Salt efflorescence is one of the most common and typical forms of deterioration in outdoor sandstone relics. An effective strategy is to impregnate the weathered sandstone with a protective material that both consolidates the matrix and suppresses the activity of soluble salts. Specifically, a linear ditriethoxysilane (LDTS) coupling agent with six terminal siloxane groups was synthesized and grafted onto sandstone grains to increase available reactive sites. 3-Methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) and sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) were copolymerized via a redox initiator to form the zwitterionic siloxane polymer P(MPS-ran-SBMA), denoted as PMS. This polymer formed in situ within the sandstone and simultaneously underwent hydrolysis-condensation reactions with siloxane groups on sandstone grains, yielding a robust, three-dimensional topological network throughout the sandstone matrix. The result demonstrated that PMS1:3 modulated the preferred crystallization orientation of Na2SO4 via electrostatic interactions and promoted dispersed crystallization, reducing the Na2SO4 crystallization pressure within the (LDTS-PMS1:3)-confined space by 73.03% compared with that within the LDTS-confined space. In addition, the synergism between the six-armed structure of LDTS and the in-situ formation of hydrophilic PMS1:3 facilitated the uniform distribution of LDTS-PMS1:3 throughout the sandstone. Consequently, the treated sandstone exhibited nearly identical pore structure and water vapor transmission to the untreated sandstone. More importantly, the (LDTS-PMS1:3)-treated sandstone withstood 3.5 times as many hygrothermal salt aging cycles as the untreated sandstone. Furthermore, the sulfobetaine zwitterion in LDTS-PMS1:3 effectively immobilized salt ions within the sandstone by adsorption, suppressing surface salt efflorescence.

One strategy for mitigating salt damage in outdoor sandstone grottoes involved the application of an effective protective material to consolidate the fragile sandstone, suppress salt crystallization, reduce crystallization pressure and ultimately remove the endogenous soluble salt. To this end, the hydrophilic zwitterionic monomer 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) was copolymerized with hydrophobic siloxane monomer 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) to yield a zwitterionic siloxane polymer P(MPC-ran-MPS). Subsequently, inorganic ionic calcium carbonate oligomer (o-CaCO3) was utilized to functionalize P(MPC-ran-MPS) through electrostatic crosslinking, resulting in a novel homogeneous organic-inorganic P(MPC-ran-MPS)/o-CaCO3 composite within an ethanol system. The coating cast from homogeneous P(MPC-ran-MPS)/o-CaCO3 composite exhibited a high light transmittance of up to 93 % and had no discernible influence on the chroma of treated sandstone. Attributed to the strong electrostatic interaction between salt ions and zwitterionic groups in MPC segments, the crystallization pressure of sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) within the confined space of the P(MPCran-MPS)/o-CaCO3 coating was reduced by 88.62 % and 49.76 % as compared with the confined spaces of hydrophilic uncoated glass plate and hydrophobic coating, respectively. Moreover, a shorter crystallization duration was observed. The homogeneous P(MPC-ran-MPS)/o-CaCO3 within the sandstone facilitated the rapid migration of Na2SO4 from the interior of sandstone to the sandstone-air interface, followed by the nondestructive removal of Na2SO4 from sandstone-air interface. Notably, the incorporation of tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) into P(MPC-ran-MPS)/o-CaCO3 contributed to the mechanical interlocking and chemical bonding with the sandstone substrate, enhancing the mechanical strength and the freeze-thaw resistance of the treated sandstone.

The origin of elemental chromium for the archaeological weapons from the pits of Qin terracotta warriors in China has been highly controversial. Although previous studies have highlighted that the chromium on the surface of weapon originated from the contamination of surrounding lacquer, the exact origin of chromium in the lacquer remains unclear. In this work, the measurement by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) firstly confirmed that the elemental chromium was indeed contained in the archaeological Qin original lacquer. Nevertheless, the amount of elemental chromium in the Qin lacquer was as low as 0.0759 μg/mg, disclosing that it was impossible to artificially add extra refined chromium-containing substance to the lacquer in the preparation of the terracotta warriors. The soil from the archaeological site of Qin lacquer was found to have a chromium amount of 0.0660 μg/mg by ICP-MS. After the hygrothermal and soil-buried aging cycles for the lab-prepared lacquer, the surface and depth elemental analyses by time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometer (TOF–SIMS) showed a gradient distribution of elemental chromium from the surface to interior of aged lacquer, indicating the migration and enrichment behavior of elemental chromium from the burial soil towards the lacquer. To explore the migration mechanism of elemental chromium, fluorescence imaging technique was employed in combination with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterizations. The results revealed that catechol-containing fragments were formed during hygrothermal and soil-buried aging of lacquer and consequently coordinated with chromium ions, inducing the migration of elemental chromium towards the lacquer.

