Introduction: Aidi injection (Aidi), a traditional Chinese medicine injection, is often practiced to control malig-nant pleural effusion (MPE). Objectives: We performed a registered systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO: CRD42022337611) to clarify the clinical role of Aidi in MPE, reveal optimal combinations of Aidi and chemical agents, their in-dications, therapeutic route and usage, and demonstrate their clinical effectiveness and safety. Methodology: All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about Aidi in controlling MPE were collected from Chinese and English databases (up to October 2022). We clustered them into multiple homogenous regimens, evaluated the risk-of-bias at outcome level using a RoB 2, extracted and pooled the data using meta-analysis or descriptive analysis, and finally summarized their evidence quality. Results: All 56 studies were clustered into intrapleural administration with Aidi alone or plus chemical agents, and intravenous administration with Aidi for MPE. Intrapleural administration with Aidi alone displayed similar clinical responses on Cisplatin (DDP) alone. Only administration with Aidi plus DDP significantly improved complete response and quality of life, and displayed a low pleurodesis failure, disease progression, hematotox-icity, gastrointestinal and hepatorenal toxicity. For patients with moderate to massive effusion, Karnofsky Per-formance Status score >= 50 or anticipated survival time >= 3 months, Aidi (50 ml to 80 ml each time, one time each week and three to eight times) plus DDP (20 to 30 mg, 40 to 50 mg, or 60 to 80 mg each time) significantly improved clinical responses. Most results had moderate to low quality. Conclusions: Current evidences indicate that Aidi, a pleurodesis agent, plays an interesting clinical role in con -trolling MPE. Aidi plus DDP perfusion is a most commonly used regimen, which shows a significant improvement in clinical responses. These findings also provide an indication and possible optimal usage for rational drug use.

Rapid recommendation is a novel methodological framework for developing clinical practice guidelines and this framework shares the basic features of classical guidelines but differs from classical clinical practice guidelines in its `rapid’ development process (typically within 90 days) with an aim of translating practice-changing studies to recommendations. A recent global innovation of guideline development methodology is the proposal of a rapid recommendation framework for Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), which has the potential to add value to the translation of evidence to practice for TCM interventions. Up to now, more than 180 rapid recommendations have been published, but none of them is pertaining to TCM interventions. Due to the nature of multi-dimensional evidence sources for TCM interventions, including classical randomized controlled trials and real world evidence, a more sophisticated methodological approach to synthesize and evaluate the totality of evidence about effects of TCM interventions is required. Therefore, appropriate modification to the rapid recommendation framework is necessary. In the efforts to respond to these needs, we have proposed a specific approach to developing rapid recommendations for TCM interventions the Multi-dimensional Evidence Synthesis, Evaluation and Recommendations for TCM interventions (MESERT).

Introduction The staphylococcal enterotoxin C (SEC), a commercially available bio-product from Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), has been widely used to control MPE. Objectives We designed and performed a new systematic review (SR) and meta-analysis to clarify the perfusion protocols with SEC, determine their clinical effectiveness and safety, and reveal the indication and optimum usage for achieving the desired responses. Methodology All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about SEC for MPE were collected from electronic databases (from inception until July 2021), and clustered into multiple logical topics. After evaluating their methodological quality, we pooled the data from each topic using the meta-analysis or descriptive analysis, and summarized the evidence quality using the grading of recommendation assessment, development, and evaluation (GRADE) approach. Results All 114 studies were clustered into SEC perfusion alone or plus chemical agents. The SEC alone showed a better complete response (CR), a lower pleurodesis failure, and adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and a higher fever than cisplatin (DDP) alone. The SEC and chemical agents developed 10 perfusion protocols. Among them, only SEC and DDP perfusion showed a better CR, a lower failure, disease progression and ADRs, and a higher fever than DDP alone. The SEC (100–200 ng per time, one time a week for one to four times) with DDP (30–40 mg, or 50–60 mg each time) significantly improved clinical responses for patients with moderate to large volume, Karnofsky performance status (KPS) scores ≥40, ≥50, or ≥60, and anticipated survival time (AST) ≥2 or 3 months. Most results were moderate to low quality. Conclusion Current pieces of evidence indicate that super-antigen SEC is a pleurodesis agent, which provides an attractive alternative to existing palliative modalities for patients with MPE. Among 10 protocols, the SEC and DDP perfusion is a most commonly used, which shows a significant improvement in clinical responses with low ADRs. These findings also provide a possible indication and optimal usage for SEC and DDP perfusion.

