前不久召开的中央经济工作会议,是党的十八大以来的第10次中央经济工作会议.本次会议亮出的鲜明基调是"稳字当头、稳中求进"."稳",成为中央经济工作会议最突出的关键词.日前召开的省委经济工作会议,传达学习了中央经济工作会议精神,部署了湖南2022年的经济工作.贯彻落实好"稳字当头、稳中求进"的工作总基调,当以全面的"稳",确保高质量的"进".

安邦制药创建于1994年,2010年完成并购改制,经过9年的发展,现已成为集制造、服务、平台于一体的医药企业.2010年,并购改制时的安邦制药高管团队面临的关键难题是,企业内20多名残疾人员工的去留.由此开始,安邦制药研究、开启了“融合用工”的新探索.

以往人们一直认为,湖湘大地是"蛮荒之地",湖湘文化是"舶来文化".但最近30年的考古挖掘及其遗存研究,颠覆了以前人们对湖南和湖湘文化的基本认识:湖湘大地不仅不是"蛮荒之地",而是中国乃至东亚人的源头,世界农耕文化的源地,世界最古老陶器文化和城池文化之源.湖湘文化是早期自创、后期融入了外来文化元素的本土文化,既是中华文化的源头,又是中华文化极其重要的组成部分,更是中国极具区域和民族特色与影响力的地域文化.其源流有三,且表现出阶段性演化和不断走向融合与收敛的特征.

共享发展作为五大发展理念之一,作为"以人民为中心的发展思想"的一种具体体现,有着特殊的时空结构.空间上看,是由紧密相关的全民共享、全面共享、共建共享三个方面有机合成.其中,全面共享包括共享领域、共享需求和共享供给三个维度,本质上全面共享是共享供求关系在一定时空域实现的均衡程度.时间上说,共享发展可分为生存型共享、小康型共享、富裕型共享和富强型共享四个层级,依次递进、渐进达成.尽管影响共享发展的因素很多,但主要有限制因子、稳定因子、活力因子和折扣因子四大因子,不过这些因子对共享发展的影响程度在不同的阶段是不一样的,早期受限制因子的影响大,后期受活力因子和折扣因子的影响大.目前,限制因子和折扣因子对共享发展的影响作用十分显著.

Product value is composed of fundamental value(workshop cost),extensional value(expenditure for after-service),additional value(brand,including trademark,reputation,intellectual property) and share value(share about traffic brought from network).The function of fundamental value is to provide materially or functional use-value,providing basic guarantee for product function(or capacity),which could be the element of product quality.The function of extensional value is to provide psychological effects,improve customers' satisfaction, promote the occupancy of market, which are the extension and expansion of product value.Several aspects were included in additional value, such as high-tech addition, culture addition and marketing addition, which is the main battlefield of source of profit and improvement of resources allocation efficiency for enterprise.The main function of share value is to increase the stickness of customer to platform.The formation of product value is closely associated with evolution of industrialization.The evolution route of industrialization is from 1.0 to 2.0 to 3.0 to 4.0, undertaking the increasing tasks of value structure and differentiation, that is, industry 1.0 is corresponding to fundamental value and extensional value for the task of completing the development for scale economy.Industry 2.0 is corresponding to fundamental value, extensional value and external overflow for the task of development for quality economy and enhancement of supply quality.Industry 3.0 is corresponding to fundamental value, extensional value, additional value and external overflow for the task of development for brand economy,accomplishment for additional value,promotion of supply efficiency.Industry 4.0 is corresponding to fundamental value,extensional value,additional value,share value and external overflow for the task of development for wisdom economy,accomplishment of value-share.Generally speaking, Industry 1.0 is supposed to be done in the initial phase of industrialization to development scale economy.Industry 2.0 and 3.0 should be completed in the middle phase to develop quality economy and brand economy.Industry 4.0 is ought to be achieved to develop wisdom economy.In 2016,China has already stepped into the later phase of industrialization, however, the task of Industry 2.0 and 3.0 namely "develop quality economy and brand economy" supposed to be completed in middle phase still remains to be accomplished.Presently,Chinese demand has reached into the age of Industry 2.0+Industry 3.0+Industry 4.0 with the discordant supply of Industry 1.0, which results in the mismatch of supply and demand,excess of low-end supply,shortage of high-end supply and situation of supply system apparently falling behind demand system.Therefore,the essence of reformation of supply side structure is to promote supply quality and efficiency,accomplish the high-quality and efficient increase with the primary aim of supplementing the Industry 2.0 and 3.0.

