The genus Cistanche generally has four species in China, including C. deserticola (CD), C. tubulosa(CT), C. salsa(CS) andC. sinensis(CSN), among which CD and CT are official herbal sources of Cistanche Herba (CH). To clarify the sources of CH and ensure the clinical efficacy and safety, a multi-step IR macro-fingerprint method was developed to analyze and evaluate the ethanol extracts of the four species. Through this method, the four species were distinctively distinguished, and the main active components phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs) were estimated rapidly according to the fingerprint features in the original IR spectra, second derivative spectra, correlation coefficients and 2D-IR correlation spectra. The exclusive IR fingerprints in the spectra including the positions, shapes and numbers of peaks indicated that constitutes of CD were the most abundant, and CT had the highest level of PhGs. The results deduced by some macroscopic features in IR fingerprint were in agreement with the HPLC fingerprint of PhGs from the four species, but it should be noted that the IR provided more chemical information than HPLC. In conclusion, with the advantages of high resolution, cost effective and speediness, the macroscopic IR fingerprint method should be a promising analytical technique for discriminating extremely similar herbal medicine, monitoring and tracing the constituents of different extracts and even for quality control of the complex systems such as TCM.

A rapid and accurate method of quantifying heavy metal pollution in commercial traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) is described. The method uses modified wet digestion for sample preparation and atomic absorption spectrophotometry for detecting the content of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg). The determination limits of the method were 0.001, 0.002, 0.001, 0.001 and 0.001 mg/kg for Cu, Cd, As, Pb and Hg, respectively. The method was applied to the quantification of heavy metal pollution in 50 different commercial TCMs in a total of 250 samples. Heavy metal contents in the samples investigated were found at different levels. The level of As did not exceed the legal limit stated in the China pharmacopoeia 2010, whereas Cu, Cd, Pb and Hg were above permitted levels in some samples.

The Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe multiresidue method (QuEChERS) has been validated for the extraction of 15 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in completely different matrices of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The method employed a rapid, simple and cost-effective procedure. The spiking levels for the recovery experiments were 0.1, 0.5 and 2.0mgkg−1. Mean recoveries mostly ranged between 76.0% and 114.0% (96.0% on average), and relative standard deviations (RSD) were generally below 10% (4.72% on average). Based on these results, the methodology has been proven to be highly efficient and robust and thus suitable for monitoring the MRL compliance of a wide range of commodity. The contamination status of 15 OCPs on 80 different TCMs marketed in China, and a total of 400 samples were also performed using a previously validated method. 15 OCPs were benzene hexachloride (BHC, including α-BHC, β-BHC, γ-BHC, δ-BHC), hexachlorobenzene, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, p, p′-DDE, p, p′-DDD, o, p′-DDT, p, p′-DDT, mirex, endrin, dieldrin. This study indicates that the proposed method is useful for analyzing OCPs in TCM.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the accumulation and distribution of some nutrient elements, i. e. N,P,K,Ca and Mg in Cistanche deserticola in reproductive stage. METHODS: The nutrient elements contents in samples at different reproductive stages were determined. P, K, Ca, and Mg were determined by ICP-AES, and N was determined by Kjeldahl method. RESULTS: The peak accumulation time of the nutrient elements was different in different parts. The content of N was the highest in inflorescence at coming-up stage. The content of K was the highest in inflorescence at fruit stage. The contents of Ca and Mg were the highest in lower stem at fruit stage. And the content of P was the highest in inflorescence at initial flowering stage. CONCLUSION: The nutrient elements gradually metastasize from nutrient organs to reproductive organs during reproductive stages. The contents of nutrient elements in different parts varied at different degrees.

OBJECTIVEDiscuss the trade-off between vegetative growth and reproductive growth.METHODVegetative modules and reproductive modules by large sampling were separated and quantitative charecters of organs and pattern of reproductive allocation were analysed of reproductive allocation were analysed.RESULTThe phenotype plasticity of quantitative charecters were significant. Reproductive biomass was increasing at different stages. The mass of reproductive investment increased significantly with increasing individual size, the opposite of reproductive allocation. There were all significant positive correlations between the seeds weight and height, total biomass, vegetative biomass, reproductive biomass, fruit numbers, fruit weight.CONCLUSIONThe significance of phenotype plasticity is the cause of multiple elements. In the process of transferring from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, there was a trade-off between organs. Under individual growth and reproductive strategy, the variation of biomass was allocated coordinately.

