K-ion batteries (KIBs) have attracted significant attention due to the predicted lower cost and redox potential of K mental. However, the major obstacle for high-performance KIBs lies in high-capacity cathode, which need to be charged to higher voltage but with severe side reactions and deteriorative cycling performance. Here, the direct and nanoscale atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Al2O3 on cathode composite electrodes was conducted, which effectively enhance high-voltage stability and cycle life of K0.5MnO2 oxides cathode when cycling between extended voltage range of 2.0–4.2 V. Through combined analysis of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), distribution of relaxation time (DRT) and Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS) analyses, the ALD-Al2O3 facilitates formation of a thinner, more stable and rich-fluoride inorganic cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI), which effectively inhibited Mn-ion dissolution and maintains structural stability. This direct ALD modification provides an efficient and industrially scalable pathway for designing high-voltage cathodes for KIBs.

Ambient-air fabrication of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is cost-effective, yet crystallization regulation under moisture invasion represents an urgent challenge. Here, we report a thermally activated proton-transfer strategy through hydrophobic dipolar heptafluorobutyramidine (SFA) to stage-specifically regulate perovskite crystallization. SFA first induces a porous PbI2 scaffold that accelerates organic-salt infiltration and phase formation. Upon annealing, SFA undergoes a heat-triggered proton transfer with formamidinium (FA+). In this process, SFA acts as a proton custodian to prevent volatile deprotonation, while the resulting protonated SFA+ then helps stabilize FA-deficient local regions and passivate vacancy-related defects, thereby suppressing surface-associated decomposition and metallic Pb0 formation. Consequently, we achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.90% (certified 26.74%) for air-processed PSCs. The unencapsulated device maintained >95% of initial efficiency after 2,000 h of storage in ambient air and 91% after 1,100 h of operation under 1-sun illumination in N2 atmosphere.

Hybrid wind-PV system projects (HWPSPs) help increase renewable energy penetration and gain additional advantages under carbon emission trading (CET) mechanisms. However, evolving CET policies and carbon price volatility introduce uncertainty into the objective evaluation of such projects. This study proposes a quantum-enhanced evaluation framework that integrates quantum particle swarm optimization (QPSO) with the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) to assess HWPSP performance in a carbon-trading context. A CET-integrated evaluation indicator system is first constructed based on an in-depth analysis of CET's influence on HWPSPs. The coupled relationships among indicators are then modeled via quantum superposition and entanglement, while indicator weights are optimized using QPSO. Subsequently, TOPSIS is applied to obtain the final assessment results. A newly constructed HWPSP at a thermal power plant in Beijing, China, is used as a case study to validate the method. The results show that QPSO improves convergence speed by 35.8% compared with classical PSO and enhances robustness, with ranking fluctuations remaining within +/- 2% under 5%-10% indicator perturbations -vs 8%-12% for traditional linear multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods. Finally, the proposed method is validated using a real HWPSP project at a thermal power plant in Beijing. Incorporating CET reduces the Euclidean distance between the project's comprehensive evaluation score and the ideal scheme by 4.17%, elevating its final ranking to the "Excellent" level.

Shared hydrogen storage (SHS), characterized by long cycle duration, large capacity, and resource-sharing advantages, has become a promising solution to enhance the local consumption of distributed renewable energy. However, the self-benefit behavior of SHS providers and energy prosumers often leads to the breakdown of sustained cooperation, thereby reducing overall system efficiency. To address this issue, this study develops a quantum game-based collaborative operation model for SHS and prosumers. First, a regional energy system framework centered on SHS is established, and two participant types are characterized: renewable-consumptionoriented and self-benefit-oriented. Second, a classical non-zero-sum game is extended to a quantum environment, with quantum entanglement used to enhance the modeling of heterogeneous behavior types. Meanwhile, carbonemission constraints are embedded in the entanglement contract mechanism to reshape payoff allocation. Case study results demonstrate that, compared with the classical game, the quantum game approach increases local utilization of renewable energy by about 15.4 % and improves system economic benefits to a certain extent. Moreover, the entanglement mechanism mitigates the adverse impact of self-benefit participants and enhances long-term collaboration among heterogeneous participants. These findings provide theoretical support for the application of SHS and the development of quantum game approaches in energy systems.