The weathering of outdoor sandstone cultural relics was dominantly induced by the circulating crystallization of soluble salt Na2SO4. This work proposed to weaken the salt-induced deterioration by a protective material that could reinforce the fragile sandstone and simultaneously remove the salt via continuously transporting the salt towards the air-sandstone interface without damage to the sandstone. Therefore, a new protective material bearing poly(methacryloyloxylethyl phosphorylcholine) (PMPC)-based zwitterionic polymer segment (PMH), hydrophobic polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) segment (APTES-POSS) and small-size CaCO3 oligomer was prepared and denoted as POSS-PMH/CaCO3 composite. The presence of phosphorylcholine zwitterionic groups with water/salt affinity contributed greatly to the salt crystallization resistance of POSS-PMH/ CaCO3 coating. Specifically, Na2SO4 crystallization pressure in the (POSS-PMH/CaCO3)-coated confined medium decreased by 88.1 % and 59.6 % as compared with that in the glass plate confined medium and that in the (APTES-POSS)-coated confined medium, respectively. In addition, the salt in (POSS-PMH/CaCO3)-treated sandstone could be ingeniously removed by zwitterion-induced outward transport. As a functional additive to traditional paper pulp poultice, POSS-PMH/CaCO3 could also achieve a high-efficiency extraction of salt from sandstone. More critically, the hydrophobicity and strong interfacial bonding ability of APTES-POSS segment, as well as the small size effect and crosslinking property of CaCO3 oligomer highly facilitated the interfacial adhesion of POSS-PMH/CaCO3 towards sandstone, improving the service life of POSS-PMH/CaCO3 and meanwhile avoiding the potential damage to sandstone during the removal of salt.

Parasitic side reactions and dendrite growth on zinc anodes are formidable issues causing limited lifetime of aqueous zinc ion batteries (ZIBs). Herein, a spontaneous cascade optimization strategy is first proposed to regulate Zn 2+ migration-diffusion behavior. Specifically, PAPE@Zn layer with separation-reconstruction properties is constructed in situ on Zn anode. In this layer, well-soluble poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) can spontaneously separation to bulk electrolyte and weaken the preferential coordination between H 2 O and Zn 2+ to achieve primary optimization. Meanwhile, poor-soluble polymerized-4-acryloylmorpholine (PACMO) is reconstructed on Zn anode as hydrophobic flower-like arrays with abundant zincophilic sites, further guiding the de-solvation and homogeneous diffusion of Zn 2+ to achieve the secondary optimization. Cascade optimization effectively regulates Zn 2+ migration-diffusion behavior, dendrite growth and side reactions of Zn anode are negligible, and the stability is significantly improved. Consequently, symmetrical cells exhibit stability over 4000 h (1 mA cm −2 ). PAPE@Zn//NH 4 + −V 2 O 5 full cells with a high current density of 15 A g −1 maintains 72.2 % capacity retention for 12000 cycles. Even better, the full cell demonstrates excellent performance of cumulative capacity of 2.33 Ah cm −2 at ultra-low negative/positive (N/P) ratio of 0.6 and a high mass-loading (~17 mg cm −2 ). The spontaneous cascade optimization strategy provides novel path to achieve high-performance and practical ZIBs.

