With the answers China has found in resolving its challenges,the Global Development Initiative,Global Security Initiative,and Global Civilization Initiative have actively responded to the questions posed by the world and the times,establishing the direction for countries worldwide to jointly build a human community with a shared future.This article discusses the historical background,strategic connotations,and philosophies of these three initiatives,offering insight into their holistic approach and development perspective in assessing the world's evolution.Furthermore,these initiatives consider both domestic and international imperatives and ensure security while pursuing development.The strategic thinking that the world should seek sustainable development through cooperation on the basis of civilizations highlights a people-centered orientation;advocates respecting others'interests in the pursuit of one's own and advancing common interests of all;follows a result-oriented approach;promotes win-win collaborations;and emphasizes China's contributions.Finally,the author proposes strategic pathways for implementing these global initiatives:namely,devising strategies centered on development;enhancing reciprocal learning between civilizations;avoiding excessive securitization;upholding the principle of extensive consultation,joint contribution,and shared costs and benefits;and demonstrating China's sense of duty as a major country through pragmatic actions.
In May 2022,Japan announced that it would join the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework(IPEF),which aims to expand its economic diplomacy in the Indo-Pacific region,ensure the stability of the supply chain of important commodities,safeguard national security and achieve the digital transformation of society.Although Japan may gain short-term benefits by deepening cooperation with IPEF members,the IPEF is essentially an economic cooperation established by the United States based on geopolitics.Therefore,in the long run,Japan's entry into the IPEF will not only hinder China's regional cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region,occupy China's share of global import and export trade,intensify the competition in the infrastructure field of the Belt and Road Initiative,but also may delay the Asia-Pacific regional economic integration process,which is not conducive to the recovery of the world economy.In view of this,China should study the impact of Japan's accession to the IPEF on China,build a more resilient global supply chain,develop the digital economy,accelerate the pace of joining the CPTPP,and promote the high-quality development of the Belt and Road Initiative.
Recent years have seen changes of Iran's foreign policy after Raisi became president including further de-escalation with neighboring countries,more resolute implementation of"look East"strategy,enhancing relations with anti-American countries and rationally distancing away from the West.Conservative turning as a result of pressures from US Trump and Biden administrations,together with Ibrahim Raisi's personal conservative approach,has made Raisi's foreign policy more conservative.Besides,the necessity of enhancing political legitimacy by economic growth,together with the pressure of improving people's livelihood,has made Iran foreign policy more pragmatic.While conservativism was the framework,pragmaticism was an inevitable choice.Raisi's conservative and pragmatic policy has served to maintain domestic stability at diplomatic level in turmoil years,has contributed to the great de-escalation of tensions in the region,and has facilitated the change of international configuration in the Middle East.
In recent years,the Russian private military security services industry has grown to meet the needs of corporate clients and the government.Although modeled on their Western counterparts,the private military security companies in Russia are unique,not limited by international law on mercenaries,and are rarely prosecuted under domestic law.As a result,it has the flexibility and secrecy that traditional diplomatic tools do not possess,and can serve as a quasi agent of the Russian government to participate in combat operations outside its borders in the"gray zone,"without incurring a country's responsibility.In foreign affairs,the Russian government can use private military security companies to achieve limited goals without direct military conflicts with Western countries,and can also use them to expand geopolitical influence in the conflicts in some developing countries.However,due to the lack of domestic legislation and weak regulation,the Russian government faces a series of problems when using private military security companies in foreign military operations.
Diplomatic narrative is an important component of diplomatic strategy,which is related to the shaping,dissemination,and maintenance of a country's international reputation.Faced with the negative international reputation of the United States left behind by the Trump administration,the Biden administration has created a new international image of the United States as a"group compliant"country with a personified diplomatic narrative of"America is back."It has actively repaired its relationship with European allies using a relatively warm and positive diplomatic narrative,reconstructed the diplomatic narrative of the United States'participation in global climate change governance,and laid a solid foundation for repairing the international reputation of the United States.The early diplomatic narrative innovation of the Biden administration achieved significant results in repairing the international reputation of the United States,but ultimately failed to break away from the previous routine of"opening high and walking low."Due to the inherent shortcomings of the Biden administration's diplomatic narrative,the position anxiety caused by the relative decline in US power the sustained polarization of domestic politics and the prevalence of"veto style politics,"the prospect of American political elites using diplomatic narratives to repair America's international reputation is not optimistic.
