Non-communicable chronic diseases (NCCDs) pose a global threat to the health of the working-age population, which determines the competitiveness and development of countries on the global stage. Of particular concern is the shift in epidemiological peaks of disease incidence toward younger age groups, which poses additional risks to the national economy and social security system. The primary burden of diabetes management falls on the healthcare system, where a therapeutic model focused on treating existing conditions predominates. Effective containment of the NCCDs epidemic requires the integration of knowledge and resources from various economic sectors. This necessitates the analysis and systematization of common features in approaches to diabetes prevention and treatment to enhance the effectiveness of a comprehensive set of interventions encompassing all aspects of this population’s life. This paper presents the author’s interpretation of the principles (goal setting, grouping, prevention management, dietary design, and restrictions) and describes them. Given the wide range of participants in the process of diabetes prevention and treatment, which is multifactorial in nature, it is appropriate to consider the functions of institutional structures, not only those traditionally implementing these activities but also others, within the framework of a thematic cluster within the «science and education – production – market» system. The authors presented principles of developing preventive approaches to managing type 2 diabetes mellitus; systematized the institutional structures traditionally implementing its prevention and treatment in Russia; and identified the key participants in the «Diabetes Prevention» thematic cluster. The proposed conceptual model for type 2 diabetes prevention, based on the principles of goal-setting, audience grouping, a systematic approach to dietary planning, and functional nutrition principles, can serve as a foundation for the development and implementation of regional and national prevention programs. The development and inclusion of specialized foods, fortified foods, and dietary supplements in diets can become a key element of the preventive and therapeutic strategy of NCCDs.
Meat and bone broths are an important component of the diet in organized nutrition, but the traditional technology of their preparation (long cooking) is characterized by high energy costs, loss of time and non-selective extraction of both useful and undesirable components (purines, heavy metals). The purpose of the study is to conduct a systemic analysis and comparative assessment of the influence of ultrasonic cavitation on the extraction kinetics and yield of target nutrients (collagen, minerals), as well as the level of contaminants (purines, heavy metals) in beef bone broths to substantiate resource-saving technology in the organized food sector. The authors conducted a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of innovative beef bone processing methods: ultrasonic cavitation (20–40 kHz), microwave extraction (2.45 GHz), and a combination of the two. It was shown that all innovative methods intensify the process, but the best results are achieved with a combined approach. The authors found that the synergy of ultrasound and microwave extraction reduces the processing time to 15–20 minutes (versus 8–12 hours with traditional cooking) and increases the yield of collagen and minerals (Ca, Mg) by 30–40% due to the cavitation destruction of collagen fibers and subsequent intensive hydrolysis. At the same time, combined processing reduces heavy metal and purine content by 15–25%, improving the safety and nutritional value of the product. Ultrasound processing has been shown to promote the formation of low-molecular-weight collagen peptides (less than 3 kDa), which possess potential osteogenic and antioxidant activity. The economic and technological feasibility of the phased implementation of flowthrough ultrasonic systems and combined units for modernizing food service facilities is substantiated.
This article examines the impact of frozen apple pomace size on the intensification of the drying process. An analytical review of the literature revealed that short-term microwave heating (convective drying) is used to dry apple pomace at most industrial facilities. However, this method has several drawbacks when drying certain food products. Infrared radiation treatment, which has undeniable advantages over other methods, is now the most widely used method for drying plant materials. The authors used a dryer with infrared heating to dry the apple pomace. To intensify the process, the apple pomace was pre-frozen and ground. To confirm this hypothesis, an experiment was designed and conducted. The pomace was pre-crushed to sizes of 2–3 and 3–4 mm; uncrushed fractions measuring 6×6×6 mm were also used. The resulting raw material was dried on a laboratory bench at a temperature of 60 °C, taking measurements every 15 minutes. The experimental data showed that pre-freezing the apple pomace reduced the drying time by almost 30 %, and pre-crushing the frozen apple pomace reduced the drying time by almost 40 % under the same process parameters. The maximum drying rate was achieved using crushed apple pomace of the 2–3 mm size. The 3–4 mm fraction also demonstrated a significantly higher drying rate compared to the 2–3 mm size. This led to the conclusion that the crushing size of the apple pomace will determine the type of final product. The results obtained during the experiments can be applied in the design and determination of technological parameters for drying apple pomace.