一、为什么要供给侧结构性改革 当前,中国供需关系正面临着不可忽视的结构性失衡.在私人物品领域,从需求看,已到达工业2.0+3.0+4.0时代,"住"、"行"主导的消费结构向多样化、高端化和服务化,需求结构转换,高品质需求难以在国内得到满足,"文化"、"健康"、"大数据"正在成为新的消费热点,引领着第4次消费升级.

推进供给侧结构性改革是当前和今后一个时期我国经济工作的主线,也是我国跨越中等收入陷阱的"生命线".尽管我国已经迈入工业化的后期阶段,但工业化中期阶段的历史任务远未完成,我国不仅要适应步入工业化后期阶段的需要,而且还必须继续完成工业化中期阶段的历史任务.供给侧结构性改革的关键是解决生产要素的合理配置问题,核心是要使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用,本质是推进供给迈向"工业2.0"、"工业3.0"和"工业4.0",实现高质量、高效率的增长.攻克"质量"和"效率"两大难点的关键是推进创新.

After the 18th CPC National Congress, affected by the development base, slower growth of population and employment, increasing aging and decreasing comparative advantage in labor, China's economic development has entered into a phased conversion period from the rapid growth to the medium-speed growth and economy will be converted to an average annual 7-8% medium-speed development track during eight years of building a moderately prosperous society by 2020. However, since the second half of 2013, with "superposition of five upgrades", including urbanization upgrade, regional development upgrade, consumption upgrade, industrial upgrade and production factors upgrade and arising various opportunities, China will be in a new round of rising cycle stage. Hunan province should grasp the opportunity, take the initiative and try hard to promote the leaping development of science.

"十八大"后,受发展"基数"、人口和就业增长减速、老龄化水平提高、劳动力比较优势减少等方面的影响,我国经济发展步入由高速增长向中速增长的阶段性转换期,到2020年全面建成小康社会的8年间,经济将转换到年均7~8%中速发展轨道。但自2013年下半年起,伴随着城市化升级、区域发展升级、消费升级、产业升级和生产要素升级"五大升级叠加"及其所带来的各类机遇,我国将处于新一轮上升周期的阶段。我省应把准机遇,主动作为,努力促进科学跨越发展。

In accordance with the theory of industrial organization,re-manufacturing possess corporate behavior and market structure which under the conditions of imperfect competition,and have formed a unique pattern of behavior.This behavior pattern embodied in two aspects: imperfect competition and synergic co-existence.The nature of imperfect competition includes the targeting and oligopoly on used parts and remanufactured product's market,the entry barriers of technology and manufacturing modes,and government regulations on organization and business,etc.The collaborative co-existence comprises symbiosis of goals,collaboration of the business model,as well as vertical integration and vertical restraints based on the industry chain,etc.The two components of behavior model in manufacturing industry,exactly,leading to the shift down of manufacturing long-term cost curve,the finite change of optimal scale,and equally the enhancing of industrial concentration and monopoly.Moreover,this pattern has a profound impact on industry's market structure,efficiency and government policy.

According to the theory of industrial module heterogeneity, a typical industry can be segmented into three major modules: the "leading" module, the "vital" module and the "supporting" module. Con-espondently, there are three types of enterprises: the "corporate champion", the "core enterprise" and the "associated enterprise". They have significant differences in management features. The "corporate champion" is offensive and reflected in ways of market expansion, customer service and brand promotion. It is based on brand, marketing, network and channel control. The "core enterprise" is control-based, and it is featured by knowledge management and innovation strategies. It is based on intellectual properties, patents and standards-control, and being the master of core, critical components or equipments. The "associated enterprise" holds a subordinate characteristic and mainly embodied in the scale of production, quality control and timely delivery, etc. They are resource and labor-intensive parts processing companies, production-focused and quality-control based enterprises.