This paper reports a novel photothermal self-lubricating (PT-SL) anti-icing coating contributing to the structural design of photothermal material and the utilization enhancement of photothermal function. The PT-SL coating was created by the hydrolysis-condensation reaction of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and gamma-methacrylox-ypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) on the surface of pre-prepared flower-like CuS particle, followed by cross-linking yielded flower-like CuS@(SiO2-MPTMS) particle with silicone elastomer (Sylgard 184) in the presence of linear poly(dimethyl siloxane) (l-PDMS). The CuS@(SiO2-MPTMS) particle evidenced as black body in the wavelength range 250-2500 nm endowed the PT-SL coating with high photothermal conversion efficiency at a low content due to its flower-like structure with numerous sharp nanoflakes and small pores. The high tem-perature via photothermal effect could promote the surface migration of liquid-like hydrophobic l-PDMS, bestowing a self-lubricated dewetting property on PT-SL coating. Consequently, the PT-SL coating with a CuS@ (SiO2-MPTMS) content of 5 wt% under sunlight was capable of melting and cleaning ice and frost even at a freezing temperature of-25 degrees C. Under sunlight-free condition, the PT-SL coating also performed low ice adhesion strength ranging from 14.98 to 9.33 kPa and good durability due to the synergism of crosslinked structure, the uniform distribution of CuS@(SiO2-MPTMS) and the surface coverage of liquid-like l-PDMS.

The formation of self-assembled arrays or superstructures from copolymers has attracted intense research interest. Herein, we propose a kinetic approach to form self-assembled nanowires using a PDMS-based block copolymer consisting of poly(dimethylsiloxane)-b-poly[2-(cinnamoyloxy)ethyl methacrylate] (PDMS-b-PCEMA). The copolymer was synthesized by using the macroinitiator PDMS-Br to initiate 2-(trimethylsiloxy)ethyl methacrylate (HEMA-TMS) via ATRP, followed by hydrolysis of the TMS group and gradual esterification with cinnamoyl chloride. PDMS-b-PCEMA presented core-shell spherical micelles in tetrahydrofuran, which transformed into nanowires within 5 days self-assembly via a typical kinetic shape evolution. The diameter of the assembled nanowires with a PCEMA inner core and PDMS shell was about 25-35 nm. The formation of these nanowires reflected a balance between the PDMS and PCEMA components: the PDMS segment was soluble enough to form a corona block, which was beneficial for the transformation of the micellar shape. Meanwhile, the PCEMA segment was able to control the diameter of the nanowire micelles but had no decisive effect on their formation. The effect of solvents on the self-assembled micelles indicated that nanowires were formed in tetrahydrofuran and dichloromethane, while core-shell micelles were formed in acetone. This was due to the different permittivities of these solvents. The nanowires were fixed by cross-linking the PCEMA group under UV irradiation, which enhanced their stability. We believe that this work provides a new strategy for the formation of nanowires and offers a guide for the diversified self-assembly of nanostructures from copolymers.

Poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (PSBMA)-based zwitterionic polyurethane (ZPU), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-dangling ZPU (PDMS-D + ZPU) and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)-dangling ZPU (POSS-D + ZPU) were prepared via atom transfer radical polymerization, quaternization reaction and crosslinking reaction to establish a superior anti-icing formulation. Obtained ZPU, PDMS-D + ZPU and POSS-D + ZPU coatings in contact with water all could support a self-lubricating water layer by the strong surface hydration and enrichment of zwitterionic PSBMA segments. In contrast, the PDMS-D + ZPU coating held the lowest amount of bound water due to the surface coverage of low-surface-tension PDMS chains, resulting in the lowest ice propagation rate. The POSS-D + ZPU coating held the highest amount of bound water because the aggregation of hard POSS particles on the surface induced more hydrophilic channels to enhance hydration of PSBMA. The hard POSS particles also served as a crystal nucleus to accelerate ice formation on the surface of POSS-D + ZPU coating. However, hydrophobic POSS allowed the POSS-D + ZPU coating to exhibit a lower ice propagation rate than ZPU coating. Additionally, both PDMS-D + ZPU and POSS-D + ZPU coatings were found to maintain low ice adhesion strength after multiple icing/de-icing cycles due to the synergism among the crosslinked structure, self-lubricating water layer and hydrophobic units.

In order to let students understand the general synthesis method of nanomaterials and instill the concept of controllable synthesis of nanomaterials, the green synthesis method is used to prepare Cu2O microparticles of different colors by the liquid phase reduction method.In this experiment, glucose was used as the reducing agent, and the Bancol reagent was used to react under alkaline conditions.The cuprous oxide sol of different sizes and morphologies was successfully synthesized, and the morphology of the sample was characterized by a biological microscope.The control mechanism of Cu2O morphology was explored by shape model of Cu2O to realize the effective control of the morphology and particle size.The degradation performance of Cu2O as a visible light catalyst on the organic dye methylene blue was evaluated.This experiment involves the synthesis, control and application of nanomaterials, which is conducive to cultivating students' ability to observe, analyze and solve problems.At the same time, the application of nanomaterials to the sewage treatment of organic dyes will help cultivate students' environmental awareness and professional power.