Since the inauguration of the Biden administration,the US,Japan,and Republic of Korea(ROK)have made significant progress in cooperation in terms of military and economic security as well as coordination of their diplomatic policy stances,setting the stage for an emerging Trilateral Security Mechanism among the three countries.This not only serves the Biden administration's strategic demand for competition with China but also reflects the collective response by the US,Japan,and ROK to the escalating Ukraine crisis and heightened military activities by ROK.The Biden administration has facilitated the establishment of this security mechanism by strengthening bilateral alliances with Japan and ROK,managing disputes between the latter two countries,fostering multilateral collaboration with a bottom-up approach,and embedding Japan and ROK into US alliance network.While there remains momentum and room for further collaboration among the three countries in military and economic security,the Trilateral Security Mechanism faces constraints stemming from the domestic politics of the three countries and challenges intrinsic to the mechanism itself.The Trilateral Security Mechanism has impacted both regional and global security stability,bringing negative effects on the national security and external environment of China.
Hamas wants to break the status quo in which Israel's national security continues to improve,the Palestinian issue is marginalized by the international community,Arab countries continue to establish diplomatic relations with Israel,and Palestinian governance rights in the West Bank continue to shrink.This round of conflict in Gaza will inevitably change the status quo,but the new status quo may not be what Hamas or Israel want.The possibility of a two-state solution being revived is very small,while the possibility of Gaza and the West Bank falling into lasting chaos is greater.The possibility of war spillover cannot be ruled out.In the past 15 years,the United States and Israel have adopted a policy of"deterrence+containment"to deal with the"axis of resistance."This has proven to be a failure,and future policy adjustments will face multiple difficulties.
The political essence of Russian conservatism is to respect the historical tradition and take a development path aligned with Russia's national conditions.Since Putin came to power,Russian conservatism has developed into the mainstream official ideology,becoming the core concept of Russia's current domestic and foreign policies.Russian conservatism is not only the guiding principle of Russia's national foreign policy,but it is also the moral banner of Russia's diplomacy,which reflects its foreign cognition and value system.Under the guidance of conservatism,Russia's foreign policy has distinct offensive features,and Russia has intensified its efforts to counter the liberal international order dominated by the West.After the escalation of the Ukraine crisis,the status of conservatism as Russia's mainstream ideology has been further consolidated,exerting a comprehensive influence on foreign policy.Against the background of extreme sanctions and isolation from the United States and the West,Russia has turned its diplomatic attention to non-Western countries,hoping to build a new international order.
To build a modern socialist country in an all-encompassing way is a great and arduous historical mission facing China and also a great and arduous cause in the course of human history.The comprehensive construction of Chinese modernization is an important part of the century-old diplomatic process.China's great reform should also be realized against the backdrop of global changes.
全球发展倡议以"六个坚持"和八大合作领域为主要内容,系统回答了世界为什么要发展、实现什么样的发展、怎么实现发展的根本性问题.自倡议提出以来,中国不断凝聚发展共识、逐步明确倡议推进路径,通过完善机制平台建设、加大资源投入,积极推动倡议落实落地.但应看到,美西方对华打压遏制力度不减,全球经济困难重重,全球发展治理体系存在诸多短板,推进倡议落实面临一定挑战.下一步中国将继续做大共同发展蛋糕,为推进倡议提供良好基础,同时做好倡议理论研究宣介工作,强化倡议与现有发展机制对接,为人类发展事业作出更多积极贡献.
Since the start of the Ukraine crisis in 2022,countries in the Global South have not simply blindly followed the West's request to isolate and sanction Russia.Instead,they have pursued a new nonalignment stance that refuses to take sides.Countries in the Global South responded negatively to,and sometimes even outright opposed,the West's isolation of Russia through multilateral means.Some countries have passively cooperated with Western sanctions against Russia,while others have actively resisted them.Moreover,the countries of the Global South continue to maintain or even strengthen friendly bilateral exchanges with Russia.Indeed,when the Ukraine crisis emerged,countries in the Global South were facing their own urgent survival and development challenges.They were dissatisfied with the current liberal order and the selfish and narrow diplomatic behavior of the West.They have also grown stronger and more mature throughout the process of the global order becoming increasingly multipolar,and they anticipate that the future international order will better serve their interests.The countries of theGlobal South are becoming a stabilizing force in a turbulent and changing world,and they are promoting the development of an international order defined by multipolarity.
With the rapid advancement of information technology,the digital space has become humanity's"third living space."However,this new space has also created security risks,exhibiting novel national security and development-related characteristics.In such a context,digital sovereignty encompasses dominance over digital technologies,rule-making authority in the digital realm,a voice in the digital space,and the right to develop the digital economy.Many countries and regions worldwide,such as the United States,the European Union,and China,have placed extreme importance on digital sovereignty,as evidenced by their adoption of relevant strategies.China faces four barriers that hinder its efforts to enhance digital sovereignty:path dependence,technology maturity,generalized functional security,and energy consumption.China urgently needs to promote information technology innovation at the paradigm level,facilitate much-needed breakthroughs in ground-breaking technologies,andbuild an independent knowledge system with Chinese characteristics regarding the digital space.Only in this manner can China forge a new path of digitalization to consolidate its digital sovereignty and advance its modernization.