Solid polymer electrolytes emerge as viable electrolyte candidates for lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Nevertheless, they face challenges of low ionic conductance, inadequate mechanical strength, and susceptibility to lithium dendrite generation. In this study, we address these challenges by incorporating porous silica nanosheets with functionalized groups (i.e., hydroxy, amino or carboxyl) in polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based electrolytes. Comprehensive characterizations and theoretical calculations disclose that these nanosheets effectively suppress PEO crystallization and promote lithium salt dissociation through hydrogen bonding between the polar groups of the nanosheets and the ether oxygen groups of PEO and the anions of lithium salts, respectively. Consequently, the functionalized nanosheet-modified electrolyte shows significant enhancement in ionic conductivity (8.9 x 10_ 5 vs. 7.5 x 10_6 S cm_ 1 at 30 degrees C) and mechanical toughness (1.47 vs. 0.61 MJ m_ 3). The oxidization stability potential also increases from 3.95 V to 5.15 V. Furthermore, the modified electrolyte demonstrates superior dendrite suppression capability. Consequently, the cycling life of the Li||Li cells extends to 3000 h. The Li|| LiFePO4 cells also display exceptional electrochemical performance. This study gives a hydrogen bond design strategy for polymer electrolyte-based LMBs.

Organic liquid electrolytes commonly used in commercial lithium-ion batteries pose potential safety hazards， such as flammability and electrolyte leakage. In comparison， solid-state lithium-ion batteries based on solid polymer electrolytes have attracted extensive attention， due to their high safety and high energy density. In this article， we introduce the structure and ion conduction mechanism of solid polymer electrolytes， especially three modes of polymer segment migration， surface diffusion， and ion hopping. In terms of preparation methods， the principles， preparation processes， and advantages and disadvantages of ex-situ curing and in-situ polymerization curing are analyzed in detail. The ex-situ curing method has a mature process， but there are a few issues， such as poor interface contact and high thickness. The in-situ curing method can achieve excellent interface compatibility and is also compatible with current battery assembly technology. To overcome the problems of low room temperature ionic conductivity and insufficient electrochemical stability of solid polymer electrolytes， various modification strategies， such as polymer molecular structure design， plasticizer addition， polymer blending， nanoparticle filling， and multi-layer design are explored. These strategies aim to reduce polymer crystallinity， construct fast ion channels， anchor anions， and optimize the interface between electrolytes and electrodes. Finally， the review points out the development trend of solid polymer electrolytes in large-scale preparation and application in solid-state batteries， providing references for future research.

Designing high-capacity and durable anodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) remains a formidable challenge due to persistent structural degradation and sluggish interfacial kinetics. Herein, a polycationic vanadate-based compound, LiCuFe2(VO4)3, is engineered to address these issues through a coupled mechanism of electrochemical lattice reorganization and self-adaptive interface modulation. The electrode exhibits an exceptional cycling performance, retaining a specific capacity of 1178 mAh g-1 after 1000 cycles at 0.5 A g-1, accompanied by a continuous capacity elevation phenomenon. Advanced synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction and first-principles calculations reveal that, during cycling, the precipitation of metallic Cu nanoparticles orchestrates charge percolation networks, while Fe3+-derived Fe3O4 catalyzes dynamic electrolyte translation, yielding a polymer gel-like film. This dual-regulation framework simultaneously alleviates mechanical stress and enables high-rate surface-dominated storage. These findings shed light on an electrochemically induced optimization paradigm, positioning LiCuFe2(VO4)3 as a prototype material for next-generation high-performance LIB anode.

The large-scale integration of Renewable Energy-based Hydrogen Production Systems (RE-HPS) is currently impeded by a key technical challenge: the mismatch between variable renewable power and the operating requirements of electrolyzers. To organize the existing literature in a more structured way, this review introduces and applies a multidimensional Volatility-Stability-Efficiency-Lifespan-Economy (VSEL) analytical framework. Using this framework, we highlight that degradation and lifetime effects are often insufficiently represented in conventional techno-economic assessments, and that cost-optimal strategies may accelerate equipment degradation when dynamic operating constraints are neglected. This paper reviews recent studies on capacity configuration, uncertainty management, and multi-objective control, and discusses the growing transition from passive buffering strategies to more adaptive operation and control methods. The analysis identifies three design directions for improving RE-HPS performance under variable power input: (1) Hardware Architecture: Transitioning from simple redundancy to heterogeneous decoupling to filter high-frequency power fluctuations; (2) Control Logic: Shifting from purely data-driven control to physics-informed control methods that embed safety boundaries into real-time dispatch; and (3) System Boundary: Expanding from localized cost minimization to broader lifecycle coordination, incorporating logistics constraints and dynamic carbon flows. The review provides design guidance for renewable hydrogen systems that must balance robustness, cost, durability, and lifecycle carbon performance.