Under-water superoleophobic filters lose their water separation capability if they are contaminated with oil. In contrast, an oil contaminant in a filter that is both superoleophobic underwater and superhydrophilic underoil can be readily displaced with water. Even after contamination by oil, such a filter can self-clean in water and recreate and maintain an integral water film in the pores to enable sustained water separation. Unfortunately, there have been only a few reported examples of under-oil superhydrophilic materials. We report herein a novel under-oil superhydrophilic material consisting of TiO2 nanoparticles that are coated by an excess of a sodium salt of poly(vinylphosphonic acid) (PVPA.nNa). This nanocomposite can be applied as a coating onto various substrates such as glass plate, glass wool, cotton ball, and stainless-steel metal mesh for permanent self-cleaning and hexadecane collection. More interestingly, a coated cotton ball could be affixed to the bottom end of a standing tube and allows the selective permeation of water from a stirred water/hexadecane mixture. Unfortunately, a coated metal mesh with larger pores and thus much higher water flux could not achieve the separation most likely because the weakness of the water film in the mesh pores induces a negative value of Laplace pressure. We achieve this separation for the coated metal mesh by attaching a thin electrospun superhydrophobic mat onto its lower side to thus yield a Janus filter. Our assumption is that the unidirectional upward water-pulling force of the Janus filter in this case helps to stabilize the water film in the metal mesh. Due to the facile synthesis of TiO(2)PVPA center dot nNa and the demonstrated applications of the TiO2-PVPA center dot nNa coating, this study should inspire further research in high-flux filters for water separation from oil.

A total of 1/2/4/6-armed molecular architectured polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) fluoropolymers were synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) by linear (L), dicephalus (D), four-arm (T), and six-arm (S) initiators initiating same content of methyl methacrylate (MMA), methacrylate POSS (MA-POSS), and dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFHM). The obtained L/D/T/S-(PMMA-b-PMAPOSS-b-PDFHM)1/2/4/6 had increased molecular weight with arm increase. Driven by the stereo-hindrance and curvature effects of segments in tetrahydrofuran (THF), they assembled into the decreased spherical core-shell micelles (250–100 nm) with arm increase as PMA-POSS/PDFHM core and PMMA shell. Because of easy surface migration of fluorine-containing groups in small micelles, the casted film by S-(PMMA-b-PMAPOSS-b-PDFHM)6 performed the fluorine-rich (46.44%) and rough (5.41 nm) surface, and therefore with the hydrophobic (112°) and low water adsorption surface (1522 ng/cm2). Also, POSS-fluoropolymers obtained the enhanced thermostability with arm increase. It is believed that this research will provide a bright view for design and application of POSS-fluoropolymers.

This work concentrated on the fabrication of effective slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPSs) to robustly resist ice adhesion by using facile method and smart composition. Firstly, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane end-functionalized PMMA (POSS-ef-PMMA) and polydimethylsiloxane-blocked PMMA (PDMS-b-PMMA) were synthesized. Secondly, micro-sized pores arranged in a three-layer honeycomb-like array at a thickness of ca. 10 mu m were elicited on each surface of these three cast polymer films by breath-figure (BF) method. After a separate infiltration of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), poly (hydrogenmethylsiloxane) (PHMS) and hexadecane (HD) into the porous matrixes, typical SLIPSs were formed. PDMS-b-PMMA matrix with preferential lipophilicity towards PDMS endowed the obtained SLIPS with better icephobicity. However, HD-induced SLIPSs performed the lowest sliding angles at 6 degrees for 3 mu L of water droplet, the lowest ice adhesional strength ranging from 40.8-46.3 kPa and the most robust anti-icing properties of resisting more than 30 icing/de-icing cycles without changing the ice adhesional strength. Such effective anti-icing performance was ascribed to the better liquid nature of HD in contact with water and the solid nature of HD under freezing condition, which could decrease the interfacial friction and abrasion of HD against water or ice.