BACKGROUND:Thymic peptides (TPs) are often used to control malignant pleural effusion (MPE). So, we performed a clustered systematic review and meta-analysis to clarify the treatment regimens of TPs for MPE, demonstrate their clinical effectiveness and safety, and reveal the indications and optimal usage for a desired effectiveness.MATERIALS AND METHODS:We collected all trials of TPs for MPE from Chinese and English databases (from inception until May 2021). After evaluating their bias risk, we pooled the data from each regimen using the meta-analysis or descriptive analysis, and summarized the evidence quality using the Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach (GRADE).RESULTS:Thirty-four trials were clustered into TPs for MPE from lung cancer or miscellaneous tumors. The TPs combined with chemical agents were mainly used in MPE from lung cancer. All five regimens, only thymosin with oxaliplatin (L-OHP) significantly improved the complete response (CR) [2.40 (1.84 to 3.13)], quality of life [2.04 (1.20 to 3.48)], 0.5- and 1-year overall survival (OS) rate [5.75 (3.02 to 10.92) and 5.29, (1.71 to 16.36)]. It also up-regulated the T lymphocyte levels, and reduced the pleurodesis failure, disease progression and adverse events. In patients with moderate to large volume, Karnofsky Performance Status score ≥ 50 or anticipated survival time ≥ 3 months, the thymosin (300 mg/time, one time/week and lasting two to eight times) with oxaliplatin (100 mg/m2) achieved a desired response. Most results were moderate quality.CONCLUSIONS:The current evidences indicate that the TPs are important pleurodesis agents, which combination with chemical agents are mainly used in MPE from lung cancer. The thymosin with L-OHP is a main regimen, which shows a significant improvement in clinical responses, antitumor immunity, and with a reasonable security. The evidence also provides indications and optimal usage for achieving a desired effectiveness.

Introduction: Aidi injection (Aidi) is composed of cantharidin, astragaloside, ginsenoside, and elentheroside E. As an important adjuvant therapy, Aidi in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin (GP) is often used in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Objectives: We performed a new evaluation to demonstrate the clinical efficacy and safety of the Aidi and GP combination and further explored an optimal strategy for achieving an ideal response and safety level in advanced NSCLC.Methodology: We collected all the related trials from Chinese and English-language databases, analyzed their methodological bias risk using the Cochrane evaluation Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0, extracted all the data using a predefined data extraction form, pooled the data using a series of meta-analyses, and finally summarized the quality of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.Results: We included 70 trials with 5,509 patients. Compared with GP alone, the Aidi and GP combination showed a significant improvement in the objective response rate (ORR) [1.82 (1.62-2.04)], disease control rate (DCR) [2.29 (1.97-2.67)], and quality of life (QOL) [3.03 (2.55-3.60)] and a low incidence of hematotoxicity and gastrointestinal and hepatorenal toxicity. Aidi might be more suitable for patients who are first-treated, elderly, or patients with a Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) score >= 60 or anticipated survival time (AST) >= 3 months. An Aidi (50 ml/day, 7-14 days/cycle for one to two cycles), gemcitabine (1000 mg/m(2)), and cisplatin (20-30 mg/m(2), 40-50 mg/m(2), or 60-80 mg/m(2)) might be an optimal regimen for realizing an ideal response and safety level. Most results were robust and of moderate quality.Conclusion: Current evidence indicates that Aidi's value in adjuvant chemotherapy may be broad-spectrum, not just for some regimens. The Aidi and GP combination may show a good short-term response, antitumor immunity, and safety level in patients with NSCLC. Aidi (50 ml/day, 7-14 days/cycle for one and two cycles) with GEM (1000 mg/m(2)) and DDP (20-30 mg/m(2) or 40-50 mg/m(2)) may be an optimal regimen for realizing an ideal goal in patients who are first-treatment, elderly, or have a KPS score >= 60 or AST >= 3 months.