The absence of halide ions in perovskite at the buried interface remains a critical factor restricting the stability in efficient inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs), mainly due to the metastable perovskite lattice. Herein, through a systematic investigation of the bonding mechanisms between arylboronic acid derivatives and perovskite, designing 5-fluoro-6-hydroxypyridin-3-ylboronic acid (FO-PyBA) anchors robustly on the perovskite surface vacancies to reinforce the perovskite octahedron to stabilize the buried interface. The -B(OH)2 and C ═ O groups in FO-PyBA promote the concurrent formation of C ═ O─Pb and B─O─Pb coordination bonds alongside N─H···I and O─H···I hydrogen bonds, which establish a robust coplanar multidentate anchoring with perovskite to reinforce the octahedral framework. Crucially, this more stable multidentate anchoring is enabled by precisely tailoring the interatomic distances of anchoring sites in derivatives to match the defect sites of perovskite. The FO-PyBA effectively suppresses Pb/I vacancy defects and iodine ions migration to reduce interfacial nonradiative recombination. Consequently, it enabled inverted PSCs achieving a champion efficiency of 26.85% (certificated 26.70%) and maintained 94% of its initial efficiencies after 1000 h of operating under one-sun illumination in N2.

Perovskite-type BiFeO3 (BFO) has been considered as a promising candidate for photoelectrochemical cells due to its suitable band alignment, robust ferroelectric behavior, and good chemical stability. However, the photoelectrochemical performance of BFO is limited by poor photon utilization and severe charge carrier losses. In this work, the Bi3+ sites of p-type BFO thin films are substitutionally doped by Ag+ to improve their photon absorption and bulk carrier transport, thereby enhancing photoelectrochemical responses. The results show that Ag doping reduces the bandgap of BFO photocathodes, broadening spectral absorption. Furthermore, Ag doping regulates the growth of BFO grains to form the films composed of single-layer grains, which effectively reduces bulk charge recombination associated with grain boundaries. Also, the bulk charge transport is further improved by the increase in majority carrier density induced by Ag doping. As a result, the photocurrent density of 6% Ag-doped BFO photocathodes reaches -0.88 mAcm(-2) at 0.5 V vs RHE in O-2-saturated electrolytes, which is more than 5 times higher than that of pristine BFO photocathodes. This study lays a solid foundation for facilitating efficient solar fuel generation based on BFO photocathodes.

Lithium metal batteries are regarded as a key candidate for next-generation high-energy-density energy storage batteries owing to their ultrahigh theoretical specific capacity. Nevertheless, the evolution law of isolated lithium and continuous generation of dead lithium during cycling remain unclear, which severely restrict the cycling lifespan and fast-charging performance of batteries. To address this challenge, a phase-field model capable of accurately characterizing the spontaneous formation of isolated lithium is established based on phase equilibrium phase transition theory combined with dynamic electrochemical processes of lithium deposition and stripping. The intrinsic physical mechanism of solid-liquid phase transition in electrolytes under electric field modulation is revealed. Based on the proposed model, the regulation effects of pulse parameters on the growth morphologies of dendritic and mossy lithium are systematically investigated. The results verify that single nucleation optimization and skeleton structure modification fail to fundamentally restrain dead lithium generation during stripping. Accordingly, a dual-stage differential electric field configuration of anode skeleton is designed, and an asymmetric electric field regulation strategy matching plating and stripping processes is constructed. Uniform bottom-up lithium deposition and stable top-down controllable lithium stripping are achieved successfully. Combined with in-situ optical microscopic observations, the reliability of simulation results is validated, and the spatial migration and electric field response evolution characteristics of isolated lithium are further clarified. Integrating theoretical simulation and experimental verification, this study systematically reveals the formation and evolution mechanisms of isolated lithium and dead lithium. It provides a significant theoretical basis for suppressing dead lithium accumulation, improving the cycling stability of lithium metal anodes, and advancing the technological upgrading of high-energy-density fast-charging energy storage batteries.

Mechanism-aware ML integrated with knowledge graph databases accelerates the materials discovery for high-efficiency and stable inverted PSCs.

