This study evaluates soybean molasses (SM) as a sustainable feedstock for xanthan gum production using Xanthomonas campestris B6720. SM used contained 41.82% carbon, 6.43% hydrogen, and 1.17% nitrogen. About 7.5% (w/v) of SM media (SMN) was prepared, further subjected to acid clarification (SMC) (pH 4.0), and enzymatic treatment (SME) using concentrated HCl and α-galactosidase (10 U/g loading) respectively. Conventional media (SUC) was prepared using sucrose carbon source (2%). Xanthan gum yield was quantified, characterized structurally (FTIR and 1H NMR), morphologically (SEM), and functionally (viscosity and antioxidant activity). Total polyphenols and isoflavone contents of the SM media were also analyzed before and after fermentation. Xanthan yield (14.37 g/L), viscosity (127.5 mPa.s), and comparable antioxidant activity (59.75 at3.0 mg/ml) were improved in SME compared to SUC yield (9.85 g/L), viscosity (124.3 mPa.s), and antioxidant activity (60.07% at 3.0 mg/ml). FTIR and 1H NMR results confirmed the similarities between the gum produced and the commercial gum. However, PCA of the fingerprint region (1200–700 cm−1) revealed spectral distinctions, reflecting treatment-dependent variations in substitution patterns and polymer conformation. SEM analysis reveals the SME produced a more compact, block-like morphology (similar to the commercial gum) compared to the elongated, ribbon-like structures in other samples. SME release high aglycone pre-fermentation, while SMN showed its prevalence post-fermentation. Collectively, these results establish that enzymatic pretreatment enhances production efficiency and improves xanthan's functional attributes offering a tunable platform for industrial applications. This process supports a multi-product biorefinery scenario, simultaneously yielding high-quality xanthan and isoflavones.

A simple method for the synthesis of 1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylimidazolidine-2,4-dionesstructural analogues of the plant growth regulator thidiazuronhas been developed. The effects of 8 new compounds, as well as thidiazuron (TDZ), 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BAP), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), on cucumber seed germination and seedling morphology have been studied. Two 1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylimidazolidine-2,4-diones, A1 and B1, were discovered to exhibit growth-regulating effects similar to those of TDZ and considered promising candidates for further investigation. At a concentration of 5 mg/L, these compounds significantly inhibited the growth of lateral roots and retarded the elongation of the primary root, without negatively affecting the vegetative parts of the seedlings. Evaluation of the fungicidal activity of the 1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylimidazolidine-2,4-diones at a concentration of 50 μg/mL against 8 strains of phytopathogenic fungi revealed 4 compounds with moderate activity (I > 50%) against Alternaria solani and 2 compounds against Plenodomus lingam.

This study presents a simple and convenient approach to the synthesis of 1-(4-methyl-1,2,3-selenadiazol-5-yl)-3-arylureas and (Z)-1-(2-(2-chloroacetyl)-4-methyl-1,2,3-selenadiazol-5(2H)-ylidene)-3-arylurea. The crystal structure of 3 compounds was studied, and it was shown that they possess pseudoheterocyclic system Se(1)C(5)N(1)C(6)O(2). The results of evaluating the fungicidal activity of all the obtained substances against 3 phytopathogenic fungi and the effect of 6 compounds on seed germination and development of cucumber seedlings in comparison with TDZ are presented. Compound 3b exhibited moderate activity (47.21 ± 0.43%) against S. sclerotiorum. Additionally, 1,2,3-selenadiazol-5-ylureas 2a and 2d inhibited root and stem elongation and lateral root formation in cucumber seedlings, demonstrating effects similar to those of TDZ. These findings suggest that further study of the growth-regulating properties of compounds 2a and 2d is warranted.

In the treatment and prevention of fungal infections of plants, along with fungicides, inducers of systemic plant resistance, also called elicitors, have become particularly important in recent years. In this work, a method was developed for the synthesis of new 3,4-dichloroisothiazol-5-yl and 4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl ureas 1,2, containing a 2-cyanophenyl substituent, structurally similar to a known synthetic elicitors isotianil and tiadinil. The protective properties of the obtained compounds on cucumber and pepper leaves infected with B. cinerea, as well as their fungicidal properties against B. cinerea, were studied. It has been established that disubstituted ureas 1,2 exhibit very low fungicidal activity against this fungus, about 11%. At the same time, study on plant leaves showed that compound 2 effectively inhibited the development of gray mold on both cucumber and pepper leaves with an inhibition rate of more than 90%, which was similar to tiadinil. Compound 1 was effective only on cucumber leaves (96.50±0.01%). Isotianil in the experiment showed an average degree of protection – 62.48±1.04% on cucumber leaves and 56.50±1.29% on pepper leaves.

