Problem finding (PF) is a crucial element of creative thinking. PF facility allows us to manage the rapidly changing world. Tolerance of ambiguity (AT) is a personality variable that plays a vital role in creative thinking. However, few studies have explored PF's brain mechanisms and their relationship with AT. This study aimed to filled this gap using behavioral and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) methods. The behavioral results revealed a significant positive correlation between AT and PF. The VBM analysis found that novel PF positively correlated with the cluster's regional gray matter density (GMD) involving the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and precentral cortex. Additionally, novel and appropriate PF was positively correlated with the GMD of the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and regional white matter density (WMD) of the bilateral thalamus. Further mediation analysis revealed that the rGMD of the right IFG mediated the relation between AT and PF, which showed that the right IFG is associated with inhibitory control and novelty-seeking. Individuals with high AT and regional GMD in right IFG had a greater novel and appropriate PF ability. These findings shed light on the correlation between AT and PF from the brain's structural basis perspective.

In this study, hot pressing was evaluated as a method of cell fabrication to increase the energy density of next-generation all-solid-state batteries with NCM active material and sulfide solid-state electrolyte. Hot pressing involves consolidating glassy sulfide electrolyte by the application of pressure at a temperature above the electrolyte’s glass transition temperature. Typically, cell stacks are formed at room temperature and retain 15–30% porosity that limits cell energy density. On the other hand, the porosity of hot-pressed cell stacks is reduced to less than 10%. The electrochemical function of hot-pressed cathode composites was assessed as a function of active material and solid-state electrolyte compositions. Specifically, LiNi0.85Co0.10Mn0.05O2 and LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 were studied in combination with either glassy Li7P3S11, glassy Li3PS4, or β-Li3PS4 solid-state electrolytes. Cathode composites composed of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 and Li3PS4 maintained the best function after hot pressing at 200 °C and 370 MPa for 10 min. It was found that LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2’s resistance to microcracking and the inherent stability of Li3PS4’s fully de-networked local structure are critical to maintain good electrochemical function after hot pressing. The results of this study show that hot pressing reduces porosity in the cathode composite and confirms the feasibility of cathode support of consolidated, reinforced glass separators.

目的:了解滇黔桂少数民族中学生心理健康状况,分析疏离感与心理健康的关系,为促进滇黔桂少数民族中学生心理健康发展提供参考.方法:抽取滇黔桂26所中学1945名少数民族中学生,采用修订的青少年疏离感量表、中学生心理健康量表进行测查.结果:少数民族中学生心理健康轻度、中度问题检出率为57.4％和9.4％,存在学段和省区间的统计学差异,高中少数民族学生的心理健康好于初中少数民族学生,且高中生比初中生表现出更少的偏执、敌对、人际敏感、心理不平衡、双语学习动力不足(t=3.27,4.59,6.12,3.47,3.99,4.40;P＜0.05).三省区间贵州少数民族中学生心理健康状况最差,广西次之,云南最好.不同性别和家庭社会经济地位的中学生总体心理健康水平无显著差异,但在分维度上有显著差异,其中家庭社会经济地位较低的中学生在双语学习适应压力、抑郁、强迫、焦虑、心理不平衡方面的心理健康风险最大.疏离感与少数民族中学生心理健康症状呈正相关(r=0.45,P＜0.01);分层线性回归分析显示,自我疏离感(β=0.21,t=8.01)、亲人疏离感(β=0.16,t=6.11)和社会疏离感(β=0.25,t=8.38)对心理症状总水平具有显著的正向预测作用(P-＜0.05).结论:滇黔桂少数民族中学生心理健康水平总体处于中等水平,三省存在省际差异、高中生比初中生心理更健康,性别和家庭经济社会地位对心理健康的分维度有显著影响,疏离感是影响其心理健康的重要因素.

Thought suppression, which is defined as an effort "not to think about" a particular thought, is essential to maintain good mental health. Despite previous functional imaging studies on thought suppression and related functional activity, the neural basis of thought suppression in individual difference is still unclear. Many studies have focused on the relationship between neuroticism and thought suppression; however, the neural basis of this relationship is not well known. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the neural basis of thought suppression and further explored the neural mechanisms underlying the relationship between neuroticism and thought suppression. The first step was to use voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to investigate the neuroanatomical basis of thought suppression in healthy subjects. We found a significant positive correlation between thought suppression and the gray matter volume (GMV) of the right superior frontal gyrus (SFG). The second step was to use resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) to investigate the neural functional basis of thought suppression. The results showed that thought suppression was positively correlated with rsFC between the right SFG and the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG). Interestingly, the relationship between neuroticism and thought suppression was mediated by the strength of rsFC between the right SFG and the left MTG. The results suggest that better ability to suppress unwanted intrusive thoughts is supported by greater GMV of the right SFG and stronger functional connectivity between the SFG and MTG. They also indicate that weak rsFC between the SFG and MTG can partly explain the negative association between neuroticism and thought suppression.