Stability degradation plagues both regular n-i-p and inverted p-i-n perovskite solar cells (PSCs), with the organic hole transport layer (HTL) constituting a key restricting factor. Poly(triarylamine) (PTAA) possesses intrinsic polymer characteristics and excellent thermal stability, rendering it a competitive candidate for high-performance PSCs applicable to both device structures. However, challenging p-doping procedures and vulnerability to humidity restrict its utilization. Herein, we introduced a hydrophobic dilauroyl peroxide (DP) with oxidation ability and a long-chain alkanes structure into the PTAA. Upon cleavage of the peroxide bond (-O-O-) of DP, two decanoyl free radicals are generated. These radicals seize the lone pair of electrons on the N atom of the triarylamine in PTAA, oxidizing PTAA into a positively charged radical PTAA•+, thereby achieving p-type doping of PTAA. This doping process enhances the electrical properties and transport characteristics of PTAA. Besides, the introduction of long-chain alkyl groups enhances the hydrophobicity of the PTAA film, increasing the water contact angle from 60.18° to 80.39°. As a result, the champion PCE of n-i-p PSCs increased from 23.49% to 24.82%, while that of p-i-n PSCs increased from 25.26% to 26.04%. Moreover, the humidity stability and thermal stability of the PSCs are enhanced. As a result, after the PSC aged for approximately 4752 h at 25 °C and 45% relative humidity, it still maintained 97% of its initial PCE.

Perovskite chiral metamaterials have attracted widespread attention due to their enormous potential in areas such as chiral photoelectronics, spintronics, and ferroelectricity. However, current research often struggles to balance large-area fabrication with strong optical chirality responses. Here, we design and fabricate a novel three-dimensional displaced overlapping structure. A universal method combining electrochemical templating and stepwise glancing angle deposition enables large-area sample fabrication (1.4 cm × 1.4 cm). Ellipsometry-based circular dichroism measurements reveal a strong chiroptical response with a CD value of 12,149 mdeg and an anisotropy factor of 0.82 at 700 nm. Simulations indicate that the response originates from the resonant coupling of parallel electric and magnetic dipole components within the structure, with extrinsic chirality tunable via the incident light angle. Compared to conventional nanofabrication, this approach increases the production area by 4 orders of magnitude while offering tunable polarization conversion (1° to 32.6°). This work provides a viable pathway for developing large-area, low-cost polarizers, imaging, displays, and biosensors.

Nickel hydroxide, Ni(OH)2, is regarded as an attractive electrode material for supercapacitors, owing to its high theoretical specific capacitance, low cost, and facile preparation. However, its capacitive performance is limited by low conductivity, sluggish ion diffusion kinetics, and poor structural stability. In this work, we systematically regulate the nanostructure of NiCo2O4/Ni(OH)2 composites, which significantly enhances the capacitive properties of Ni(OH)2, providing a promising energy storage material for photorechargeable devices. The nanorod-structured NiCo2O4 with a high specific surface area facilitates rapid electron transfer and provides abundant sites for Ni(OH)2 loading. Notably, the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-induced porous Ni(OH)2 grows continuously and uniformly over the NiCo2O4 framework, allowing more materials to be utilized for energy storage. Furthermore, the robust NiCo2O4 nanorods serve as a structural backbone, effectively suppressing the pulverization and detachment of the Ni(OH)2 during prolonged cycling. The results show that the composite electrodes exhibit a specific capacitance of 2170.22 F/g (301.42 mAh/g) at 1 A/g and a capacitance retention of 82.3% at 20 A/g, with the assembled supercapacitor maintaining 91.94% of its initial capacitance after 6000 cycles at 2 A/g. Benefiting from the improved performance, particularly the rate capability, the resulting photorechargeable supercapacitors achieve a solar-to-electrochemical energy efficiency of 16.21%. This study provides a nanostructure engineering strategy for improving the capacitive behaviors of materials, advancing high-performance photorechargeable devices.

