Accurate assessment of children's fundamental motor skills (FMS) is crucial for promoting lifelong healthy development and formulating effective physical education policies. However, China currently lacks standardized assessment tools that cover the entire age range from 3 to 12 years and have undergone thorough cultural adaptation. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties and cultural adaptability of the MOBAK assessment tool in measuring FMS in Chinese children aged 3 to 12 years. A total of 1200 Chinese children from four regions of China participated in the study, including 623 boys (52%) and 577 girls (48%). The MOBAK tool was used to assess FMS across different age groups, focusing on two dimensions: object movement (e.g., throwing, catching, bouncing, and dribbling) and self-movement (e.g., balancing, rolling, jumping, and running). The study evaluated psychometric properties, including reliability and validity. Results indicate that MOBAK demonstrates excellent psychometric characteristics: (1) Good item discrimination (all CR values p < 0.001), with an appropriate difficulty index (0.51-0.67); (2) Extremely high reliability, manifested by high internal consistency (α > 0.80), high test-retest stability, and high inter-rater consistency (ICC > 0.90); (3) Robust construct validity, supported by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, which consistently confirmed the hypothesized two-factor model and had excellent fit indicators (CFI/TLI > 0.90, RMSEA/SRMR < 0.08). The MOBAK battery demonstrates strong psychometric properties and cultural validity in the Chinese context for reliably assessing FMS in children aged 3-12 years. These findings provide a foundation for future cross-cultural comparisons and validation studies in other populations.

Extreme sports, particularly skydiving, can be a potent site for emotional healing and self-liberation in the aftermath of personal crisis. Situated within the context of profound emotional rupture and the destabilization of selfhood, this paper examines these extreme leisure activities not as escapism but as an intentional and embodied confrontation with fear, loss, and existential uncertainty. Informed by existential philosophy, skydiving is theorized as a symbolic act of rebecoming, interrupting inauthentic modes of being and facilitating a renewed engagement with presence, agency, and meaning. Employing autoethnography as both method and analytical lens, this study explores the lived experience of freefall as a liminal state wherein normative identity scripts are suspended and the emotional terrain of grief, vulnerability, and clarity is renegotiated. Rather than delivering resolution, the experience promoted a reorientation of affective structures and offered ontological insight. This research is trying to reframe extreme sports as more than thrill-seeking practices in the leisure field. It illustrates how voluntarily engaging with risk can catalyze existential reflection, emotional resilience, and transformative self-awareness. In choosing to fall, individuals may encounter not closure, but a renewed capacity to inhabit the world with authenticity, intention, and attunement.

The appropriateness of referees decision-making in sports not only concerns the procedural fairness of the game process but also significantly affects the outcome of the match. Therefore, enhancing the quality and efficiency of referees' decision-making on the field is an urgent practical issue that needs to be addressed. This study attempts to provide insights from basic research into the resolution of this question by clarifying the behavioral manifestations and neural mechanisms of high-level football referees' decision-making. Considering the special requirements of football match rules, which is that the final decision-making is manifested as a comprehensive decision of degree of infringement + tactical impact, this study comprehensively considers three types of decisions in the experimental tasks: "degree of infringement," "tactical impact," and the comprehensive "final decision (degree of infringement tactical impact)." A total of 129 football referees at the national level and above, as well as first and third-level referees. They were recruited to perform decision-making tasks with 114 trials of 8 s foul videos (4 s vista +4 s close-up). A mixed experimental design was adopted in this study with three factors: 3 (referee level: national and above, first level, third level) x 3 (decision type: degree of infringement, tactical impact, final decision) x 4 (degree of foul: none, mild, moderate, severe). In this design, referee level is a between-subjects variable, while decision type and degree of foul are within-subjects variables. Decision-making behavior indicators were recorded, and functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to synchronously collect Hemoglobin Oxygen (HbO) during the decision-making tasks. After conducting the experiment with the designed tasks and data collection methods, the following differences and relationships in referees' decision-making processes were discovered. 1) The reaction time for decision-making regarding tactical impact was longer than that for the severity of the infringement and the final decision for referees of all levels. National-level and above football referees had higher decision-making accuracy for "none" and "light" foul severity across all decision types compared to first and third-level referees, which corresponds to the activation of the left precuneus. 2) National-level and above referees showed different brain activation patterns compared to referees of other levels during decision-making: under the condition of tactical impact, there was stronger activation in the left superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, and right middle occipital gyrus; under the condition of infringement severity, there was stronger activation in the superior frontal gyrus and right middle occipital gyrus. 3) National-level and above referees had a greater association between correct decision-making in tactical impact and final decision-making and the prefrontal and occipital brain regions. Based on the above-mentioned research findings, we can draw the following inferences about the characteristics and mechanisms of high-level football referees' decision-making. 1) Decision-making for "none" and "light" foul severity is a primary advantage for high-level football referees. 2) High-level football referees exhibit stronger activation in corresponding brain regions when making decisions on infringement severity and tactical impact, confirming the role of the referee's experience level and the three-stage decision-making model in football refereeing decisions. 3) High-level referees have a close relationship with the prefrontal and occipital cortices during tactical impact and final decision-making, leading to a cautious and efficient decision-making process.