Introduction of technology does not mean the introduction of technological innovation.Technology and echnologial capabilities are two esssentailly different concepts.Under certain conditions,technology can be introduced,but the technological creatibilies can not.China's industrial system should digest and absorb advanced foreign technology form the imitation and innotion and make it into our own knowledge assets.On the enterprise-based development platform,these knowledge assets will carry on the independent parctice of techonological innovation.

把脉县域经济,共话发展良策。6月3日,在湖南省"四化两型开新局——探访县域经济"专家座谈会上,湖南省委农村工作部部长、省政府农办主任刘宗林与来自省内的经济学家们一同探讨了湖南县域经济发展面临的问题。会上,专家们畅所欲言,各抒己见,就县域经济发展如何突出科学发展主题,紧扣转变发展方式主线,纷纷建言献策。本刊在此摘要刊登部分精彩观点,以飨读者。

The sustainable development of sciencetechnology innovation team is closely related with domestic sciencetechnology innovation system.Taking building sustainable scientific research team as breakthrough point,this paper analyzes the internal factors and external environment that affect the sustainable development of science research team,and puts forward suggestions that are benefit for building sustainable scientific research team from system reform.

再制造作为循环经济中"资源化"的一个新手段,是一个"再循环"过程,为循环经济发展模式提供了新的路径选择。它推动循环经济发展模式进入减量化、再利用、再循环、再制造的新型循环经济时代,丰富和发展了循环经济的理论体系与应用技术,是实现"两型社会"建设的新路径。

<正>自2006年以来,湖南统战系统积极开展以"万企联村、共同发展"为主题的新农村建设与城乡统筹实践,四年来,探索实践经过起步、提升和深化三个阶段,不断走向深入,湖南农村目前已出现了企业家与农民合作、非农产业与农业共生、基层党组织创新发展的良好局面。

From analysis of Meso-level, there are three links in industrial chain: "the leading", "the dominating" and "the supporting". Accordingly, it has formed three categories of enterprises: "the leading enterprise", "the core business" and "the associated enterprises". It has generated three functions: "demand-pull", "innovation-driven" and "conduction". It has derived three types of innovation: original innovation, integrated innovation and introduction innovation. From the point of industrial separability and modularity, the dominant enterprises can be divided into four types:" market or brand dominant enterprises", which are "leading enterprises"; "innovation or standard dominant enterprises", which are "core enterprises"; enterprises of the unity of "Leading Enterprise "and "core businesses"; enterprises of the unity which contain three main components of the industrial chain and integrate "leading enterprise", "core business "and "associated enterprises "into one. Based on the four types of dominant enterprises, their technological innovation model also have four kinds of combination models: "integrated innovation" model based on the "leading enterprise"; "original innovation" model based on "core business"; simultaneous mode of "integrated innovation" and "original innovation" based on the unity of "leading enterprise" and the "core business"; the complex model based on the unity of "integrated innovation", "original innovation" and "the introduction of innovation" of all the industrial chain.

从中观层分析,产业链有产业"龙头"、产业"七寸"和产业"配套"三个环节,与此相应,形成了"龙头企业"、"核心企业"与"关联企业"三类企业,生成了"需求拉动"、"创新驱动"和"传导"三类机制,派生出了原始创新、集成创新和引进创新三类创新。尽管产业链创新是三类技术创新有机整合的结果,但实现产业创新的关键是围绕产业"七寸"与"龙头"环节,抓原始性创新与集成创新。从宏观角度看,基于创新链的完整程度,经济成长有创新性成长、学习式成长和特色式成长三类。基于创新型成长,产业政策一般倾斜于产业"七寸"与"龙头"环节,主要推进核心企业的原始性创新与龙头企业的集成创新;基于学习式成长,产业政策主要倾斜于产业"配套"与"龙头"环节,积极推进关联企业的引进与龙头企业的集成创新;而在特色式成长模式下,国家产业政策则倾向于全产业链及所有创新方式,努力推进三类技术创新方式的有机整合。

在现代激烈竞争的条件下,没有任何一个企业在自己的管理活动中没有轴心,都需要围绕这个管理轴心来安排自己对整个企业的管理。企业的管理在不同的时期,不同的发展阶段,不同的生存环境会形成以不同轴心为核心的管理模式。