: This paper introduces the reform measures on the general chemistry principle laboratory, which is provided for the science-majored students by the chemistry laboratory center of Xi’an Jiaotong University after the admissions by categories. The reform involves many aspects, including reforming the laboratory teaching system, adopting the hybrid teaching method, blending in the course ideological element and strengthening the process evaluation, etc. These measures correspondingly enhanced the cultivation to the students’ awareness of environmental, active exploration, scientific thinking and practical and realistic scientism. The acquired results were also presented.

The anti-salt damage of sandstone protected by hydrophobic and hydrophilic SiO2-based hybrids is evaluated in NaCl, Na2SO4 and NaCl-Na2SO4 salt-loaded hydrothermal aging (SLHA) cycles. Although both hydrophobic and hydrophilic SiO2-based hybrids could prevent the sandstone from salt damage through improving the matrix strength, the hydrophobic hybrid performs much better protection than hydrophilic one. The sandstone protected by hydrophobic SiO2-based hybrid shows nearly no salt-damage, which is attributed to its excellent water repellence, high adhesive strength and good compatibility with sandstone matrix. However, the hydrophilic SiO2-based hybrid tends to induce an exterior-to-interior salt-damage behaviour due to the frequent circulation movement of water with salt to result in the formation of surface efflorescence and interior sub-efflorescence in the protected sandstone. Furthermore, the hydrophobic-protective effect is also confirmed by another alternative hydrophobic POSS-based hybrid to offer stronger protection in anti-salt damage than that protected by hydrophilic hybrid. Nevertheless, there lies the difference, the hydrophobic SiO2-based hybrid penetrates into the inner pores of the sandstone and develops a strong cohesion with sand-grain through the formation of Si-O bonds, but the hydrophobic POSS-based hybrid protects the sandstone with a weaker physical interaction between hybrid and sand-grains resulting in a fractured damage. Therefore, SiO2-based hybrid is superior to POSS-based hybrid in promoting the anti-salt ability of sandstone. It is believed that these results could contribute much to the future protection of stone monuments by different hybrids.

Three polyhedral oligosilsesquioxanes (POSS) based poly methylmethacrylate (MMA) hybrids designed for coating materials are evaluated to understand the dispersant effect of tetrahydrofuran (THF) or chloroform (CHCl3) on their adhesive strength, mechanical strength and surface wettability of films. The used POSS-based hybrids are obtained as a POSS-ended hybrid of ap-POSS-PMMA-b-P(MA-POSS), a dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFHM) fluorinated POSS-based hybrid of ap-POSS-PMMA-b-PDFHM and a soft poly dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) modified POSS-based hybrid of PDMS-b-PMMA-b-P(MA-POSS). Their protective performances to sandstone are investigated by pore size distribution, water absorption, water vapor permeability, hardness and salt-resistance of sandstones. Although three hybrids dispersed in THF and CHCl3 can cast into porous and hydrophobic films at ambient, the luminousness of hybrid solutions, the adhesive strength and the elasticity modulus of hybrid films show significant dependence on dispersant. The films casted by CHCl3-dispersed hybrids shows less and smaller pores than that casted by THF-dispersed hybrids ascribed to higher viscosity, more rapid evaporation and lower water immiscible of CHCl3 can THF. CHCl3-dispersed hybrids reveal higher adhesive strength, higher elasticity modulus and higher tensile strength but less transparent and lower elongation than THF-dispersed hybrids because of the larger aggregated micelles in CHCl3 solution and the contribution of lower dielectric constant of CHCl3 (epsilon = 4.81) than THF (epsilon = 7.58). While, CHCl3-dispersed hybrids perform much better protection to sandstone due to higher hardness, higher water vapor permeability, higher resistance to salt damage and less water absorption than THF-dispersed hybrids, owing to that CHCl3 could carry the hybrids to permeate deeply into the sandstone rather than the superficial protection by THF solutions. The best protective performance is found in PDMS-b-PMMA-b-P(MA-POSS) hybrid attributed to the contribution of soft PDMS segment to its mechanical strength, water repellency and salt-resistance.