For low‐cost positive electrode chemistry, including lithium manganese oxide (LMO) and its mixture with high capacity lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), such as NMC532 blended with LMO, transition metal dissolution potentially compromises battery cycle life. Here the benefits of using lithium‐ion exchanged zeolite (Li‐zeolite) are demonstrated on mitigating transitional metal dissolution and improving the cycling performance for batteries particularly at high temperature. Adopted as an additive to cathode electrodes through mixing or coating, Li‐zeolite has shown the improved cycle life. Postmortem analysis through X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electron probe micro‐analyzer (EPMA) further clarifies the functions of Li‐zeolite in batteries and advises it future development. While the efforts on further optimization of electrode quality and increasing loading for desirable energy density is ongoing, the processes and results reported in this work provide a simple and practical route to enhance the performance for LMO and LMO blended electrodes. The application of Li‐zeolite is envisioned as a low‐cost and scalable path which can be potentially implemented in electrode manufacturing.

采用父母教养方式问卷、手机依赖指数量表、自我控制量表和感觉寻求问卷,对426名在校大学生进行测查,以探讨父母教养方式与大学生手机依赖的关系及自我控制和感觉寻求的作用.结果 发现:(1)父母拒绝和过度保护与手机依赖正相关,而父母情感温暖、理解与手机依赖负相关;(2)自我控制和感觉寻求在父母教养方式与大学生手机依赖间分别起部分中介作用;(3)自我控制和感觉寻求在父母教养方式与大学生手机依赖间起链式中介作用.结果 表明父母教养方式与大学生手机依赖具有密切联系,自我控制和感觉寻求在该联系中起重要作用.

Electroplating is one of the most common processes to create smooth surfaces and thin coatings, but achieving smooth lithium (Li) plating without Li dendrite growth remains a challenge for developing next-generation Li-ion batteries based on Li metal anodes. One of the main reasons is our inability to directly model and predict the atomistic and mesoscale mechanisms underlying the complex electroplating process involving concurrent ionic transport, redox reactions, and development of morphological instability. Here we report a multiscale model integrating atomistic calculations of charge transfer physics with the mesoscale phase-field model to understand and predict morphological evolution for general metal electrodeposition processes. The results reveal that the difference in cation desolvation-induced exchange current is mainly responsible for the dramatically different dendritic Li plating and smooth magnesium (Mg) plating. This study provides a strategy for designing dendrite-free Li-ion battery anodes guided by a multiscale model integrating the phase-field method and atomistic calculations.

Although negative life events are a risk factor for developing depression, cognitive control can help maintain one's mental health. However, whether thought-control ability (TCA) can alleviate the adverse effects of negative life events on depression is unclear. Therefore, two studies were conducted to test if it does, by having participant's complete measures of negative life events, TCA, and depression. Study 1, which included 140 healthy young adults, showed TCA mediated the relationship between negative life events and depressive symptoms, and that TCA also moderated the relationship between negative life events and depressive symptoms. Study 2 recruited patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) to test whether the findings could be generalized to individuals with MDD. Study 2 found TCA also mediated the relationship between negative life events and symptoms of MDD. Suggesting that improving the ability to control negative thoughts in daily life help maintain mental health and prevent depressive symptoms.

The anchoring effect is a well-known decision bias, referring that initial irrelevant number (anchor) can impact late estimation. Anchoring effect can be explained as people starting from the anchor and stopping incremental adjustment too early-in other words, jumping into the conclusion impulsively. High impulsivity is associated with AA genotype of rs806379. Therefore, we hypothesized that rs806379 polymorphism can exert an influence on the anchoring effect. The subjects completed an experimental task of anchoring effect and provided saliva for genotyping. As expected, we found that subjects with AA genotype of rs806379 demonstrated stronger anchoring effect. This is the first article that explores the anchoring effect from the gene perspective. Our finding suggests that nature plays a role in anchoring effect.