An approach to developing a docking protocol using free software such as KNIME, DataWarrior, AutoDock Vina, AutoDockTools, OpenBabel and the SWISS-MODEL service was described. In particular, the process of generating possible isomeric structures using KNIME chemoinformatics libraries is described. A library of benzo[d]azoles containing 145 compounds with homologous models of Alternaria solani β-tubulin obtained in two ways: using the commercial Prime program and the free SWISS-MODEL service, the comparison of results was shown. Despite the less preorganization of the binding cavity of the homologous model obtained using SWISS-MODEL, the correlation of the results between the two methods were observed. The correlation coefficients were as follows: Pearson was 0.65, Spearman was 0.62. According to the docking results, 99% of the studied 2-aminobenzo[d]azoles derivatives showed a docking score of no more than –7, which indicates that these compounds are promising for studying the fungicidal activity, in particular against A. solani. Without taking into account pharmacokinetic characteristics, benzo[d]imidazole derivatives containing a sulfanilamidine substituent at the 2-amino group and thioacetyl derivatives of 2-aminobenzo[d]imidazole are of particular interest in the search for new antitubulin fungicides.

A series of 5-benzylidene-5H-[1,2,3]triazolo[5,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazines were synthesized by the reaction of benzaldehyde 1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylhydrazones with a-bromo-4-chloroacetophenone and chloroacetone in the presence of triethylamine. The key steps of the reaction are the Dimroth rearrangement of the 1,2,3-thiadiazole ring, the formation of 6,7-dihydro-5H-[1,2,3]triazolo[5,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazines, and the transformation of the thiadiazine ring giving 5-arylidene-5H-[1,2,3]triazolo[5,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazines. It was demonstrated that 6,7-dihydro-5H-[1,2,3]triazolo[5,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazines, which do not undergo the transformation in the presence of triethylamine, can be transformed into 5-arylidene-5H-[1,2,3]triazolo[5,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazines using sodium hydroxide. The reaction is accompanied by the saponification of the ethoxycarbonyl substituent. A number of the synthesized compounds were tested for fungicidal activity against four strains of phytopathogenic fungi and the oomycete P. infestans. Compound 5n exhibits a moderate inhibitory effect (56.31±0.13

1,2,3-Thiadiazoles exhibit versatile reactivity due to their ability to undergo ring cleavage, forming alpha-diazothione species through a Dimroth-type equilibrium. Denitrogenation of the alpha-diazothione, induced by high temperature, irradiation, or strong bases, allows generation of a wide range of reactive intermediates. Since 2016, the transition-metal-catalyzed denitrogenative transannulation of 1,2,3-thiadiazoles has garnered significant attention as a promising approach to constructing diverse heterocyclic scaffolds. This review focuses on the denitrogenative reactions of 1,2,3-thiadiazoles, particularly highlighting the novel rhodium-catalyzed denitrogenative transannulation transformations along with their mechanisms. The denitrogenative annulation of 1,2,3-thiadiazoles has emerged as an important strategy in organic synthesis, as it can permit streamlined access to a variety of functionalised heterocyclic compounds from a common, stable building. This review focuses on the denitrogenative reactions of 1,2,3-thiadiazoles, particularly focused on novel rhodium-catalyzed methodology. image

Astaxanthin is a red xanthophyll with high economic and industrial value in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmetic and food industries. In recent years, the biotechnological production of astaxanthin has attracted much attention as a sustainable alternative to the predominating petrochemical-dependent chemical synthesis. In this regard, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is regarded as a promising microorganism for industrial production of astaxanthin. Unfortunately, biotechnological production of the carotenoid is currently expensive. The present study investigated soy molasses (SM) and residual brewers’ yeast as cheap fermentation feedstocks for the cultivation of X. dendrorhous and astaxanthin production. Yeast extract was obtained from residual brewers’ yeast using various techniques and then combined with SM to formulate a two-component growth medium which was subsequently used to cultivate X. dendrorhous. Generally, the yeast extract produced from residual brewers’ yeast supported X. dendrorhous growth and astaxanthin production at levels comparable to those seen with commercial yeast extract. Overall, cultivating X. dendrorhous in an SM-based medium containing 5

The production of xanthan gum using Xanthomonas campestris B6720 was investigated. The fermentation process, encompassing substrate consumption, bacteria growth, gum yield, explored and compared the produced gum with a commercially gum using FTIR. The study also explored application of xanthan gum in fermented soymilk. Investigating the addition of xanthan gum to fermented soymilk aims to assess its impact on sensory attributes, microbial stability, and overall stability of the product during storage. About 8.837 ±0.199 g/L of xanthan gum was obtained and 7.093 ±0.267 g/L of reducing sugars residuals at the end of the fermentation period. FTIR results revealed the similarities between the gum produced and the commercial gum. The inclusion of 0.020% of xanthan gum could have a positive effect on the physicochemical and microbial stability of fermented soymilk during storage and hence increasing consumer acceptability. The findings from this research hold promise for optimizing the production of xanthan gum using X. campestris B6720 and offer insights into its potential application in enhancing the sensory attributes and stability of fermented soymilk. This could have significant implications for the food industry, providing a valuable avenue for the utilization of xanthan gum as a functional ingredient in dairy alternative products.

