要关注事实认定的准确性,而对被告人诉讼权利缺乏应有的关照.在权利保障已成为刑事司法主流话语的今天,有必要"以对质权为中心"对该条款进行规范解释.但在个案适用过程中,为了实现证人出庭背后多重法益的动态平衡与相对稳定,对质权的行使应当具有一定的灵活性.在控辩双方提出实质异议的情况下,法官原则上应当允许证人出庭,即使在例外情形下认为"没有必要出庭",也应提供令人信服的理由.为此,需要在比例原则的基本框架下,对人民法院认为"证人没有必要出庭"的充分理由进行类型化建构,以最大限度地保障公正审判的实现.