Modern food biotechnology is actively developing cell-based technologies to create alternative sources of protein and biologically active substances. Chicken embryonic fibroblasts (CEFs) are a promising model for producing conditioned medium rich in growth factors. The purpose of the study is to obtain a primary culture of chicken embryonic fibroblasts (CEFs), evaluate their morphological properties, and determine the proliferative activity of the resulting culture in vitro. Chicken embryonic fibroblasts were isolated from 9-day-old chicken embryos using 0.25% trypsin-EDTA. The cells were cultured in DMEM/F12 medium with 10% fetal bovine serum at 37°C and 5% CO₂. The cell concentration during seeding was 4∙10⁶ cells/mL in each well. Viable cells were counted daily in a Goryaev chamber for 7 days. The isolated culture demonstrated a spindle-shaped morphology characteristic of fibroblasts. The growth curve had a sigmoid shape with a sequential change in the logarithmic phase (0–1 day), exponential phase (1–3 days), stationary phase (3–5 days), and declining phase (5–7 days). The maximum cell number (6.25∙10⁶/well) was reached on the third day. The authors found that primary CEFs possessed high proliferative potential, with the maximum cell concentration occurring on the third day of culture. The authors established that primary CEFs were characterized by high proliferative activity during the first few days (3–4 days) based on the data on the cell growth phase. It was found that depletion of the nutrient medium (glutamine and glucose) could have contributed to the slowdown in cell growth. The data obtained in this study provide a basis for the isolation and characterization of growth factors from conditioned medium for use in food biotechnology.
The authors examined the potential for using whey protein microparticulates with polyphenols incorporated into their structure in cheesemaking. They also studied the composition and properties of the whey protein concentrate WPC-UF-55 "Microparticulate", modified by incorporating dihydroquercetin into the protein structure. The results of the studies showed that the modified whey protein microparticles meet the physicochemical parameters of GOSTR 53456-2022 "Dry Whey Protein Concentrates. Technical Conditions". Particle size distribution parameters indicate that the modified WPC-UF-55 "Microparticles" is characterized by an increase in average particle size compared to the control sample. The particle size distribution of whey protein concentrate samples before and after dihydroquercetin encapsulation was studied. Data on the mineral composition, organoleptic, and microbiological properties of whey protein microparticles encapsulated with dihydroquercetin are presented. Scanning electron microscopy of spray-dried particle samples revealed that no dihydroquercetin crystals were detected in the micrographs of the experimental sample, suggesting a high degree of incorporation of its molecules into the protein granule structure. The antioxidant activity of the experimental microparticulate sample significantly exceeds that of WPC-UF-55 "Microparticulate", suggesting that the intrinsic antioxidant activity of denatured whey proteins is enhanced by the inclusion of dihydroquercetin. Adding 0.3% and 0.5% modified whey protein microparticulate to milk significantly impacts the mass fractions of protein and fat, as well as the ratio between them, which one must take into account when standardizing milk for cheesemaking. The results of studies of the technological properties of rennet curd and cheese whey suggest that adding modified whey protein microparticulate to standardized milk at concentrations exceeding 0.3% of the mixture's mass is inadvisable.
The authors address key aspects of athlete nutrition, including the need for increased protein intake, which is associated with the intensification of metabolic processes during competitive activities under increased physical and psycho-emotional stress. Proteins play a crucial role in athletes' nutrition, providing plastic, catalytic, hormonal, and transport functions. The authors developed a biocomplex in the form of a biologically active supplement (BAS). The ingredient composition was characterized, allowing for the qualitative, quantitative composition and functional properties of this specialized product to be determined. The biocomplex is characterized by the multi-layered action of complete protein sources, enzymes for optimal nutrient absorption, and chondroprotective substances (glucosamine, chondroitin, methylsulfonylmethane), which create favorable conditions for connective tissue and joint regeneration. The production technology is reviewed, the main stages of which include dosing the formula components, sifting through a 1 mm sieve, grinding in a hammer mill and re-sifting, mixing in a V-blender, obtaining a semi-finished product, packaging, and storage. Regulated quality indicators are established, and recommendations for use are provided: adults take one serving (31 g) once daily with meals or before exercise. The contents of one stick pack or two tablespoons (1 serving) are dissolved in 200 cm³ of drinking water or milk. Based on a study of sanitary, hygienic, and sanitary-toxicological indicators, the shelf life has been determined to be two years from the date of manufacture at a temperature no higher than 25 °C and a relative humidity no greater than 60%. Data on the macro- and micronutrient content in the recommended intake of the dietary supplement is presented, taking into account the proportion of daily and adequate intake levels.