A fast pesticide multiresidue analysis method using gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detector was investigated for the simultaneous determination of 15 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.). Samples were extracted with acetic acid–water–acetonitrile (1:5:94, v/v) and cleaned up by the Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe multiresidue method (QuEChERS). The linearity for 15 OCPs, in the working standard solutions of seven concentration levels between 1 and 100 ng/ml, varied from 0.9990 to 0.9999. Recoveries at concentrations between 0.1 and 2 μg/g ranged from 81.4 to 95.2%, with precision, which was expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD), at values lower than 8.0%. The proposed method was applied to the determination of pesticide levels from 60 samples, taken from six different areas. Among a total of 60 samples, 15.0% (9 samples) contained at least one of the 15 pesticides. The 15 OCPs were benzene hexachloride (BHC, including α-BHC, β-BHC, γ-BHC, δ-BHC), hexachlorobenzene, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDT, mirex, endrin and dieldrin. This study indicates that the proposed method is useful for analyzing OCPs in American ginseng.

In the present paper, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) associated with second derivative infrared spectroscopy and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-IR) were used to analyze the 3 different sources of Hebra cistanche. The results showed that these IR spectra showed their different macro-fingerprint features: the charactersistic peaks of C. deserticola were located at approximately 1 730, 1 633, 1 156, 1 081, 1 025 and 931 cm(-1) and those of C. tubulosa were at 1 692, 1 631, 1 604, 1 516, 1 265 and 1 023 cm(-1), respectively. The only two peaks at approximately 1 151 and 1 085 cm(-1) of C. salsa were different from that of C. deserticola. As a result, the IR spectrum of C. deserticola could be identified obviously from that of the C. tubulosa, whose similar index was only 0.623 3, but it was very similar to that of C. salsa, whose similar index was up to 0.904 8, demonstrating very similar ingredients. However, the difference between C. deserticola and C. salsa was obvious in the second derivative IR spectra: the shape of the two peaks of C. deserticola at approximately 1 730 and 816 cm(-1) were much sharper. In addition, the fingerprint characters in 2D-IR spectra were more visualized. The three kinds of herbs were quite different from each other in the number and intensity of autopeaks. Therefore, FTIR macro-fingerprint method can identify different sources of Hebra cistance fast, nondestructively and effectively.

To identify the key factors and the main effect in the seed yield components ofC. deserticola , the statistical analysis methods including correlation, regression and path analysis were applied to analyze the relationship between the morphology traits of the inflorescence and seed yield of single plant. 7 factors including number of effective capsules (X 1), total number of capsules (X 2), number of seeds per fruit (X 3), inflorescence length (X 4), big bract length (X 5), setting percentage (X 6) and number of flowers (X 7) that interrelated significantly with the seed yield (Y ) were screened. Path analysis revealed that the main effect factors were number of effective capsules (X 1), but the regression equation wasY =-8.721 + 0.0919X 2 + 0.00954X 3. The results showed that the seed yield of single plant ofC. deserticola could be estimated by the total capsule and seed number per capsule. Topping pollinating more pollen and selective breeding could be applied for improving seed yield in the planting process. It would provide a scientific basis for breeding objectives and cultural practices ofC. deserticola .

[目的]观察疏肝导浊方对脂肪肝家兔肝功能及抗氧化作用的影响。[方法]采用高脂饲料喂饲家兔6周,诱导形成脂肪肝模型,实验分组为疏肝导浊方高、中、低（8、4、2g/kg）剂量组、东宝肝泰对照组、模型组和空白对照组,检测各组肝功能、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、一氧化氮（NO）水平。[结果]模型组肝功能、SOD明显下降（P＜0.05）,MDA明显增加（P＜0.01）;疏肝导浊方中、低剂量组SOD明显升高（P＜0.05）。[结论]疏肝导浊方可有效提高脂肪肝家兔的抗氧化作用。

OBJECTIVE Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy associated with second derivative infrared spectroscopy was applied to study on the 2 herbal sources of Cistanche deserticola and their alcohol extracts. METHODS Powder of different species and their alcohol extracts were directly compressed and determined by Fourier transformation intermediate infrared spectrum. RESULTS The IR spectra showed that:(1)The bonds related to echinacoside,acteoside of C. tubulosa:1692,1631,1604,1516,1447,1158,812 cm-1appeared more frequnently than C. deserticola,indicating that contents of echinacoside and acteoside in C. tubulosa are much higher. (2) In the ethanol extracts,contents of echinacoside and acteoside increased. The typical and strongest absorption band in IR spectrum of echinacoside is at 1067 cm-1,which exists in the IR spectrum of C. tubulosa extract. Moreover,it can be seen that the echinacoside and acteoside in ethanol extracts are more apparent. In addition,the corresponding secondary derivative spectra further confirm that the contents of echinacoside and acteoside are higher in Cistanche tubulosa. CONCLUSION FT-IR associated with second derivative infrared spectroscopy is a quick and effective analytical technique,which could provide valuable information about chemical constituents of complicated mixture system for monitoring the inherent qualities of traditional Chinese medicine and its corresponding extract.