ObjectivesPreschool age is a critical stage of postural balance development. Compromised stability may impede a child’s ability to acquire basic motor skills and, in turn, the capacity to participate in physical activities. However, little information exists on balance in preschool years, few studies have comprehensively evaluated all four balance types. in preschool children. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to assess balance development in a multidimensional way in preschool children and to examine the effect of age and gender on preschool children’s balance performance.MethodsA total of 619 children (296 boys and 323 girls; aged 3–6 years) from China participated in the present study. Static steady-state, dynamic steady-state, proactive, and reactive balance performance were assessed using the one-leg stand test (OST), 10-meter walk test (10-MWT), functional reach test (FRT), and push and release test (PRT), respectively. Two-way analysis of variance was used to evaluate differences between age and gender groups.ResultsThe results revealed significant differences in gender for OST (η2p = 0.037, p < 0.001), 10-MWT (η2p = 0.012, p = 0.007), and FRT (η2p = 0.016, p = 0.002). Age positively affected all balance tests, as the OST (η2p = 0.336, p < 0.001), 10-MWT (η2p = 0.448, p < 0.001), FRT (η2p = 0.392, p < 0.001), and PRT (η2p = 0.045, p < 0.001). Older preschool children performed better than their younger counterparts in all the tests. No significant interactions between age groups and gender were found.ConclusionThis study provided age- and gender-specific balance performance data in Chinese preschool children. All various balance types increased with age in this cohort. Static steady-state, dynamic steady-state, and proactive balance develop faster compared to reactive balance. Gender differences in balance already exist at the preschool age. These findings can assist health, physical education, and school professionals in assessing and improving balance in preschoolers using multiple indicators for different types of balance and designing age and gender-appropriate balance tasks.

Executive function is crucial for the physical and mental health as well as social adaptation of preschool children, and cognitively engaging physical activity may serve as an effective intervention. This study employed a pre-post experimental design with a repeated measures ANOVA to examine the intervention effects and underlying mechanisms of a 20 min cognitively engaging physical activity on preschool children's executive function. A total of 56 preschool children were recruited and randomly assigned to either the cognitively engaging physical activity group or the conventional physical activity group. Executive function was assessed before and after the intervention using Go/No-Go, 1-back, and dimension-changing card classification tasks. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy was employed to monitor changes in oxygenated hemoglobin concentration in the prefrontal cortex during cognitive tasks. Results indicate that acute cognitively engaging physical activity effectively modulates oxygenated hemoglobin concentration in specific regions of the prefrontal cortex in preschool children, leading to an immediate enhancement in working memory capacity. This approach demonstrates potential advantages in inhibitory control, while no significant differences were observed in cognitive flexibility. Furthermore, post-intervention changes in inhibitory control and working memory showed significant positive correlations with changes in prefrontal oxygenated hemoglobin concentration. These findings provide scientific evidence for applying cognitive engagement elements in cognitive development and theoretical support for designing targeted physical activity interventions.