Astaxanthin, a red-orange liposoluble carotenoid, has been the centre of considerable attention in recent years for its numerous biological activities, notably its potent antioxidant activity. It is reported that astaxanthin elicits these biological activities via a number of cellular pathways. The Nrf2/Keap1 pathway is a major regulator of the antioxidant defence system of cells; it modulates the expression of a plethora of genes related to redox homeostasis as well as cellular detoxification. The pathway has received lots of attention as a prospective therapeutic target for diseases related to oxidative stress and inflammation. Several reports have shown that the pathway is inducible by many natural compounds. This present work reviews the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway, its regulation and involvement in diseases, provides a brief overview of naturally occurring compounds as activators of the pathway as well as discusses the effect of astaxanthin on the pathway.

In vitro propagation of medicinal plants has been incorporated into producing healthy plants that are beneficial to humanity. Some basic principles and factors tend to influence the cultivation process, thus, causing this method of plant propagation to be adapted owing to the importance and benefits surrounding this method. The main objective of this research work was to obtain cell cultures of medicinal plants of Cichorium intybus, Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, Monarda citriodora, and Rhodiola krylovii. In obtaining the cell cultures of these medicinal plants, some steps need to be followed. In this research, the effect of different methods of sterilisation/cultivation of plant seeds and explants were evaluated using two different media compositions, observable differences between sterile and non-sterile plant seedlings of C. intybus, Monarda citriodora, and Rhodiola krylovii. The effect of growth regulator (Kinetin) and non-growth regulator (Kinetin) on the cell cultures was observed in solid and liquid media; the dry and wet weight was determined for a callus of Chicory grown in cell suspension culture. All results were presented on tables and charts.

The addition of active groups of known fungicides, or systemic acquired resistance inducers, into novel compound molecules to search for potential antifungal compounds is a popular and effective strategy. In this work, a new series of N-acyl-N-arylalanines was developed and synthesized, in which 1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylcarbonyl or 3,4-dichloroisothiazol-5-ylcarbonyl (fragments from synthetic plant resistance activators tiadinil and isotianil, respectively) and a fragment of N-arylalanine, the toxophoric group of acylalanine fungicides. Several new synthesized compounds have shown moderate antifungal activity against fungi in vitro, such as B. cinerea, R. solani and S. sclerotiorum. In vivo tests against A. brassicicola showed that compound 1d was 92% effective at a concentration of 200 µg/mL, similar to level of tiadinil, a known inducer of systemic resistance. Thus, 1d could be considered a new candidate fungicide for further detailed study. The present results will advance research and influence the search for more promising fungicides for disease control in agriculture.

Xanthan gum (XG) is an important industrial microbial exopolysaccharide. It has found applications in various industries, such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, paints and coatings, and wastewater treatment, but especially in the food industry. The thickening and stabilizing properties of XG make it a valuable ingredient in many food products. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the various potential applications of this versatile ingredient in the food industry. Especially in the plant-based food industries due to current interest of consumers in cheaper protein sources and health purposes. However, challenges and opportunities also exist, and this review aims to identify and explore these issues in greater detail. Overall, this article represents a valuable contribution to the scientific understanding of XG and its potential applications in the food industry.

Plant-based milks and fermented plant-based milk products are gaining popularity but may not possess the same physicochemical characteristics as the traditional fermented dairy products. The different chemical composition of plant-based milk affects the physicochemical and consumer acceptability of fermented plant-based milk. To compare their characteristics to the traditional dairy yoghurt and consumer acceptability, different fermented plant-based milk products were prepared as well as their two-component mixtures and their physicochemical and consumer acceptability evaluated. The single component fermented plant-based milk sample (soy milk) did not vary in terms of physicochemical parameters with respect to the traditional fermented dairy product, yoghurt. The physicochemical parameters including pH, water holding capacity, syneresis improved when the milk samples were composited and are comparable to the traditional fermented dairy product (yogurt). The results indicated that the use of two-component plant-based milk for fermentation provides the best nutritional and energy values for consumers rather than using just one component. Also, the high consumer acceptability for fermented plant-based milk was demonstrated from the findings.

