Garlic (Allium sativum L., family Amaryllidaceae) plants are usually used because of bioactive compounds in their leaves and bulbs. Compounds extracted from this plant are often able to protect against some diseases. There is not enough information about infusions garlic extracts that can be used for plant pathogen control. Creating effective biologicals to protect plants against various diseases is an urgent task to improve crop yields. In this work, the bioactive compounds possessing activity against some phytopathogens were isolated from garlic plant bulbs Allium sativum L. A complex of lectin-allinase and peptide with molecular weight of 4392 Da was obtained from A. sativum bulbs. This complex described in literature before is consisted of allinase enzyme (molecular weight 54 kDa) and mannose-specific garlic lectin (ASA) with molecular weight of 6.4 kDa, and is formed when the bulb tissues are ground. Since, to our knowledge, no data on the biological action of this complex were reported before, we studied its activity against the pathogen of rice blast Magnaporthe grisea. This study showed that the lectin-allinaza complex had no suppressive effect on the pathogen spore germination (spore germination both in control and under treatment was at the 80-90 % level), but reduced the number of necrosis on treated leaves of rice (the percentage of uninfected leaves increased from 15 % in control to 75 %). Thus, the complex did not affect M. grisea directly, but protected plants upon their infection by this pathogenic fungus. These findings suggest that lectinallinaza complex isolated from garlic bulbs is able to induce resistance to M. grisea, probably by activation of plant defense responses. The ability of obtained peptide not described in literature before to inhibit action of B. sorokiniana, the causative agent of Helminthosporium root rot and barley leaf blotch, at concentration corresponding to 10-11 mg protein/ml, was shown on wheat and barley leaves. Since the peptide 4392 Da did not inhibit the growth of B. sorokiniana colonies in vitro, it can be assumed that the peptide is capable of activating the protective functions of the plant during the pathogen infection. When evaluating the effect of the peptide 4392 Da on seed germination and growth stimulation in peas, cucumber, mustard, sunflower and garlic, the germination of garlic seeds increased by 13.6 % (р < 0.01), while 65.5 % (р < 0.01) increase in the length of its stems and a four-fold increase of the root length were observed, but the peptide had no effect on seeds and sprouts of the other crops tested. Thus, the resulting substances do not possess phytotoxicity, and due to its high activity at low concentrations show very low discharge at its application. Moreover, by virtue of its origin they are absolutely harmless for humans and animals and are environmentally safe technology of plant protection, which is especially important in modern agriculture.

Garlic (Allium sativum L., family Amaryllidaceae) plants are usually used because of bioactive compounds in their leaves and bulbs.Compounds extracted from this plant are often able to protect against some diseases.There is not enough information about infusions garlic extracts that can be used for plant pathogen control.Creating effective biologicals to protect plants against various diseases is an urgent task to improve crop yields.In this work, the bioactive compounds possessing activity against some phytopathogens were isolated from garlic plant bulbs Allium sativum L. A complex of lectin-allinase and peptide with molecular weight of 4392 Da was obtained from A. sativum bulbs.This complex described in literature before is consisted of allinase enzyme (molecular weight 54 kDa) and mannose-specific garlic lectin (ASA) with molecular weight of 6.4 kDa, and is formed when the bulb tissues are ground.Since, to our knowledge, no data on the biological action of this complex were reported before, we studied its activity against the pathogen of rice blast Magnaporthe grisea.This study showed that the lectin-allinaza complex had no suppressive effect on the pathogen spore germination (spore germination both in control and under treatment was at the 80-90 % level), but reduced the number of necrosis on treated leaves of rice (the percentage of uninfected leaves increased from 15 % in control to 75 %).Thus, the complex did not affect M. grisea directly, but protected plants upon their infection by this pathogenic fungus.These findings suggest that lectinallinaza complex isolated from garlic bulbs is able to induce resistance to M. grisea, probably by activation of plant defense responses.The ability of obtained peptide not described in literature before to inhibit action of B. sorokiniana, the causative agent of Helminthosporium root rot and barley leaf blotch, at concentration corresponding to 10-11 mg protein/ml, was shown on wheat and barley leaves.Since the peptide 4392 Da did not inhibit the growth of B. sorokiniana colonies in vitro, it can be assumed that the peptide is capable of activating the protective functions of the plant during the pathogen infection.When evaluating the effect of the peptide 4392 Da on seed germination and growth stimulation in peas, cucumber, mustard, sunflower and garlic, the germination of garlic seeds increased by 13.6 % (р < 0.01), while 65.5 % (р < 0.01) increase in the length of its stems and a four-fold increase of the root length were observed, but the peptide had no effect on seeds and sprouts of the other crops tested.Thus, the resulting substances do not possess phytotoxicity, and due to its high activity at low concentrations show very low discharge at its application.Moreover, by virtue of its origin they are absolutely harmless for humans and animals and are environmentally safe technology of plant protection, which is especially important in modern agriculture.