Methacryloxypropyl-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (MAPOSS) and dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFHM) are proposed to separately block-copolymerize with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based acrylate block copolymer (PDMS-b-PMMA). The syntheses of PDMS-b-PMMA-b-PMAPOSS and PDMS-b-PMMA-b-PDFHM were executed in this manner to examine the effect of PMAPOSS and PDFHM on surface amphiphobic behavior and thermal degradation behavior. PMAPOSS and PDFHM were found to both contribute towards the improvement of static hydrophobicity. However, the PMAPOSS was found to disable the dynamic hexadecane-dewetting properties because of its restriction on molecular wriggling motion and its induced high roughness. In contrast, PDFHM was found to improve the dynamic dewetting properties for oil-based ink. With regard to the thermal stability, the incorporation of either PMAPOSS or PDFHM into PDMS-b-PMMA with PDMS (Mn ∼1000 or 5000 Da) favors the increase in the original thermal-decomposition temperature. However, the presence of PMAPOSS initiates a higher degradation rate and fails to improve the thermal stability in the case of long PDMS (Mn ∼10 000 Da) due to the heterogeneous dispersion of POSS in the matrix.

The effective ways in the SPOC mixed teaching mode are discussed to improve students' knowledge and ability in the course of "inorganic and analytical chemistry". The teaching mode, by combination of classroom teaching with online self-learning, was implemented in the teaching and assessment of evaluation. Three changes are acquired in the ability to cultivate the goal of the undergraduate education model, including (1) from the"teacher-centered model" to "student-centered model", (2) from "classroom teaching" to "curricular-extracurricular mixed teaching", and (3) from "results evaluation" to "results-process evaluation". These practices effectively improve the quality of teaching, and greatly solve the problem of poor learning initiative and low participation of the students existed in current undergraduate education mode in colleges and universities.

Abstract The self-assembly behavior of fluorinated unit end-functionalized poly(methyl methacrylate) (PDFHM- ef -PMMA) in solution and its influence on the surface microstructure, elemental composition and omniphobic property of cast film was investigated in this work. Specifically, three mixed solutions of tetrahydrofuran (THF)/methanol (MeOH), THF/H 2 O and THF/H 2 O/MeOH in various compositions were employed separately as the selective solvents. In THF/MeOH solution, the aggregate morphologies of PDFHM- ef -PMMA changed gradually from core-shell spheres to worm, and then to elliptical vesicles as MeOH content increased. In THF/H 2 O solution, spherical and bowl-shaped aggregates with significantly larger sizes than those in THF/MeOH solution were favored despite lower H 2 O content. The further addition of MeOH to THF/H 2 O mixture could reduce the size of aggregate but hardly change original aggregate morphology. During the film formation process, those self-assembled aggregates in THF/MeOH solution fused with one another to form a smooth surface. When such surface was fully covered by fluorinated segments, the outstanding hexadecane and water slide-off properties and ink-resistant property required for antifouling application were demonstrated. Instead, the aggregates formed in THF/H 2 O/MeOH mixture were subjected to secondary aggregation of PDFHM- ef -PMMA chains during solvent evaporation, leading to the formation of a particulate film with poor adhesion towards glass plate and hexadecane-repellent property.

Alkenyl-functionalized SiO2 particles (AFSPs) were prepared, grafted and co-cast with fluoroalkylsilane to produce superhydrophobic and highly oleophobic coatings. In preparation of AFSPs, vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) and gamma-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) were employed separately to react with SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) through the ex situ neutral condensation. In contrast, the reaction of MPTMS with SiO2 NPs was also executed through the in situ alkali-catalyzed sol-gel technique. It showed that the obtained neutral condensed VTMS-SiO2 and MPTMS-SiO2 NPs had a surface with a thin grafted layer of VTMS and MPTMS, respectively, whereas the alkali-catalyzed MPTMS-SiO2 NPs had a surface bearing a slightly thicker MPTMS hydrolysate-condensate layer. Polystyrene (PS) was allowed to graft onto the AFSPs to prepare SiO2-g-PS particles via emulsion polymerization of styrene (St) from each of these three AFSPs. The uniform SiO2-g-PS particles were obtained exclusively by the growth of PS from neutral condensed MPTMS-SiO2 NPs. SiO2-g-PS/fluoroalkylsilane composites for coating were subsequently prepared by the in situ hydrolysis of 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (FDTES) in the suspension of uniform SiO2-g-PS particles. It was found that the use of smaller SiO2-g-PS particles and high-content FDTES contributed to the creation of a coating that exhibited superhydrophobicity with low adhesion and high oleophobicity with high adhesion. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.