Currently,art theory faces challenges from nominalism and anti-essentialist aesthetics,among others.On the basis of adhering to the main thread of exploring the nature and universal laws of art from a holistic and comprehensive perspective,we should give comprehensive consideration to aspects such as the practical orientation of the knowledge system and originality of art theory,the theoretical needs of social activities related to art,the distribution of research results,etc.Future studies will be carried out in the following four branches:philosophy of art,comparative art,interdisciplinary art and meta-art.
The emerging idea of“historical political science”in contemporary China and“hermeneutic political science”in the contemporary West have similar points of interest,and both advocate introducing history into political analysis．“Hermeneutic political science”and “hermeneutic political philosophy”imply a historical hermeneutics oriented toward the social sciences and practical philosophy respectively,corresponding roughly to the social sciences and political philosophy-oriented historical political science respectively.Historical hermeneutics under modern conditions is about the collective self-understanding of the political community at the ethical-political level,which is inherently communal.Historical political science should follow the hermeneutic logic of“double dialogue”to promote the public hermeneutics of history,facilitate China’s self-understanding of the modern political order,and win universal recognition externally on the basis of full internal cohesion.
Emotionalist virtue ethics analyze the expression,basis and function of empathy in detail,but most of these analyses are based on the psychology of empathy developed by Theodor Lipps.Among the many misunderstandings that have emerged about Lipps’ theory are that empathy is imitation;empathy is projection;empathy is not only an emotional act of feeling,but also the result of this act;as a specific emotion,empathy is sympathy;and empathy is the basis of sympathy and as such is a necessary and sufficient condition for moral behavior.However,from the phenomenological point of view,empathy is essentially the knowledge or understanding of others;it is not the imitation of others,nor is it a projection of the self.Empathy is a neutral act of consciousness,not a specific emotion,and does not constitute a sufficient condition for sympathy or morality.In this regard,the shortcomings of Lipps’ psychology of empathy mean that it does not provide a real basis for emotionalist virtue ethics.Rather,it is the phenomenology of empathy that provides a more rational explanation for virtue ethics at the level of moral consciousness.In terms of how moral behavior is possible,rationalist ethics,Aristotelian virtue ethics,and emotionalist ethics are not mutually exclusive,but compatible and complementary.
At present,the anomie of writing ethics is one of the reasons for our dissatisfaction with writing on author theory.Such writing requires an attitude of sincerity.The goal of author theory is the rational exploration of the “general laws of the mind,”and the sincerity of the writing entity should be set up on this basis.Another important aspect of writing ethics is the subjectobject relationship.A good relationship between subject and object should reflect the practice of virtue.The realization of this ideal state is based on the consensus and pursuit of the general laws of the mind,with its mutual understanding and mutual gain.To reconstruct the ethical norms of writings on author theory,we need to change the writing entities’ weaknesses and the vulgarization of the subject-object relationship.More fundamentally,we need to rebuild the norms and spiritual principles of the literary field.
To weigh current theories of emotion and their merits and demerits,we can look at perceptual and behavioral reasoning,two approaches that minimize prediction errors（PE）in the theoretical framework of predictive processing by introducing a view of external behavioral reasoning in which emotions act as internal feelings.In this way,predictive processing theory can be applied to understanding emotion.This view regards emotion as an ad hoc strategy for emotional valence regulation,holding that through the pathways of external behavioral reasoning where emotion acts as internal feelings,the subject actor’s coordinates of internal sensory perception（emotional valence）serve to maintain an internal equilibrium.This view commands clear advantages for integrating the explanatory resources of other theories.
Legal positivism dominates the contemporary Anglo-American philosophy of law.It positions itself as descriptive and general conceptual analysis that is chiefly aimed at clarifying the nature of law.By reviewing the three meta-theoretical characteristics of conceptual analysis,descriptive nature and general nature,we find that in the study of legal philosophy,descriptive conceptual analysis is indeed feasible and has important philosophical value.Once its theoretical premise and interpretive scope have been clarified,such research can coexist with Dworkin’s normative conceptual analysis.However,this kind of research has contextual limits,and its general claims are exaggerated.
A conclusive assessment of the intellectual debate on metaverse discourse since 2021would need to address the meta-problems underlying these issues.From the meta-problems of extended intermediarism, postmodern rupture,the quest for equality,the critique of capital,existentialism and embodiment,we may be able to grasp the traditional logic underlying this fashionable concept;and these foundational questions provide a fundamental way of asking about the myriad of other phenomena and representations of the metaverse.By sorting through the various meta-problems,the immediate significance of the metaverse,as an important technological and cultural event,is that it allows us to rethink our theoretical horizons,to examine the boundaries of human existence,and to determine our future destiny.