To investigate the relationship between sports participation and sport trait confidence, 1659 teenagers in primary and secondary schools who regularly play football were asked to complete the Sports Participation Scale, Collective Self-Esteem Scale, Self-Esteem Scale, and Sport Trait Confidence Scale. The results show that (1) the positive prediction of football participation on sport trait confidence is not significant; (2) collective self-esteem and self-esteem play a mediating role between football participation and sport trait confidence; (3) the mediating effect occurs through three pathways. The study provides theoretical guidance and empirical evidence for the lead and intervention of adolescent football participation on sport trait confidence. This study created a chain-mediated model to examine the mediating role of collective self-esteem and self-esteem in their relationship, as well as the impact of the two as chain mediators on football participation and sport trait confidence.

Anticipation has been confirmed as a more valid measure for recognizing talented athletes than pattern recall alone. Anticipation of offensive processes in soccer, such as counter attacks and positional attacks, is essential for the sport. Additionally, the anticipation of elements such as the soccer ball, offensive and defensive players may also be affected by varied offensive processes. In this study, we combined anticipation with the pattern recall paradigm to measure the perceptual-cognitive skills of female soccer players across different age groups and offensive processes. Adult (U23) and adolescent (U15) female soccer players were recruited to complete the pattern anticipation task using coach-rated video segments. Our results show that adult female soccer players demonstrated greater accuracy in anticipating locations during positional attacks compared to adolescents, but no significant difference was observed during counter attacks. Furthermore, location anticipation accuracy is higher in all groups towards elements of the soccer ball and offensive players, but not defensive players, during counter attacks compared to positional attacks. These findings suggest that positional attack is the main advantage in perceptual-cognitive skills for adult female soccer players. Additionally, offensive processes and elements should be carefully considered when measuring perceptual-cognitive skills.

To explore the effect of exercise intervention on fundamental movement skills (FMS) of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and/or autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Following the principle of PICOS, randomized controlled trials of the effect of exercise intervention on the FMS of ADHD/ASD children were searched. A total of 12 articles and 396 participants were included. Review Manager5.4 and Stata16.0 software were used to process and analyze the data. The results revealed that (1) exercise intervention can improve the gross motor skills of children with ADHD/ASD (p < 0.00001). Aquatic therapy (SMD = 56.54, 95% CI = 38.83–74.25) has a better effect on stability skills, and FMS intervention (SMD = 17.58, 95% CI = 1.78–33.38) has a better effect on locomotor skills and object control skills. (2) Exercise intervention can improve the fine motor skills of children with ADHD/ASD (p = 0.001). Table tennis exercise (SMD = 9.91, 95% CI = 0.23–19.59) and horse-riding program (SMD = 9.50, 95% CI = 5.20–13.80) have better effects on fine manual control and hand–eye coordination. (3) The closed-skill intervention for 60 min each time, twice a week, for at least 12 weeks had the best effect on the improvement in the FMS in children with ADHD/ASD (p < 0.00001). Exercise intervention may effectively improve FMS in children with ADHD/ASD. Intervention form, time, frequency, and duration are important moderator variables that positively impact the FMS of children with ADHD/ASD.

Background: The policy of the Physical Education (PE) Entrance Examination for Senior High School (PEESHS) is an operable and measurable educational policy proposed by the Chinese government to solve the youth’s physical health problems and promote health in middle school students. In recent years, the reform of PEESHS policy has brought youth sports to a new climax, and determining how to achieve the maximum benefit of health promotion with the PEESHS policy is the current focus of the Chinese government, society, schools, and families. The primary purpose was to investigate the health promotion benefits of PE on junior high school students under PEESHS policy and clarify the differences and correlation of overall health, physical fitness, sports participation, social adaptation, and learning facilitation. The secondary aim was to assess the practical value of PEESHS policy implementation on health promotion. Methods: The questionnaire of this study was compiled in four steps, and 31 provincial capitals across China were selected as sampling areas, using the convenience sampling method and snowball sampling method, respectively. The number of questionnaires collected was 11,373 (5703 online; 5670 offline), of which 8574 were valid, with an efficiency rate of 75.4%. Ultimately, 8574 students (4199 girls; 4375 boys) were recruited from junior high schools in 31 provinces and municipalities. Data analyses were performed using ANOVA, t-test, and Pearson bivariate correlation. Results: The results showed that the PEESHS significantly improved participants’ physical fitness, interpersonal relationships, exercise participation, learning efficiency, and psychological health after preparing for PEESHS. Exercise participation and physical fitness showed the most significant positive correlation. Excessive sports intensity was detrimental to health promotion. Conclusion: The PEESHS policy has significantly impacted the health of students participating in PEESHS.