科学发明问题解决中顿悟原型启发主要有两种研究范式,即“原型导向”与“问题导向”.通过梳理两种范式下问题解决的共同之处与不同之处,进一步阐释两种范式下问题解决的发生机制,以此探究科学发明问题解决中顿悟的本质.通过文献梳理,本研究认为:“激活”是顿悟问题解决的前提,而“原型”与“问题”之间的“自动响应”过程才是顿悟问题解决的本质.并在最后提出未来的研究方向及启示.

Creative thinking, which refers to the process by which individuals produce a unique, valuable product based on existing knowledge, experience, and multi-perspective thinking activities, is the cornerstone of human civilization and social progress. As an important part of the creative field, scientific inventions in particular require individuals to break the existing state and build new things in the process of creating them. Therefore, the use of real-life examples of scientific inventions to explore the cognitive neural mechanism of creative thinking has become a focus of recent research. There have been many studies of creative problem solving, especially regarding its neural mechanisms. However, less attention has been paid to the issue of problem finding. Hence, the present study employed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and scientific invention problem-finding materials to identify the neural substrates of the process of scientific innovation problem finding. In the present study, nine scientific innovation problem situations were selected as materials. Each problem consisted of three parts: (paradoxical) problem situation, (misleading) old problem. and heuristic prototype. The modified learning-testing paradigm was used to explore the brain mechanisms of problem finding. Participants were asked to find a new problem based on the given problem situation and old problem in the testing phase after learning all the heuristic prototypes in the learning phase. A total of 104 undergraduates (mean age = 19.26 +/- 0.99) were enrolled in the final experiment. The rs-fMRI data were acquired using an echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence from a 3-T Siemens Magnetom Trio scanner (Siemens Medical, Erlangen, Germany) at the MRI center of Southwest University. We used both the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) to measure the local properties of rs-fMRI signals. and then investigated the relationship between ALFF/RSFC and individual differences in scientific problem finding. After controlling for age and sex, the results of multiple regression analysis showed that individuals with a high rate of useful problems had higher spontaneous brain activity in the left medial prefrontal cortex (L-mPFC) and cerebellum. Functional connectivity analysis further found a significant positive correlation between the rate of useful problems and the mPFC-Cuneus functional connectivity. Based on these results, we infer that: (1) The mPFC plays an important role in the process of scientific innovation problem finding. It might be responsive to two aspects: one involved in breaking the thinking set and forming novel association and another associated with the extraction and processing of working memory. (2) The cerebellum and the cuneus might be separately involved in the inter-semantic allocation of attentional resources and divulging.

The decoy effect arises when the ratio of choosing B from A and B options is lower than the ratio of choosing B from A, B, and D options, wherein D is dominated by B. This decision pattern is obviously unreasonable but quite common. Previous research suggested that impulsive people have stronger decoy effect. Rs806379, as a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) locus of cannabis receptor 1 gene (CNR1), has significant effect on impulsivity—people of A/A genotype are more impulsive than others. Therefore, rs806379 may relate to the decoy effect, which was tested in this study. Participants (359 Han Chinese college students) finished a task of the decoy effect, in which they made decisions between two or three mobile hard disks with various prices and provided saliva for genotyping. The results revealed the existence of the decoy effect. Furthermore, we found that participants with A/A genotype (251 Han Chinese college students) showed stronger decoy effect than others, when the prices were not high. This is the first attempt to study the decoy effect from a gene perspective. The result shows that even an SNP of a gene can have a significant association with complex human economic decision-making activities.

本研究通过对收集的科学发明创造实例进行整理,测量,访谈,再测量,建立拥有多项指标的创造性科学问题提出材料库,以期为研究创造性科学问题提出提供有效的测试工具.在材料库的建立过程中,对问题提出中的原型启发效应进行了探讨,结果表明,原型对创造性问题提出具有稳定的启发效应,并且这种启发效应在具有理科背景的个体上有更明显的效果.此外,创造性科学问题提出分数不仅与创造性成就倾向显著相关,且在企业环境中也显示出了对于不同创造力群体的有效鉴别.

目的:以效率与公平相关决策研究为例,探讨人脑电位对行为反应的预测.方法:本研究采用E-Prime程序和事件相关脑电位技术记录了22名健康被试完成效率与公平权衡决策实验时的行为数据和脑电数据,并进行分析.结果:被试对效率的行为敏感性(个体对高效率与低效率的行为反应的差异)可由他们先前对效率的脑电敏感性(个体对高效率与低效率的脑电反应的差异)预测;被试对公平的行为敏感性(个体对高公平与低公平的行为反应的差异)可由他们先前对公平的脑电敏感性(个体对高公平与低公平的脑电反应的差异)预测.结论:本研究例示了个体脑电差异可以预测个体行为差异.