The main problem leading to economic and environmental costs is the inefficient processing of protein and mineral waste from aquaculture. The valuable fish hydrolysate obtained from this waste requires effective dehydration, but traditional methods such as spray drying do not provide high productivity. The key solution is to intensify the dehydration process by combining several technological approaches. Initially, the hydrolysate is structured by foaming it with the addition of a thickener and stabilizer (such as guar gum), which creates the necessary porous matrix for moisture removal. The most effective drying method for this material is a combined microwave technology, often used in conjunction with convective energy supply. Its advantage lies in its ability to provide rapid and controlled volumetric heating of the porous structure of the foamed hydrolysate, significantly accelerating and intensifying the entire dehydration process. The article experimentally established rational process parameters: a layer thickness of 5 mm, an initial material temperature of (27 ± 2) °C, and a specific microwave power of 5 kW/m². Under these conditions, a moisture reduction from 81% to 8% was achieved in 7.5 minutes. The kinetic patterns of convective-microwave drying of the hydrolysate were identified. The authors developed and verified an adapted mathematical model of heat and mass transfer that takes into account the dependence of the material’s dielectric and thermophysical properties on humidity. The model’s solution showed that, under the specified conditions, the temperature in the layer does not exceed 65 °C in the first 4 minutes, after which it rises uncontrollably, defining the critical transition point from microwave heating to convective drying. The effectiveness of a two-stage hybrid mode was experimentally confirmed: 4-minute microwave drying (to 43.5 % humidity and 66°C) followed by 8-minute convective drying at an agent temperature of 75 °C, which allows for a moisture content reduction to 6 % while maintaining the quality of the heat-sensitive product.
This study examines the potential of dried wild lingonberries, currants, and honeysuckle varieties for the production of candy bars based on a comprehensive study of their organoleptic characteristics and biochemical composition. The authors conducted the study using standardized methods for determining organoleptic and biochemical parameters. The berries were dried using MIX-2 equipment. The data obtained were statistically processed. It was found that drying yields raw materials with high organoleptic ratings (22.71–24.28 points out of 25). An increase in the content of bioactive substances was revealed. The vitamin C content increased on average by 3.2–4.2 times, with the highest content observed in currants (up to 603.9 mg/100 g). The mass concentration of total phenols and flavonoids increased by 4.4–5.6 times, amounting to 2,517–4,364 and 1,053–2,269 mg/100 g, respectively. Species differences were established: honeysuckle is characterized by the maximum sugar content (55.5%), currants – by vitamin C and dietary fiber (22%), lingonberry – by titratable acidity (14.1%) and a specific polyphenolic composition. The field of application of the results is the food industry, in particular, the development of recipes and technologies for the production of new types of functional bars. Based on the conducted research, a conclusion was made on the feasibility and prospects of using a combination of the studied dried berries. The synergistic effect of their combination allows for the creation of products with complex taste and aroma, increased nutritional value, and desired functional properties without the need for significant additions of refined sugars and synthetic additives.