Из листьев укропа пахучего Anethum graveolens L. выделена смесь пептидов с молекулярными массами 1000–2000 Да, которые в сверхмалых дозах проявляли in vitro мембранотропную активность по отношению к культуре гепатоцитов мыши. Было установлено, что растительные пептиды в водном растворе образовывали крупные наноразмерные частицы размером примерно 90 нм, обладающие вторичной структурой, которая преимущественно состояла из ?-структур и статистического клубка. На модели роллерного органотипического культивирования печени тритона показано, что в сверхмалых дозах пептиды, выделенные из A. graveolens, in vitro оказывали влияние на размер площади пигментированных клеток печени амфибии, являющихся аналогом Купфферовских клеток печени млекопитающих. Это указывало на их участие в гепатопротекторном действии A. graveolens.

Peptide mixtures with molecular weights of 1000–2000 Da and in vivo membrano-trophic activity against mouse hepatocyte culture at very low concentrations were isolated from dill Anethum graveolens L. leaves. It has been found that plant peptides in aqueous solution formed larger nanosized particles of approximately 90 nm with a secondary structure mainly composed of β-structures and random coil structures. We demonstrated that peptides isolated from A. graveolens in vitro at an ultra-low dosage affected the size of the area of pigmented cells of amphibian liver, which are analogous to Kupffer cells of the mammalian liver, using roller organotypic newt liver culture models.

Peptides (molecular weights are 1200 – 11,600 Da) biologically acting at concentration 10-8 - 10-15 mg/ml were obtained from leaves of dill Anethum graveolens L. and celandine Chelidonium majus L. by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. We have shown that these peptides form second structure characterized by the prevalence of β-structures and coil in water solution. In model of organotypic roller culturing of triton liver in vitro, the ability of the peptides isolated from Anethum graveolens L. and Chelidonium majus L. at concentration 10-8 - 10-15 mg/ml to influence increasing of pigment cells, which provided protective function of organism, was demonstrated.

проведено сравнительное исследование ранозаживляющего действия биорегуляторов новой группы, выделенных из тканей ряда растений и пре-сноводной жемчужницы. Показано, что биорегуляторы, выделенные из лекарственных растений, которые используют в народной медицине для репарации кожных дефектов (алоэ и подорожника), стимулировали ранозаживление с образованием разрастаний жировой ткани и развитием потовых желез. Под действием биорегуляторов, выделенных из моллюска и листьев кабачка, происходило восстановление эпителия за счет дериватов волосяных фолликулов – эпителиальных мешочков и дермальных цист. Пептидные фракции био-регуляторов, выделенных из растений, которые не обладают ранозаживляющим действием – укропа и зве-робоя, не влияют на репарацию кожных ран в эксперименте.Ключевые слова

На модели экспериментальной кожной раны у мышей in vivo проведено сравнительное исследование ранозаживляющего действия биорегуляторов новой группы, выделенных из тканей ряда растений и пресноводной жемчужницы. Показано, что биорегуляторы, выделенные из лекарственных растений, которые используют в народной медицине для репарации кожных дефектов (алоэ и подорожника), стимулировали ранозаживление с образованием разрастаний жировой ткани и развитием потовых желез. Под действием биорегуляторов, выделенных из моллюска и листьев кабачка, происходило восстановление эпителия за счет дериватов волосяных фолликулов – эпителиальных мешочков и дермальных цист. Пептидные фракции биорегуляторов, выделенных из растений, которые не обладают ранозаживляющим действием – укропа и зверобоя, не влияют на репарацию кожных ран в эксперименте.