The Aidi injection contains multiple active ingredients, including astragaloside (Re, Rb1, and Rg1), ginsenoside, cantharidin, elentheroside E, and syringin, and it is administered with vinorelbine and cisplatin (NP) to treat non–small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). In this study, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the clinical efficacy and safety of the Aidi injection with NP, and the optimal threshold and treatment regimen to produce the desired responses. We collected all studies regarding the Aidi injection with NP for NSCLC from Chinese and English databases (up to April 2019). Risk of methodological bias was evaluated for each study. Data for analysis were extracted using a standard data extraction form. Evidence quality was assessed following the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. We included 54 trials containing 4,053 patients for analysis. Combining the Aidi injection with NP significantly increased the objective response rate (odds ratio [OR], 1.32; confidence interval [CI], 1.23, 1.42), disease control rate (OR, 1.14; CI, 1.11, 1.18), and quality of life (OR, 1.80; CI, 1.61, 1.98), with decreased risks of myelosuppression, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia, gastrointestinal reaction, and liver dysfunction. For patients with a Karnofsky Performance Status score of ≥60, the Aidi injection (50 mL/day, two weeks/cycle, with two to three cycles) treatment with vinorelbine (25 mg/m2) and cisplatin (30–35 mg/m2 or 40–50 mg/m2) might be the optimal regimen for producing the desired tumor response and achieving a good safety level. Most results were robust, and their quality was moderate. The results suggest that administration of the Aidi injection and concomitant NP is beneficial to NSCLC, and provide evidence for the optimal threshold and treatment regimen that may improve tumor response with a good safety level.

东亚金融一体化程度的显著提升,使规模持续增长的估值效应成为促进东亚风险分担的潜在渠道.基于对外净资产跨期变动来源的构成,梳理并修正跨国风险分担机制和实现渠道,在传统的净要素投资收入和储蓄渠道的基础上,纳入估值效应潜在渠道,探讨该渠道影响风险分担的机理以及促进风险分担需满足的条件.之后,运用纳入估值效应渠道的ASY方差分解模型,分析东亚风险分担的水平及各渠道的贡献.结果显示,东亚金融一体化并未促成风险分担水平的持续改善.其中储蓄仍是东亚风险分担最有效的渠道,但其作用正在缓慢下降;净要素投资收入并非是东亚风险分担持续有效的渠道;由于估值效应的周期性特征日益满足促进风险分担的前提,其积极作用开始显现.

This paper uses the regime switching model to analyse the business cycle synchronization between Mainland China and Hong Kong and the possible influence from US.The regime-dependent correlation analysis shows that the business cycle synchronization between the two economies is low and the synchronization depends on the regime of the business cycle.Little correlation between the business cycles in Hong Kong and the Mainland is fond in the absence of the common US influences.

This paper uses the regime switching model by Markov to analyze the business cycle synchronization between Chinese mainland and Hong Kong and the possible influence from US.By measuring the regime-dependent correlation,we find the threshold effect——the synchronization between Chinese Mainland and Hong Kong depends on the regime of the business cycle.Little correlation between the business cycles in Hong Kong and the Mainland is found in the absence of the common US influences.

This paper uses the Markov-Switching model featuring duration dependence to test Hong Kong's growth regimes and its duration dependence.By measuring and testing the growth regimes,we find the evidence of the existence of growth boundary and divide the growth process into two regimes,i.e.“high growth regime”and“low growth regime”.The test shows that both the“high growth regime”and the“low growth regime”have positive duration dependence,which means an expansion or contraction is more likely to end as its duration increases.

This paper uses the Markov regime switching model to test the business cycle regimes and synchronization of Mainland China and Hong Kong.The result indicates that on one hand the growth process can be divided into three regimes: "high growth regime","suitable growth regime" and "low growth regime",and on the other hand f the synchronization level between the two economies is low and the threshold effect which depends on regimes exists.That is,in different business cycle regimes the synchronization levels are different.

F&R Hypothesis is a branch research field of the Endogenous Money Supply of the Optimal Currency Area and is diametrically different from Krugman Hypothesis on the assumption concerning the dynamism of trade integration and economic relevance. The two opposing schools of theories approach the adjustment of OCA revenue and cost along different routes and thus postulate different policy proposals. However, based on the module analysis of economic growth rate, this writer holds that the difference between the two hypotheses arises because they adopt different perspectives on the impact of trade integration on economic cycle channels and the two theories co-exist in the real economic life and can significantly adjust the revenue and the cost of OCA.

一、 Frankel- Rose内生性假说与 Krugman专业化假说 Frankel与 Rose从 OCA的两个重要标准--贸易一体化和经济周期相关性的相互作用出发,指出 OCA标准随时间而改变,提出货币区可能自我强化的内生性假说:如果国家间的贸易一体化和经济相关性之间同向发展,那么一国"事前"不满足 OCA标准,加入货币区可使其"事后"满足标准 (Frankel,1999).