[Objective] To observe the effect of Radix Dipsaci containing serum on the proliferation of osteoblasts in rats withdiscontinued administration and different sex.[Methods] The drug containing serum in rats was prepared.Twenty-four Wistar rats withequal male and female were randomly divided into four groups:male control group(I), male drug-added group(II), female control group(Ⅲ), female drug-added group(IV), Intragastric perfusion with Radix Dipsaci(4.5g crude drug/kg body weight) and saline respectivelyaccording to the animal body weight was given for one week and then the blood was gained.After centrifugation the supernatant fluid wasobtained.Then the osteoblasts were isolated and cultured.The proliferation of osteoblasts was analyzed quantitatively.The cells weredisposed and added with different concentration of rat serum, and divided into 2.5%, 5% and 10% Radix Dipsaci group.The proliferationof cells was tested with MTT.[Results] When the medium concentration was 2.5% of Radix Dipsaci significant difference was foundbetween male and female drug-added group(P0.05).There was also significant difference between female drug-added and femaleantitheses group when the medium was 5% concentration of Radix Dipsaci rat serum(P0.01).While the medium was 10% concentrationof Radix Dipsaci significant difference could be seen between female drug-added group and female antitheses group(P0.05).However,no matter the concentration of Radix Dipsaci was, no significant differences could be seen between male drug-added group and malecontrol group.[Conclusion] Radix Dipsaci can stimulate the proliferation of osteoblasts.This function in female drug-added group wasmore significant than that of male drug added group.

Cistanche deserticola, an endemic species in China, has been one of the grade II national key conservation rare and endangered plants. The spectra of cultivated and wild C. deserticola samples were determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry. Based on the fingerprint infrared spectrum from 450 to 2 000 cm(-1), C. deserticola samples were rapidly classfied and closely studied by using the method of clustering analysis. Results showed that although there were tiny differences between the spectra of different origin, including the wild and cultivated C. deserticola samples, these samples could be successfully classified by soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA). Recognition rate and rejection rate of different C. deserticola samples were up to 90%. When testing with the blind sample which the authors picked out from the chosen samples, the accuracy of clustering reaches up to 95%. On the whole, combined with clustering analysis, FTIR provides a effective way to evaluate the origin of the Chinese medicines rapidly and undamagedly.

对淫羊藿抗骨质疏松症的相关研究近况进行综述,阐述淫羊藿的抗骨质疏松症作用及其作用机制,为中药抗骨质疏松症的研究提供理论基础。

Cistanche deserticola Y. C. Ma is a perennial parasitic plant of family Orobanchaceae, genus Cistanche Hoffmgg et Link. The chemical analysis indicated that various compounds, including phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs), polysaccharides, iridoids, lignans, alditols, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, et al. Pharmacological research showed that Cistanche deserticola possess a wide spectrum of activities, such as anti-aging and enhancing immunity, advancing the ability to learn and memorize, enhancing immunity and antifatigue. Because of confusion in market and limitation of standard of quality assessment of C. deserticola , in order to assess the quality of C. deserticola better, ensure crude drugs and products effect, we reviewed research progress on quality control and assessment of C. deserticola at the mathods of indentification and components analyse.

Objective To observe the effect of rats serum containing Radix Dipsaoi at different concentration and different sex on cell proliferation and AKP activity and OC secretion of osteoblasts in vitro.Methods ①Preparation of the rat scrum containing drug: Wistar rats 24, half in male and half in female, were randomly divided into four groups(male control group(Ⅰ),male drug-added group(Ⅱ), female control group(Ⅲ), female drug-added group(Ⅳ). After being treated with Radix Dipsaci(4.5 g crude drug/kg weight), and saline, respectively with gastric perfusion according to body mass for one week, blood was gained. After centrifuging operation, supernatant fluid was obtained.②osteoblasts were isolated and cultured.③Quantitative analysis on proliferation of osteoblasts: The cells were disposed with different concentration of rat serum, and divided into 2.5%,5% and 10% Radix Dipsaci group. The proliferation,AKP activity and OC secretion of cells was tested.Results ①Compared with the male drug-added group(0.3613±0.0983), female drug-added group(0.5690±0.0295)could increase absorbance value and proliferation of osteoblasts, and there were significant difference(P0.05) when the medium with 2.5% concentration of Radix Dipsaci rat serum. There were also significant difference(P0.01)between female drug-added group and female antitheses group(0.3787±0.0476). ②when the medium was 5% concentration of Radix Dipsaci rat serum, Compared with the male drug-added group(0.3560±0.0482), female drug-added group (0.8793±0.1007)could increase absorbance value and proliferation of osteoblasts, and there were Significant difference(P0.01). There were Significant difference(P0.01)between female drug-added group and female antitheses group(0.3863±0.0180), too.③When the medium was 10% concentration of Radix Dipsaci rat serum, there was significant difference(P0.05)between female drug-added group(0.8560±0.0175)and female antitheses group(0.3817±0.1986).However, no matter what the concentration of Radix Dipsaci rat serum was, there are not significant differences between male drug-added group and male control group.Conclusion Radix Dipsaci can stimulate the proliferation, AKP activity and OC secretion of osteohlasts. Its function is on female drug-added more than male drug added.