В листьях подорожника большого (Plantago major L.) были обнаружены биорегуляторы, проявляющие физико-химические свойства и биологическую активность, сходные с мембранотропными гомеостатическими тканеспецифическими биорегуляторами, ранее найденными в различных тканях животных. Для изучения специфической активности данных растительных биорегуляторов впервые разработана экспериментальная модель роллерного органотипического культивирования ткани кожи тритона (Pleurodeles waltl) in vitro. Показано, что изучаемые растительные белки оказывают свойственное данному лекарственному растению ранозаживляющее действие на кожу позвоночных животных in vitro и in vivo.

We performed the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation, time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) analysis of the peptides entering into the composition of not yet explored bioregulators derived from the extracellular matrix of the tissues of the various organs of the mammals, and also plants and fungi. The study included 15 different mammalian tissues, 13 species of plants, and 2 species of fungi. Exploring the bioregulators derived from eye tissues, we demonstrated that their composition includes peptide components with the same values of the molecular weight. The composition of the bioregulators derived from the tissues of various organs of mammals or different species of plants and fungi includes the peptides with different values of molecular weight. Obtained data indicate the growing evidence of the assumptions about the major function of the bioregulators of this group--their involvement in the regulation of tissue-organ homeostasis in the biological systems.

A bioregulator that has physicochemical and biological properties similar to a group of bioregulators isolated from various animal tissues has been found in the bulb onion (Allium cepa L.). It was determined that the biological action of the plant bioregulator is determined by a peptide with molecular weight of 4036 ± 2 Da whose 18-C-terminal amino acid sequence consisted of 18 residues. On models of seed germination of some vegetable cultures, the ability of the bioregulator isolated from supernatant of onion extract in ultralow doses (10−13 mg of protein/ml) to inhibit growth and development was demonstrated.

В луке репчатом (Allium сера L.) обнаружен биорегулятор, по физико-химическим и биологическим свойствам аналогичный группе биорегуляторов, выделенных из различных тканей животных. Установлено, что за проявление биологического действия растительного биорегулятора отвечает пептид с молекулярной массой 4036 ± 2 Да, для которого была определена 18-членная С-концевая аминокислотная последовательность. На модели проращивания семян ряда овощных культур была показана способность биорегулятора, выделенного из супернатанта экстракта лука, в сверхмалых дозах (10-13 мг белка/мл) ингибировать их рост и развитие.

Proteins with physicochemical properties and biological activity similar to those of membrano-tropic homeostatic tissue-specific bioregulators that had been found earlier in various animal tissues were discovered in leaves of the common plantain (Plantago major L.). To study the specific activity of these plant proteins, we developed an experimental model for organotypic roller cultivation of newt (Pleurodeles waltl) skin tissue in vitro. We showed that the plant proteins of interest exert the wound-healing effect, which is characteristic of this plant, on the skin of vertebrates both in vitro and in vivo.

The experiments described here demonstrate that disruption of the phosphorylation of transcription factors of the HMG cAMP/Ca-independent protein kinase CK2 class may be the cause of decreased gene expression in age-related cognitive deficits. Amnesia for a conditioned passive avoidance reaction (CPAR) in aged rats (24 months old) was accompanied by decreases in the synthesis of synaptosomal proteins and transcription in nuclei isolated from cortical, hippocampal, and striatal neurons. There was a decrease in chromatin protein kinase CK2 activity and a significant decrease in the phosphorylation of HMG14 by protein kinase CK2. Selective activators of protein kinase CK2 (1-ethyl-4-carbamoyl-5-methylcarbamoylimidazole and 1-ethyl-4,5-dicarbamoylimidazole) increased HMG14 phosphorylation by protein kinase CK2, increased transcription, increased the synthesis of synaptosomal proteins, and decreased amnesia for the CPAR in aged rats. Thus, activation of the “protein kinase CK2–HMG14” system is accompanied by optimization of synaptic plasticity in aged animals. The results provide evidence for the high therapeutic potential of protein kinase CK2 activators.

Protein kinase CK2 from neuronal chromatin phosphorylates myosin-like proteins isolated from rat brain chromatin. The protein kinase CK2 activator 1-ethyl-4,5-di(N-methylcarbamoyl)imidazole in vitro stimulated phosphorylation of myosin-like proteins and increased myosin-type Ca2+-ATPase activity in neuronal chromatin. After systemic administration this agent normalized Ca2+-ATPase activity of brain chromatin in aged rats.