In terms of research approach,two types of author theory have been applied to modern Chinese writers:one evaluates the aesthetic sense,the other conducts socio-historical analysis.Each has its own characteristics:the former pays more attention to artistic style,while the latter focuses on the writer’s intellectual bent.In the unique Chinese context,the former has gradually fallen out of fashion,but the latter,too,has encountered difficulties.Both evince Lu Xun’s criticism of failure to“take into account the work as a whole”and to“consider the writer as a whole．”In terms of scientific standards,they all leave room for improvement.
Predictive mind claims that the brain is a predictive machine that uses hierarchical sensory reasoning and active reasoning to minimize prediction errors.This theory emphasizes the practical priority of cognition,instigating a“Copernican revolution”within the ambit of cognitive science and philosophy of mind.The cognitive view of predictive mind and Dewey’s epistemology have some similarities.Dewey regarded experimental inquiry as the nature of knowing;this implies the unity of knowing/acting and the primacy of action.Dewey’s epistemology of experimental inquiry fits predictive mind in three ways.First,inquiry is a type of prediction errors minimization in the form of active reasoning.Second,the concept of an operational nature corresponds to the hypothesis of digital probability.Finally,in Kant’s sense,the object of knowledge constructed by inquiry and consequences corresponds to a priori probability.These three similarities give us a better understanding of the two approaches to the priority of knowledge and action:both consider knowledge and action as means of arriving at good consequences.Elucidating the connection between predictive mind and Dewey’s epistemology facilitates exploration of the value of classical pragmatism in the contemporary philosophy of mind,thus promoting the study of the philosophy of knowledge and action.
Ethics is supposed to affect human life and moral practice,but modern moral philosophy is increasingly lacking in this kind of capacity.The contemporary revival of virtue ethics is aimed at reflecting on the modern dilemma and recreating the power of ethics to address people’s hearts.To this end,Li Yitian tries to systematically construct a moral psychological foundation for Aristotelian ethics based on the difference between virtue ethics and ethics based on rules.However,this interpretive path may have overlooked the consistency and coherence of ancient and modern ethical thought.A comparison of Aristotle’s texts with Kant’s shows a striking similarity between Kant’s idea of self-discipline and Aristotle’s idea of choice,that is,that people can give moral value to their actions only by making rational and active choices.Therefore,there is no essential conflict or contradiction between the two theories.If Aristotle’s position is suitably revised,it can be combined with Kant’s main ideas.
Reasons for action and practical reasoning are the main topics of the contemporary philosophy of action.The philosophy of action must discuss these issues not only by drawing on the rich resources of Aristotelian practical philosophy,but also by in turn contributing to the tradition of practical philosophy.We cannot fully understand the significance of contemporary virtue ethics’ attempts to reconstruct the Aristotelian philosophy of action unless we understand na?ve realism and its modern tensions in the context of the interaction of the three theoretical traditions of the philosophy of action and acknowledge the interventions in and challenges arising from the modern philosophy of action.
Given the current reality that the hardware,computing power and data storage capacity of human-computer interaction are far from adequate,if perfect replication of the real world is the ultimate goal of the metaverse,with the emphasis placed on restoring realistic experience,then the discussion of the metaverse at this stage would be more akin to hype or an anachronism.We see the metaverse as an extension of the world of human consciousness under current technological conditions and as a portal for humans to enter the world of AI.Its development depends on the reconfiguration of the relationship between man and man and between man and machine.The active hash interaction network provides the underlying architecture for the realization of a metaverse of beauty for all and of diversity and integrity,where nodes can generate temporal orders in digital space through simple mutual trust,and where trusted data ontologies guide each node to greater accountability.On this basis,it is possible for some nodes to acquire a subject identity.Entities in the metaverse must consume in specific scenarios and create value in the course of service delivery.The proliferation of subject entities and wealth in the metaverse has the potential to open up a second growth curve for human civilisation.
The indispensable criteria for the author theory of modern and contemporary literature are the historical materials;the times;and the text.Historical materials lay the foundation of author theory.In the course of the selection of historical materials,we can ensure a solid foundation of writers only if we place emphasis on the completeness of the material we collect,endeavor to dig as deep as possible,and try hard to avoid application bias.As far as the times are concerned,an important responsibility of author theory is to find an author’s works that truly represent the mind and spirit and the artistic level of the times and reflect the unique features of the era,using the time as one’s yardstick.The text is the key to author theory;it starts with the text and is based on the internal and external connections and in-depth integration of the text and the author.The provision of a comprehensive review of the overall landscape of the author’s creation is the main goal of author theory.
In recent years,the metaverse has become a burning topic.However,study of the metaverse has concentrated more on the dichotomy between the virtual and the real and has been analyzed on the basis of dualistic metaphysics.A social epistemological understanding of the metaverse requires a return to and a renewed scrutiny of Marx’s historical materialism in the context of the social production and interaction of real human beings.At the same time,the social epistemology of the metaverse requires new actors,actors who do not engage in monitoring and control or consumption,but who comprise both non-entities and entities and who,like events,bring to the user a metaverse world that cannot be known.