Personality traits have close relationships with risky behaviors in various domains, including physical education, competition, and athletic training. It is yet little known about how trait personality dimensions associate with risk events and how vital factors, such as risk perception, could affect the happening of risk events in adolescent athletes. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the prediction of risk events by regression analysis with dimensions of personality, risk perception and sports, relations between risk events, risk perception, and the facets of the personality dimensions via data collecting from 664 adolescent athletes aged 13–18 years (male 364, female 300). Secondary intent is to assess school-specific levels of training risks among sports schools, regular schools, and sports and education integrated schools. The results show that psychology events are the strongest predicted by personality traits, risk perception, and sports, followed by injury and nutrition. Emotionality has the most significant positive correlation with risk events, while other traits have a significant negative correlation with risk events, except agreeableness. The integration schools are more conducive to the healthy development of adolescent athletes’ personalities. Moreover, the research indicates that sports training can strengthen the development directions of different personality characteristics.

Studies have found that the prevalence of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) in adolescents has continued to increase over the years, affecting learning and physical health. High school is a critical stage for adolescents to grow and mature. There are inadequate detection and rehabilitation methods for CFS due to an insufficient understanding of the physiological mechanisms of CFS. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect and metabolic mechanisms of an aerobic running intervention program for high school students with CFS. Forty-six male high school students with CFS were randomly assigned to the exercise intervention group (EI) and control group (CFS). Twenty-four age- and sex-matched healthy male students were recruited as healthy controls (HCs). The EI group received the aerobic intervention for 12 weeks, three times a week, in 45-min sessions; the CFS group maintained their daily routines as normal. The outcome measures included fatigue symptoms and oxidation levels. Keratin was extracted from the nails of all participants, and the oxidation level was assessed by measuring the content of 3-Nitrotyrosine (3-NT) in the keratin by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. All participants' morning urine was collected to analyze urinary differential metabolites by the GC-MS technique before and after the intervention, and MetaboAnalyst 5.0 was used for pathway analysis. Compared with before the intervention, the fatigue score and 3-NT level in the EI group were significantly decreased after the intervention. The CFS group was screened for 20 differential metabolites involving the disruption of six metabolic pathways, including arginine biosynthesis, glycerolipid metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway, purine metabolism, β-alanine metabolism, and arginine and proline metabolism. After the intervention, 21 differential metabolites were screened, involved in alterations in three metabolic pathways: beta-alanine metabolism, pentose phosphate metabolism, and arginine and proline metabolism. Aerobic exercise was found to lessen fatigue symptoms and oxidative levels in students with CFS, which may be related to the regulation of putrescine (arginine and proline metabolism), 6-Phospho-D-Gluconate (starch and sucrose metabolism pathway), and Pentose (phosphate metabolism pathway).

采用文献资料法、问卷调查法、访谈法、数理统计法、逻辑分析法,从运动性脑震荡的风险特征和识别困境出发,创建青少年运动性脑震荡智能管理系统.研究认为:首先,运动性脑震荡具有运动项目专属性风险特征,多发于足球、橄榄球、冰球等身体接触性运动,受性别、年龄等主体性因素的影响,易重复发生;其次,从流行病学和身体接触性运动未来普及状况来看,青少年将是运动性脑震荡的特定风险群体;再次,目前运动性脑震荡的4种主要识别方式均存在困境,而人工智能具有的"云计算、大数据、人机交互、深度学习"等优势是突破运动性脑震荡识别困境的关键点;又次,以足球项目为例,从管理规则、训练实践、检测工具、常识体系、保险普惠5个方面提出青少年足球运动性脑震荡智能管理系统的构建路径;最后,该系统的6个核心功能为运动性伤病的识别、预防、康复等环节提供人工智能介入的实践范例.