Food security is an important foundation stone for national security.As the world's leading food importer,China is profoundly affected by the state of global food security.Since 2020,the world has been experiencing a new round of food crisis because of the combined effect of the COVID-19 pandemic,the Ukraine crisis,and extreme weather conditions.International rivalries over food security are intensifying,and global food security governance is facing severe challenges.Under these conditions,China's food imports have remained robust,and its external dependence has increased.As a result,the external risks confronting China's food security have multiplied significantly,compelling the country to address challenges such as the deteriorating terms of trade for food,spread of protectionism and populism,escalation of geopolitical tensions,potential risks associated with the concentration of import sources,stigmatization it faces when participating in global governance,and extreme climate shocks.Looking ahead,China must uphold a holistic approach to national security,advocating a new concept of food security and strengthening the foundations for food security to establish a new development pattern in this field.Meanwhile,China should improve its diplomatic agenda through the Belt and Road Initiative by increasing support for global governance,actively implementing"Chinese proposals,"and fostering a global community of shared food security for humanity.
The successive failures of Silicon Valley Bank and two other United States(US)banks triggered a wave of market panic.This study argues that this case should be viewed as a systemic crisis,highlighting the fragility of the US banking system.Although the turmoil in the banking sector gradually subsided owing to the strong intervention of the US government,it has not ended.Instead,the banking turmoil has transformed into a long-lasting"slow crisis,"which can be characterized as"boiling a frog in warm water,"presenting a comprehensive socio-economic crisis.From a historical and global perspective,the current banking crisis in the US has developed against the backdrop of the once-in-a-century changes that shape the world.Furthermore,its evolutionary path will be different from that of previous ones.
In the new era,a holistic approach to national security entails both epistemology and methods.This approach systematically integrates and innovatively develops the scientific theories and methods developed by the Communist Party of China over the last one hundred years,with original contributions made by the concepts of"overall security"and"field security."Overall national security is at a higher level,political in nature,and full of theoretical appeal.In contrast,field security is dynamic,oriented toward solving practical problems,and closely related to securitizing nonsecurity issues.From the three aspects of security and national security,development and security,and overall and field security,we find that overall national security and field security have a dialectical relationship between the universal and the particular,the macro and the micro,and the ordinary and the principal.Properly handling these dialectical relations will help implement the basic principles of balanced development and security and better ensure new development with a new security pattern.
China's present role in global climate governance has evolved through a long process including phases of adaptation,making an active contribution,and singular leadership.It has achieved the transition from participant to contributor and then to leader by introducing the norms of global climate governance into China at an early stage and adjusting the wider development model in the subsequent stages.It leads the setting of the global climate governance agenda and the emergence of new norms in global climate governance and promotes the extant deepening,fairness and justice of global climate governance.The report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC summarizes and makes further commitments to add to China's recent work in the fields of ecological protection and climate governance.In the future,China will play an even more active role in global climate governance,promote the development of a human community with a shared future,and make an even greater contribution to global climate security and sustainable development.
中国对全球气候治理的参与经历了适应、贡献和引领的过程,从早期引入全球气候治理规范,到调整发展模式、主动引领全球气候治理议程设置和建构全球气候治理新规范,推动全球气候治理不断走向深入和公平公正,实现了"参与者、贡献者、引领者"的角色进阶.党的二十大报告对绿色发展和全球气候治理的表述是对中国近年来在生态保护和气候治理领域工作的总结和进一步的承诺.未来中国将以更加积极的姿态参与全球气候治理,引导构建人类命运共同体,为全球气候安全和可持续发展作出更大的贡献.
美国拜登政府推出"一体化威慑"战略,通过强化亚太前沿军事存在、翻新各种作战概念、打造军事集团等手段,强化"印太"军事威慑,企图借此巩固霸权地位.但该战略引发了地区军事化与地区经济化、军事一体化与地区战略自主、威慑止战与威慑致战三大矛盾,不仅冲击地区经济发展与合作、侵蚀地区国家战略自主性,还大大增加地区发生军事冲突的风险,危害亚太地区安全.
近年加拿大的安全政策发生了显著变化,军事上通过一系列大额军费支出逆转了军事投入持续走低的趋势;经济上,大力限制所谓"非民主国家"境内投资,并与其他西方"民主国家"共建供应链壁垒,改变其在全球推行自由市场经济的一贯立场;情报安全上,重心由反恐转向防范高科技领域的间谍活动和对其民主制度的"颠覆活动".究其原因,首先是美国将大国竞争升级至各个领域,并要求加拿大等盟国全面深度参与;其次是美国战略防御意识提升、科技在现代战事中作用增强以及加拿大在北极防务中所处的特殊地位,使加在美国全球安全战略中的地位凸显;再次是加拿大对自由国际主义的身份认同被削弱.加拿大安全政策"美国化"的趋势在短期内难以逆转,其变化将主要取决于美国安全政策的走向.与此同时,中加安全合作仍有值得探索的空间.