Creativity is the ability to produce something novel and useful. Various tasks have been used to explore the neural bases of creativity. However, studies exploring the relationship between the brain regions during divergent thinking are still rare. Given that the brain works in networks, exploring the functional connectivity (FC) patterns during divergent thinking is important. The present study explored the FC patterns during alternative uses task and its relationship with openness to experience. Psychophysiological interaction results corroborated that the inferior parietal lobule was positively connected to the precuneus and middle temporal gyrus. Middle frontal gyrus/superior frontal gyrus was positively connected to the precuneus and supramarginal gyrus. Individual difference analysis revealed that openness to experience was positively related to the strength of FCs between some key regions of default mode, cognitive control and salience networks. Findings confirmed the network-based mechanisms underlying creativity and the neural basis of individual differences of openness to experience.

Loss aversion manifests itself in rejecting a gamble of gaining or losing the same amount of money with equal chance. Although loss aversion is a well-known and intensively studied phenomenon, whether individual differences in behavioural loss aversion can be predicted using scalp potentials (EEG) remains unclear. The current study measured scalp potential when subjects played a series of fair coin-toss games in three situations (high, medium and low loss conditions). We found that most people chose to bet in the low loss condition and avoided to bet in the high loss condition. However, their betting behaviour in the medium loss condition was variable, reflecting their different behavioural tendency of loss aversion. We found that late positive complex (LPC) significantly increased when subjects accepted gambles in the low loss condition (implying potential loss), relative to when they rejected gambles in the high loss condition (implying no gain and no loss), which is consistent with the previous finding that emotional stimuli can induce enhanced LPC. We further found that the difference in the scalp potentials from the above two conditions could predict behavioural tendency of loss aversion in the medium loss condition across subjects. This result demonstrated how behavioural tendency in a situation can be predicted using EEG from other situations.

Although research from a range of fields indicates the importance of innovation for progress in those fields, there is not yet a set of best practices for promoting insights that lead to scientific innovation. This article proposes and tests the hypothesis that function-construction maps based on prototype and heuristic theory lead to increased insight in college students. The study selected scientific innovation materials from an experimental materials database, extracted the underlying prototype solutions, and added redundant information as a condition for testing student insight and problem-solving ability. Results indicated that redundant innovation material tested reasoning ability more effectively than did nonredundant material, that this effect only appeared in the absence of function-construction maps, and that student insight was enhanced only when students were taught to extract function-construction maps from the material and were allowed to get their bearings by accessing the test questions before the prototypes.

Evidence from a range of fields shows that representation-connection (RC) is the key step towards the solution of a real-world insight problem. However, no study has focused on the inter-individual variability in RC, and little is known about whether structural and resting-state functional signals can account for inter-individual differences in RC. Combining structural (regional grey matter density, rGMD) and functional (fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC)) analysis approaches was used to examine the neural substrates of RC. The results showed that the RC score was positively correlated with rGMD and fALFF values in the bilateral lingual gyrus (LG), which might be related to relevant visual imagery during the correct matching of a specific prototype with an unsolved technical problem and the retrieval and application of key information from prototypes. In addition, the RC score was negatively correlated with the rGMD in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and functional connectivity analysis revealed that a higher RC score was inversely correlated with the strength of the RSFC between the right LG and the left inferior parietal lobule (IPL), which indicated that RC might be supported by decreased response inhibition and the automatic association of semantics.

Representation connection (RC) is a stable ability that significantly predicts the accuracy of scientific innovation problem solving while critical thinking has been strongly related to problem solving. However, the neural mechanisms underlying this relationship have not been assessed. Using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and scientific innovation problem solving materials, we investigated the correlation between RC and regional gray matter volume (rGMV) in healthy young participants. We found that RC was positively correlated with rGMV in the right superior temporal gyrus (STG) and in a cluster in the left medial frontal gyrus (MFG). These results indicate that increased rGMV in the right STG may lead to the ability to overcome misdirection more easily, which may result in better semantic integration of the certain construction of heuristic prototypes. Increased rGMV in the left MFG may be associated with forming novel associations and retrieving matched unsolved technical problems from memory. Further analysis revealed that the interaction between critical thinking and rGMV predicted RC in insightful problem solving, and found that higher rGMV was correlated with higher RC in participants with lower cognitive maturity, but not in participants with higher cognitive maturity. These findings suggest that rGMV could interact with cognitive maturity to modulate RC in insightful problem solving.