为揭示7～15岁学龄儿童动作学习能力发展的年龄特征及动力机制,聚焦我国儿童动作学习能力发展性评价指标与常模构建的方法学问题,在历史与现状考查基础上,依据动作学习能力的心理学与生理学属性及其发展的生态动力系统理论,构建了影响儿童动作学习能力发展的"二元结构"模型与"双因子"评价指标体系.设计双变量"拆零"交叉干预与小样本重复测验实验方案,以考查"体能因子"与"心能因子"的交互性.依据发展性研究的方法学原理,制定小样本跟踪重复测量与大样本分层整群抽样测试调查数据采集方案,保证了儿童动作学习能力发展性评价常模数据采集的系统性与可靠性,为我国学龄儿童动作学习能力评价指标体系与发展常模的建立提供了理论与方法学支撑.

感知能力是动作及身体活动的心理机制,扮演动作行为产生过程中的重要影响因素,对促进幼儿明确性身体活动有着重要价值.目的:本研究系统分析幼儿基本动作技能(FMS)、感知动作能力(PMC)与身体活动(PA)的关系机制,实证FMS对PA的直接效应,PMC对FMS影响PA的中介效应.对象与方法:在X X市两所城市公立幼儿园采用分层整群抽样方法抽取553名受试幼儿(女童257人,平均年龄5.53±0.96岁;男童296人,平均年龄5.54±1.0岁).采用三轴加速度计与儿童身体活动问卷评价身体活动水平,大肌肉动作发展测试第三版测试基本动作技能,形象化感知能力量表(第二版)测试感知动作能力;采用线性回归与Bootstrapping抽样技术检验变量间的预测关系及中介效应.结果:受试幼儿FMS对PA有正向影响作用,其中移动性动作技能(LC)对中高强度身体活动(MVPA)的直接效应显著(β=0.24,t=3.96,P＜0.05);LC对PMC有正向影响作用(β=0.27,t=4.86,P＜0.01);PMC对LC影响MVPA的中介效应显著(β=0.11,t=2.13,P＜0.05);"部分中介模型"总效应0.27,直接效应0.24,间接效应0.029,中介效应量0.12.结论:幼儿基本动作技能对身体活动具有正向影响作用,其中移动性动作技能对中高强度身体活动影响显著;幼儿感知动作能力对基本动作技能影响身体活动具有部分中介作用,在移动性动作技能影响中高强度身体活动中更为显著;感知动作能力中介模型初步揭示了促进幼儿体质健康相关影响因素间的作用机制.

目的 旨在研究学龄儿童基本动作技能测试工具AST在国内使用的理论基础与可行性,通过测试技术操作和数据分析实证该测量工具的可信度、有效性与经济性.方法 通过实验测试、数理统计等方法验证AST和KTK测量工具的信效度,通过转换后的大肌肉动作协调能力商数(KTKMQ)校标基本动作技能AST测试的同时效度和区别效度.结果 受试儿童年龄为7～12岁,平均在(44±11)s的时间完成了 AST-1全程测试,在(45±12)s的时间完成了 AST-2全程测试;AST-1测试成绩与KTKMQ的相关系数r =0.474(P＜0.01),而AST-2测试成绩与KTKMQ呈现中度相关系数r=0.502(P＜0.01);除7岁年龄组的AST-2测试与KTKMQ相关性较低外,其他年龄组的相关性均较高(r= 0.469和r=0.767).结论 小学学段的体育教学环境中AST测试工具可以快速、便捷、有效的评估儿童的基本动作技能;运动技能轨道AST测量工具在本次研究中表现出较强的测试适宜性,具有重测信度;各年龄组测量结果的区分度和测试项目的鉴别力验证了测量工具的同时效度和区别效度.