The authors studied cadmium levels in milk from 2014 to 2022 in an ecologically unfavorable region (Nevinnomyssk and Kochubeevsky District, Stavropol Krai) and assessed the total antioxidant activity (TAA) and free amino acids in milk compared to a relatively clean region (Stavropol and Shpakovsky District). The authors used the FRAP method, the amperometric method, and the assessment of antioxidant activity in a model system with yolk lipoproteins to evaluate the TAA. Free amino acids were analyzed using a post-column ninhydrin reaction on an ARACUS amino acid analyzer (Abacus, Germany). Data were evaluated using the Shapiro–Wilk and Levene tests and compared using the Mann–Whitney test using Statistica 10.0 software. In the region with an environmentally unfavorable situation, the maximum cadmium level was detected in 2019 – 0.025 mg/kg, with no exceedance of the standard in milk for the period 2014–2022. Elevated cadmium levels in raw milk reduce its TAA, assessed using various methods. Concentrations of certain free amino acids (L-tyrosine, L-isoleucine, L-cystine, L-methionine, and cystathionine) increase. An increase in S-containing amino acids indicates increased activity of the protein antioxidant system of cows in an ecologically unfavorable region. Keeping cows in polluted areas affects cadmium levels in milk, activates the animals' antioxidant system, and alters the regulation of free amino acid metabolism. Biochemical changes in milk can affect the technological properties and nutritional value of milk. Additional research is needed to reduce the impact of cadmium on animal health and physiological functions.
Due to the increasing global shortage of dietary protein, the efficient and complete utilization of protein-containing resources, particularly secondary protein-containing raw materials, is becoming increasingly important. The conversion of renewable biomaterials, including plant-based raw materials, into high-added-value products is a fundamental principle of the bio economy. Currently, the production of protein concentrates and isolates using secondary plant resources, as well as hydrolysates with improved functional and technological properties, is recognized as a promising direction. The aim of this study is to determine optimal conditions for producing protein hydrolysates from amaranth meal with desired technological properties (water-retention, fat-retention, emulsifying, and foaming capacity), taking into account the specific action of various proteases. The scientific novelty of this research lies in identifying relationships between the amounts of proteolytic enzymes used – pepsin and trypsin – and the duration of hydrolysis, which influence the values of the technological properties of amaranth meal protein: fat-retention, water-retention, emulsifying, and foaming capacity. The optimal technological parameters for obtaining protein hydrolysates were determined: the use of pepsin at a ratio of 1:200 to the substrate weight and a hydrolysis time of 90–110 min to improve the fat-retaining capacity (FRC). Emulsifying ability (EA) and foaming ability (FA) at a ratio of 1:300 and a time of 70 min to improve the water-holding capacity (WHC). Trypsin at a ratio of 1:200 for 100–110 min to improve the FRC, EA and FA, 70 min to improve the WHC. The isoelectric point of amaranth meal protein was determined to be 5.1. The feasibility of using the selected enzymes to ensure uniform hydrolysis of the substrate was proven.
The authors present a systematic review of meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials devoted to assessing the feasibility of using vitamin-like substances (L-carnitine, inositol, α-lipoic acid, coenzyme Q10, choline, orotic acid, para-aminobenzoic acid, methylmethionine sulfonium) in specialized food products. The purpose of the study is to identify target populations whom such use is justified for most of all. The methodology included searching the OpenAlex database (2020–2025), analyzing open meta-analyses, and comparing clinically effective doses with the upper permissible levels (UPLs) according to the Unified Sanitary and Epidemiological Requirements of the Customs Union. It has been established that for L-carnitine (effective dose of 1000–2000 mg/day with an upper tolerable intake level of 900 mg/ day), α-lipoic acid (600–1800 mg/day with an upper tolerable intake level of 100 mg/day) and orotic acid (1000–3000 mg/day with an upper tolerable intake level of 900 mg/day), therapeutic dosages significantly exceed regulatory limits, which excludes their use in specialized food products without violating regulatory requirements. For inositol (600–4000 mg/day with a tolerable upper intake level of 1500 mg/day), an overlap in dosages for reducing body mass index was found, allowing its inclusion in food products to be recommended. The effective dosage of coenzyme Q10 (100–500 mg/day with a tolerable upper intake level of 100 mg/day) partially complies with regulatory limits. Its use is advisable as an adjunct to traditional therapy for chronic heart failure. It is concluded that the inclusion of L-carnitine, α-lipoic acid, and orotic acid in specialized food products is inappropriate; inositol and coenzyme Q10 can be used to correct metabolic disorders and in the complex therapy of cardiometabolic disorders, respectively. Further research on the combined use of vitamin-like substances is promising.
