During the first half of the 20(th) century, scholarship on the Roman Republic was dominated by the prosopographical approach. Such a method, based mainly on the biographies of its protagonists, necessarily led to an elitist and masculine vision of Roman society. In the second half of the 20(th) century and already in the 21(st) century, the history of the so-called 'subordinate classes', the 'history from below', has gained weight. Gender history has also developed. Our knowledge of the 'political culture' of the Ro-man Republic and its institutions has improved dra-matically. At the present time, there is a growing de-bate in scholarship about the existence or not of an ideological confrontation as the driving force behind the political and social conflicts of the period.
This article discusses the particular characteristics of the ancient Greek landscape present in Jules Michelet's Introduction to Universal History and the way in which he presented them. The existence of gulfs and ports, rivers, valleys and mountains, as well as the proximity to the sea, allows us to observe a great number of curves and angles; this nature imposes on man the need to work it, a necessary condition for achieving freedom. Along with the distinctive features with which the famous French historian presents the physical space of Greece, for which he expresses great admiration and sympathy, he highlights the presence of poleis, represented by the most famous of all: Athens. He attributed a very rich meaning to them, since, in addition to the political, economic, social and cultural elements, he added their physical dimension, symbolized by the Athenian walls and the urban space separated by the chora. Furthermore, Michelet presented the Hellenic geography determined by the dichotomy between the natural and urban landscapes.
The main objective of the article is to highlight the work developed around the study of the crime of sodomy in the Spanish Monarchy during the Ancient Regime. The novelty of the topic discussed, added to the problems of its study and its late inclusion in the academic space, has resulted in a varied historiographic origin that has allowed the development of parallel lines of work, which have sometimes not entered into dialogue. Precisely, we have been concerned with understanding the problems attached to the study of this singular and individual phenomenon, but with collective social and political repercussions, in order to understand the reasons for the varied and complex historiographic panorama of the study of the nefarious sin of sodomy in Early Modern Spain.
This article aims to analyse the << Authentic School >>, one of the first historiographical currents specialized on a poorly known object: freemasonry. The << Authentic School >> has not received much academic attention. It was originally a movement developed by certain Anglo-Saxon Freemasons. Their goal was to dust off the apocryphal accounts which, at that time (and still today), served as the basis for the instruction of the Masons themselves. His texts continue to circulate, at least in Latin America where they are the objects of uncritical translations and reissues. This article first evaluates the general epistemological framework that framed his formation: the creation of the social and historical sciences. He then discusses his genealogy and characteristics, from Germany to the United States through England. It ends with a reflective balance based on two questions: to what extent is it relevant today to resort to these works? What were its origins, foundations, scope, and limitations?
Jose Deleito Pinuela, a remarkable historian who was open to the innovative ideas of European historiography in the first decades of the twentieth century, as well as a prominent university profes-sor concerned with the improvement of historical studies, collaborated on some of Henri Berr's proj-ects, particularly in the Revue de synthese historique and at the Centre international de Synthese. Deleito and Berr agreed in the defence of the synthesis in history, facing the inertia of scholarly historiogra-phy that focused on detailed analysis, ignoring the constructions of the whole. Deleito's rising trajec-tory, as well as the interesting expectations opened by his participation in Berr's work, were abruptly cut short by the Spanish Civil War and especially after the atrocious purge carried out by the Franco regime.