目的:应用蛋白质组学技术辨析在血清样本中与运动性疲劳有关差异表达蛋白.方法:以17～21岁的10名成年男性为研究对象,建立运动疲劳模型.应用蛋白质组学技术,对运动疲劳前后血清中的蛋白质样品在相同条件下进行3次双向电泳,利用ImageMaster 2D platinum 5.0软件进行图像的强度校正、点检测、匹配等分析.根据蛋白质点表达量与所有匹配蛋白质点表达量总和的比值大于2.0,且同组3块胶图谱中都出现相同变化的蛋白点,被认为是差异蛋白质点.结果:研究发现,运动疲劳前后共检测出34个差异蛋白质点.最终鉴定出运动疲劳后表达上调的蛋白和表达下调的蛋白分别为6种,涉及到急性相蛋白、免疫相关蛋白、脂代谢相关蛋白和神经调节相关蛋白.结论:通过蛋白质组学技术高通量筛选后,发现与运动性疲劳有关差异表达蛋白有12种,其中,表达下调的α1-B-糖蛋白、丛生蛋白和结合珠蛋白,表达上调的α2-HS-糖蛋白、载脂蛋白E有必要进一步研究,确定其是否可以作为判断运动性疲劳的新的分子靶标.

幼儿教育始于游戏,幼儿体育应以游戏方式实现身心健康及社会适应的融合发展.具备身体素养的人渴望让身体活动成为生活组成部分并获得乐趣.从"身体素养终身之旅始于幼儿"的视角切入,深入剖析身体素养构成要素与具身认知理论基础下幼儿体育的游戏化创新思路与推进机制,构建6类游戏结构夯实"游戏一幼儿体育正确打开方式"的操作基础.同时,借由身体素养关于"生活化运动""环境多样化"及"游戏结构化"的理念导向,提出幼儿体育游戏化的目标路径、环境创设路径及课程操作路径,实现游戏化的操作方式滋养幼儿身体素养发展、身体素养反哺幼儿身体活跃基础的双向互动路径.体育游戏化、生活化发展之路必将激发幼儿更加广泛的明确性身体活动.建立幼儿阶段的运动兴趣、习惯,转变久坐少动的生活方式,更迭刻板、无趣的体育参与方式,身体素养在幼儿体育的游戏化推进中具有重大意义.本研究为当前、未来中国幼儿体育科学化发展奠定重要理论基础.

本文通过文献资料法、实验法、问卷调查法、数理统计法,探究街舞运动对大学生身心素质的影响,以期为大学生身心发展和街舞运动在高校的进一步开展提供相应的理论依据.

目的:建立我国10～17岁青少年体质健康评价指标百分位数分布曲线及参考值.方法:通过文献资料、专家访谈、问卷调查、测试法对我国16个省份32个城市的288所中小学5048名儿童青少年的各项体质健康指标进行数据采集,其中男性2779名,女性2269名.测试内容依次由反映身体形态、心肺耐力、肌肉力量、速度、灵敏、柔韧性的6个一级指标和9个二级指标构成,运用基于位置、尺度、形状的广义可加模型(GAMLSS),在模型拟合中考虑年龄、性别等因素,建立青少年体质健康指标的参考百分位数曲线.结果 表明,我国10～17岁青少年体质健康评价指标总体随年龄的增长显著提升,各相同年龄段男生的体质健康指标普遍优于女生,各项测试指标的变化呈现出一定程度的波动性特征且与年龄显著相关(P<0.05).研究尝试构建了我国10～17岁青少年体质健康指标P5-P95百分位分布曲线与参考值.结论:研究所构建的百分位数曲线与参考值对于我国中小学生体质健康评价标准与常规模型参照体系的修订、体质健康数据库建立、学生身体素质的长期系统监测以及人才的选拔、培养与分流具有一定的借鉴价值.

选取陕西师范大学300名大一新生,用自卑感量表筛选出具有一定自卑倾向的10名学生,对其进行18周体育舞蹈教学实验,实验结果表明:实验对象在实验后自卑感各个变量的得分出现不同程度的下降趋势,而自尊和自我效能感则有一定提高,证明体育舞蹈教学对于大学生战胜自卑心理有着积极的影响.