The seeds of Cistanche deserticola which from a single plant with fine properties were carried to the space by the recoverable experiment satellite Shijian No.8. After space loading, the seed viability and characters of infrared spectroscopy were analyzed and then planted to observe and investigate the variation and heredity. The results showed that compared to the control group, the seed viability and germination rate increased observably after space loading. As well, the plants grew much healthier at the seedling stage. The results indicated that space loading has obvious promote effects on the seed viability, germination rate and disease resistance of Cistanche deserticola. The analysis results of infrared spectroscopy showed the contents of protein and carbohydrate were increased distinctly and the contents of oil or fat reduced somewhat in the seeds after space loading. The intensity ratio between characteristic absorption peak of protein and characteristic absorption peak of fat (I_ 1625 /I_ 1745 ) were increased from 1.07 to 1.16, which could be related to the enhancement of seed viability and the reduction of germination restraint substances. It could be concluded that microgravity and intense radiation in the space caused seed viability and material metabolism change.

Fenugreek(Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)seeds introduced from United Arab Emirates(UAE)were carried to the space by the recoverable satellite Shi Jian 8.After space loading,the seeds were planted to be observed and investigated compared to the control group.The results showed that the germination rate declined after space loading compared to the control group.SP_1 plants grew inhibited first,and then vigorously later at the seedling stage.The branch number,pods and plant weight of SP_1 plants' increased.More important,single pod was changed to dual pod.At the same time,the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)was used to analyze and appraise the fenugreek SP_1 seeds.The results indicated that the major components and the structures remained intact,in another word,space mutation had no obvious effect on the quality of SP_1 seeds.Based on the results,some variations mutated by space flight could appear at the present generation.These variations were important to gain high yield.

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ( FTIR) combined with two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-IR) was used to analyze and evaluate the different parts of Cistanche deserticola. The crude drugs of Cistanche deserticola and their different extracts were both referred. The results of the analysis showed that single-dimensional FTIR of the different parts from Cistanche deserticola were very similar, where the similarity coefficients are 0.9605, 0.944 and 0.976, respectively. Moreover, the shape and intensity of the peaks were more distinct in the secondary derivative IR spectra of the different parts. The fingerprint characters of the different parts in 2D-IR spectra were more visualized. In the range of 1430 - 1700 cm(-1), 3 strong autopeaks were aroused in the cortex, but 4 autopeak in the middle and central parts. The spectra of aqueous and alcoholic extracts from different parts of Cistanche deserticola showed that aromatic compounds, iridoids and indicans in the cortex were different from that of the middle and central parts. As well, the contents of water-soluble polysaccharide, galactitol and phenylethanoid glycosides in the central part were higher than the other parts. Therefore, FTIR combined with 2D-IR was an express and comprehensive approach to analyze and evaluate the imperceptible differences among different parts of the medicinal herbs impersonally.

The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to analyze and appraise the outer space fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seeds of the second generation (Space group ) and its ground group (CK). The results indicated that the major components and the structures remained intact.However,the outer space fenugreek seeds The intensity of peaks at 1745 cm~(-1) and 1074 cm~(-1) is stronger than the ground group,.indicating that fat and aponins contents were enhanced obviously.The peaks at 2927cm~(-1) and 2855 cm~(-1) were assigned to- CH_2-groups, and the intensities at 2927cm~(-1),2856cm~(-1) were stronger than ground group.In addition,the second derivative spectra shows that the intensity of protein absorption peak at 1658cm~(-1) and 1544 cm~(-1) were stronger than the ground group,indicating that protein and anima acid content were higher than ground group.