The nature of the C5-substituent on the 1,2,3-thiadiazole ring has a remarkable effect on regioselectivity of the intermolecular transannulation of thiadiazole substrates with phenylacetylene leading to different thiophene regioisomers.

Lead discovery and molecular target identification are important for developing novel pesticides. Scaffold hopping, an effective approach of modern medicinal and agrochemical chemistry for a rational design of target molecules, is aiming to design novel molecules with similar structures and similar/better biological performance. Herein, 24 new ferimzone derivatives were designed and synthesized by a scaffold-hopping strategy. In vitro bioassays indicated that compound 5o showed similar potency to ferimzone against Cercospora arachidicola and 2-fold higher potency than ferimzone against Alternaria solani. Compounds 5q, 6a, and 6d displayed fungicidal activity with EC50 values ranging from 1.17 to 3.84 μg/mL against Rhizoctonia solani, and compounds 5q and 6a displayed 1.6-1.8-fold higher activity than ferimzone against Fusarium graminearum. The in vivo bioassays at 200 μg/mL indicated that compound 5q was more potent than ferimzone against Pyricularia oryzae (90% vs 70% efficacy, respectively). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations elucidated the structure-energy relationship. Although the mode of action of ferimzone is still unclear, studies suggested that compound 5q significantly inhibited the growth and reproduction of R. solani, and its energy metabolism pathways (e.g., starch, sucrose, lipids, and glutathione) were seriously downregulated after a 5q treatment.

Целью исследования является оценка влияния производного 1,2,3-триазоло-1,3,4 тиадиазина на восстановление волокнистого компонента кожи в условиях заживления ожоговой раны. В качестве экспериментальных животных использовали самцов белых беспородных лабораторных крыс. Были проведены морфологические и механические исследования. Животных опытных групп выводили из эксперимента на 14-е и 21-е сутки для оценки течения регенераторного процесса. Опытным животным моделировали ожоговую рану кожи IIIА степени. Лечение осуществлялось нанесением на пораженный участок мази, содержащей исследуемое вещество. Данные морфологического анализа свидетель ствуют о стимулирующем влиянии 1,2,3-триазоло-1,3,4-тиадиазина на регенерацию кожи, в частности, восстановление волокнистого компонента. К 14-м суткам эксперимента все образцы имеют слабые механические характеристики. Однако на 21-е сутки эксперимента образцы из группы с тестируемым веществом демонстрируют более высокие прочностные свойства, растягиваясь на 28,893 ± 4,548 % при максимальной нагрузке в 0,804 ± 0,129 МПа. Достоверное различие с интактным значением (кожа до разрыва растягивается на 31,434 ± 4,921 % при нагрузке в 5,082 ± 0,060 МПа) связано, вероятно, с тем, что механические свойства кожи определяются не только толщиной коллагеновых волокон, но и способом укладки волокон в пучки, взаимным расположением и взаимодействием с другими структурными компонентами ткани.

1,3-Thiazolidin-4-one derivatives with a exocyclic C=C double bond in position 2 of the hetero ring have a wide spectrum of biological activity, but their fungicidal activity has not been studied as much as it should be. This paper presents a simple and convenient approach for obtaining potential antifungal agents based on 2-(4-oxo-1,3-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)acetamides. The first examples of evaluating the fungicidal activity of 8 obtained compounds on 8 strains of phytopathogenic fungi are presented. A highly active compound 4e with EC50 of 0.85 and 2.29 µg/mL against A. solani and P. lingam, respectively, was found to be promising for further study.

Ligand-controlled rhodium(I)-catalyzed denitrogenative transformations of a range of 4-vinyl-1,2,3-thiadiazoles possessing electron-donating substituents at the C5-position of the heterocycle have been demonstrated. With [Rh(COD)(2)]BF4, vinylic 1,2,3-thiadiazoles undergo an intramolecular transannulation reaction to afford substituted furans. In contrast, the [Rh(COD)DPPF]BF4 catalytic system inhibits the intramolecular reaction but promotes intermolecular transannulation with both electron-deficient and electron-rich terminal alkynes, providing access to densely functionalized thiophenes with unexpected regioselectivity. Experimental and computational mechanistic studies were performed to gain insights into the Rh(I)-catalyzed intramolecular transannulation of vinylic 1,2,3-thiadiazoles, with a focus on understanding the influence of the C5-substituent on reactivity and the role of the DPPF ligand. Importantly, our crystallographic data uncovered that the true structure of the organorhodium intermediate involved in Rh(I)-catalyzed denitrogenative reactions of 1,2,3-thiadiazoles is likely to be a four-membered cyclometalated Rh(III) complex.