Succinonitrile (SN)-based electrolytes with high ionic conductivity are considered as a promising candidate for all-solid-state lithium metal batteries (LMBs). However, the decomposition of SN on the lithium metal electrode surfaces severely challenges the stable operation of LMBs. Herein, this work introduces a hydrogen-bond strategy to enhance the cycling stability of SN electrolyte-based LMBs by incorporating accessible aramid nanofibers (ANFs) and amino-functionalized silica (SiO2─NH2) nanospheres into the electrolyte. The -NH groups of the ANFs and the -NH2 groups of the SiO2─NH2 establish multiple hydrogen-bonds with the -C≡N groups of SN in the electrolyte, suppressing SN decomposition and blocking the deleterious SN-lithium metal interaction. Additionally, the composite electrolyte facilitates uniform Li+ deposition on the lithium electrodes and inhibits dendrite growth. Consequently, the composite electrolyte-based Li||Li symmetrical cells display an exceptional cyclic durability, surpassing 2600 h. Furthermore, the electrolyte-based Li||LiFePO4 cells present excellent cycling stability for 700 cycles at room temperature and 0°C. The solid-state Li||LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cells with a high active mass loading of 10 mg cm-2 also deliver superior cycle performance. This work adopts the multiple hydrogen-bond interaction for highly stable SN-based solid-state LMBs.

The practical application of metal halide PSCs (PSCs) is badly impeded by their long-term stability concerns, with the issues primarily rooted in the perovskite film. In real-service environments, PSCs endure multiple external factors, light, heat, humidity, and oxygen. Among them, thermal instability represents a particularly severe and fundamental challenge, since heat acts not only as a direct degradation driver but also as a potent accelerator of other degradation pathways. Herein, this review discusses the thermal degradation mechanisms of perovskite from the perspectives of phase transition, materials decomposition, thermal stress, passivation failure and thermal coupled effect, with the latter two aspects emphasized. Then, the review outlines the effective strategies for enhancing the thermal stability of perovskite film and corresponding solar cells, including A-site cation component engineering, crystal facet engineering, dimensional engineering, stress regulation and ion migration inhibition. Finally, perspectives on the future researches for advancing the development of thermally stable devices are proposed, aiming to offer referable routes for accelerating the PSCs industrialization.

An in situ non-invasive capping strategy uses phenyl acetoacetyl to promote deeper oleate-to-acetate ligand exchange while preserving the cubic structure in CsPbI 3 quantum dots, enabling solar cells to deliver 17.66% efficiency (certified 17.07%).

Photovoltaic (PV) greenhouses represent a promising pathway toward sustainable agriculture by enabling clean energy utilization and improving crop productivity. However, their energy management is constrained by two critical challenges: the uncertainty in energy supply and demand, and the complexity of non-convex optimization. This paper proposes a novel energy management method based on variational quantum algorithms. Firstly, a quantum machine learning forecasting model, namely a dual attention mechanism-based quantum long short-term memory (DAM-QLSTM), is developed to improve the prediction accuracy by exploiting its expressive capacity for modeling nonlinear dependencies. Secondly, based on the prediction results, a variational quantum circuit (VQC)-based rolling optimization model is formulated to address the non-convex optimization problem with multi-physics constraints, leveraging quantum interference to improve exploration of the solution space. Finally, the proposed DAM-QLSTM-VQC method is validated using practical data from a PV greenhouse in Beijing, demonstrating a 9.6% improvement in renewable energy utilization compared with particle swarm optimization, along with reductions in total operating cost, carbon and pollutant emissions. Compared with model predictive control, the proposed method reduces cost by 1.5% and emissions by 4.7%. These findings highlight the potential of quantum computing to enhance the energy management efficiency in complex agricultural energy systems.

The certified quasi-steady-state efficiency of reported inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has rarely surpassed 26%, primarily attributed to interfacial energy-level misalignment and defect-mediated non-radiative recombination. Here we report a surface-phase-transformation strategy of introducing a minuscule amount of N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) into the piperazinium diiodide (PDI)-dissolved isopropanol solution to mitigate these challenges. We demonstrate that NMP induces a distinct crystallization pathway on perovskite surfaces during the post-treatment stage, transitioning from a solvated intermediate phase to the alpha-phase perovskite, bypassing the conventional delta-intermediate-phase -> alpha-phase route, which improves the crystallinity of perovskite surfaces and reduces contact losses. Moreover, NMP enhances the interaction between PDI and perovskites, further optimizing interfacial band alignment. Consequently, we demonstrate high certified power conversion efficiencies of 26.87% (stabilized efficiency), 23.00% and 29.08% for single-junction PSCs, mini-modules and all-perovskite tandems, respectively. Maximum-power-point tracking retains 96% of initial efficiency after 2,500 h under 1-sun illumination at 65 degrees C in ambient air.