Interpretation is an independent socio-historical activity that aims to achieve recognition and consensus.As the distillation of the consensus of our day,the development of philosophy and the social sciences is a process in which private discourse is ceaselessly and effectively defined by public reason and integrated into history,generating influence.In the course of the formation and development of Western thought and theory,based on the premise of historical certainty and a common problem threshold at different times,Western philosophy and social sciences have made quite full use of the possible intervals of boundary constraints provided by the relative independence of social consciousness.They have thus developed quite strong hermeneutic flexibility and successfully elevated private discourse into a universal consensus within the broader scope of public reason,although its interpretation is not necessarily “valid”（in the purely hermeneutic sense）,and its premise and content may not be“true．”As an intellectual and theoretical activity founded on great contemporary practice,philosophy and social science with Chinese characteristics must pay attention to the destiny of mankind on the basis of the laws of historical development and grasp the latest themes of the times while continuously innovating within the possible boundary constraints supplied by relatively independent social consciousness,so as to increase hermeneutic flexibility,expand hermeneutic territory,and obtain greater recognition of public rationality worldwide.
The self has multiple faces:the ecological self,the subject and object self of experience,and the narrative self.Yet the fact that they are collectively called “self”suggests that the many facets of the self may share a unified minimalist structure.Predictive mind is a recently emerging cognitive agenda that constructs a unifying computational principle for mental activities:the cognitive process is one of minimizing predictive error on the basis of generative models.Drawing on recent results in predictive mind,and in particular on the insights of Julian Kiverstein,this paper attempts to argue that the ecological self,as the initial self containing the minimal structure of the self,is realized through a model of the self that integrates the three elements of concern,body and action.Furthermore,the subjective self of experience（presented as the four phenomenal feelings of perspectivity,presence,possession and action）can be seen as a reflection of the cognitive mechanism based on the model of the self at the level of consciousness in the framework of the predictive mind.
The rapid development of digital technology has had a huge impact on current statistical and accounting systems,and the measurement of the digital economy has become a hot topic for research against the backdrop of high-quality development.Theoretically,the content of digital economy measurement chiefly deals with the digital economy’s development level,its factors,new economic forms,the digitalization of traditional industries,etc.The main measurement methods include the production method,the expenditure method,the growth accounting method,the econometric method,the index compilation method,and the method of creating digital economy satellite accounts.In practice,digital economy measurement has made remarkable progress in a series of explorations carried out at home and abroad,but generally speaking,it still faces many difficulties.To grasp the trends of its development,we need to further clarify its scope and boundaries,continuously updating and improving the relevant statistical methods and strengthening the basic collection of data on digital economy statistics.
Emotional labor theory is an important analytical perspective for academic research on the service sector.Hochschild presents us with the main theoretical perspectives in terms of the transformation of emotional systems and the operation of emotional labor.The theory has contributed to the development of the sociology of labor and the sociology of emotions,but there are still shortcomings relating to the social consequences of emotional labor and the interaction between workers and clients,shortcomings that can be remedied by relational dimension theory.This reveals that Western emotional labor theory presupposes a loose relationship as the starting point for interpersonal interaction in a society that places more emphasis on individual rights and wishes than on the influence of relationships.However,the importance of relationships in Chinese society,where fixed relationships are the starting point for human interaction,is even more pronounced.As it happens,there are three types of relationship that can be used to illustrate the labor-client relationship in different industries.
In order to accelerate the construction of a new development pattern with the goal of smoothing the flow of the national economic cycle,we must strive to innovate China’s circulation theory.Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,the exploration of a circulation theory with Chinese characteristics on the basis of Marxist political economy has unceasingly developed throughout the practice of socialist economic construction.As our research vision broadens and our theoretical system is enriched,this undertaking faces serious bottlenecks in the weakness of fundamental theory and a situation where Chinese-style innovation lags behind practice.To respond to the demands of the times,the innovation and development of a circulation theory with Chinese characteristics must pay full attention to the re-study of Marx’s circulation theory,grasp the laws of circulation in the socialist market economy,take root at the forefront of China’s circulation practice,and at the same time build a trade economics field that strongly supports innovations in circulation theory.
Political philosophy is the philosophical study of the order and fundamental meaning of the political life of the state,and of the fundamental themes and values of public life in society.Through reflecting on the different paths of the Chinese and Western traditions of political philosophy,four possible paths for political themes to enter into philosophical reflection are identified:the reconstruction of the theoretical orientation of political metaphysics;the establishment and adherence to the independent critical reflective stance of philosophy;an open way of constructing theoretical systems;and the realization of the interaction between political philosophy and related neighboring disciplines in order to seek the construction of a theoretical system for political philosophy.The fundamental question of political philosophy is the relationship between the fundamental rights of citizens（the people）and public political power.The fundamental theme of political philosophy is how to clarify,uphold and preserve the priority values and fundamental purpose of the fundamental rights of citizens（people） over public political power.
