本文采用"科技工作者社会公众形象调查数据(2007-2021)"分析和考察中国民众对科学家形象评价的变迁状况及其影响因素.研究发现,2007-2021 年,民众对科学家形象评分经历了先下降(2007-2017)后上升(2017-2021)的过程,整体变迁趋势呈现出明显的V字形特征.在影响因素方面,科学素养、与科学家的社会距离和科学兴趣等因素都在不同程度上影响民众对科学家形象评分.在变迁方面,有科学兴趣和较高科学素养的民众对科学家形象评分呈现出明显的上升趋势.本文的研究发现对进一步理解和透视我国科学家形象变迁状况有贡献.

本文基于江苏苏州和南京两地的实地调研,围绕江苏省推进产学研融合及科技成果转化经验,从对接国内外高端创新资源、畅通科技成果转化体制机制、培育企业市场主体地位、实施人才分类评价等方面进行了总结凝练,并就调研中了解到的科技成果转化相关诉求进行了分析,提出了政策建议.

2022年3月,中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅印发《关于加强科技伦理治理的意见》,提出了我国科技伦理治理的总体要求、治理原则,以及体制机制建设的主要内容和措施,在我国科技伦理治理发展中具有标志性意义.但当前,对于科技伦理和科技伦理治理的概念内涵和特征,许多人还不甚清晰,有必要从理论上对科技伦理和科技伦理治理的概念内涵进行进一步的讨论和辨析.结合实践观察和理论研究,我们形成以下几点认识.

促进大学与企业的合作是各个国家科技创新政策和创新体系建设的重点任务,近年来也出现了在基础研究和前沿技术领域加强校企融合协同创新的趋势.本研究借鉴了美国、日本等发达国家在共建研究机构、开展项目合作、人才交流等方面的经验,总结中国目前促进基础研究和前沿技术领域校企融合协同创新的主要做法和面临的问题,并在导向方针、协作机制、创新平台、政策环境等方面提出相关建议.

当前,新一轮科技革命和产业变革正在重构全球创新版图、重塑全球经济结构,主要发达国家普遍强化基础研究战略部署,全球科技竞争不断向基础研究前移.我国基础研究短板依然突出,重大原创性成果缺乏,亟需从投入、管理体制机制创新和创新环境建设等方面着手,打通关键堵点,进一步激发科研人员基础研究潜力,促进基础研究加速发展.本文以基础研究人员为主要分析对象,结合近年来一系列与科研人员和基础研究相关的调查数据,从科研人员角度就当前我国基础研究存在的问题及原因进行分析.

作为科研队伍中的重要力量,青年科研人员面临着青年阶段的独特压力.青年科研人员的压力主要集中在职业发展和薪酬收入两个方面,产生这些压力的原因包括申请项目的难度逐渐增大、科研管理耗费时间精力、薪酬收入与生活支出之间缺口较大等.本文从加强对青年科研人员的项目和经费支持、优化科研管理程序、开拓多元渠道提高青年科研人员收入待遇等方面提出相关建议.

近年来,"负责任的研究与创新"(responsible research and innovation,RRI)成为科技伦理和科技政策研究的风行概念.把RRI理念引入到医学科研治理实践,提出要扩展伦理责任范围,强化社会责任担当,把预测、评估、伦理反思纳入到医学科研的全过程,建立科研信息和公众意见之间的双向反馈和动态响应机制,加强政策和决策过程的公开透明和社会参与性,促进医学研究者与社会公众间伙伴关系的形成,包容性的协商过程实现协作共赢.

2018年底,南方科技大学副教授贺建奎基因编辑婴儿事件引发世界舆论关注.回顾我国生命科学领域发展历程,这类事件并非单独个案.从2001年中国研发出世界首例人兔嵌合体引发国际争议、西方媒体给中国科技界冠以"野蛮东方"(Wild East)恶名,到近年来干细胞试验治疗、免疫细胞治疗乱象在中国屡禁不止,我国科技界每隔几年就爆出一件类似的"冷门"事件(如2012年黄金大米事件、2015年黄军就事件、2016年魏则西事件、2017年"换头手术"事件).有国际期刊指出,中国科研以"快"著名,却缺乏相匹配的社会伦理约束,"先做事、后讨论"的模式让中国速度令人担忧.

日本当前的科研伦理治理体系主要是以政府和科研机构为主导,以其下属专家委员会为依托,经过科学求证制定全国纲要性文件和行业规范准则.在逐步发展的过程中,各大学与行业学会起到了推动作用,自下而上由大学率先成立伦理委员会,政府设置治验和伦理审查委员会,由行业内的纲领规定发展到政府制定颁布相关的伦理规范和指南,中央和下属机构并行从而建立起一套全国范围的伦理治理体系.日本的伦理委员会数量多,覆盖面广,涉及到各行各业,有统一的行规且遵循业内伦理规范和准则,但伦理委员会的运作本身也存在着一定问题.本文从治理理念、组织架构和制度规范三个角度来对日本整个伦理治理体系做一介绍和分析,并提出对中国的经验与启示.

随着国家不断加大对科技硬条件和人才支持的投入,我国科研硬环境已经大为改善,但科研软环境对科技人才创新的制约仍比较严重.为深入了解相关问题,2015年6月,我们对400余位高层次的海外归国科研人员(以下简称“海外归国人员”)开展了一次问卷调查活动,旨在让他们通过国内外学习工作亲身经历和感受,进行比较分析,对我国的科研环境做出评价和提出改革建议.

为了解海外归国人员对我国科研环境的评价和需求,进一步改善我国的科研环境,本文基于对海外高层次归国人员的实地访谈和问卷调查,分析他们对我国科研基础设施条件及科研软环境问题的看法.分析结果显示:更好的发展机会和引才政策是吸引海外高层次归国人员回国的重要原因.高层次归国人员普遍认为,近年来我国的科研硬件环境显著改善,但科研软环境仍然亟待提升.在此基础上,文章提出完善科技资源配置方式、科技评价机制、科研经费管理方式等科研软环境的政策建议.

Based on the data of a large-scale face-to-face interview survey,this study presents an analysis of the acceptance of gene-modified(GM)crops among Chinese residents.Departing from a conventional framework in this field which examines the consumers' individual decision-making behavior,this research intends to develop asocial action modelto explain the factors that influence individuals' decision-making about a new technology,by drawing upon risk society theory.In addition toindividual decision-making behavior,this study identifies a number of affecting social factors,including knowledge and cognitive ability,mass media,and trust.The results of the empirical analysis are summarized as follows:(1)The acceptance of new technologies,to some extent,is indeed a decision-making process by individuals based on the assessment of benefits(not examined in this study),risks and purchase power.However,this explanation is incomplete.In the face of a new technology,individuals can only make abounded rational choicedue to their limited knowledge,and the risks they consider are largelyconstructive risks.(2)The mass media plays an important role in the construction ofrisks.The risks perceived by the public,to some extent,areshaped.The traditional TV media have a stronger function ofshapingthe public opinion.In contrast,the Internet as new media plays a more complicated role:while increasing the amount of information available,the Internet also strengthens some people's perception of risks due to the diversity of information it provides.(3)In understanding individuals' decision-making about risks,institutional trust is an un-ignorable and indeed crucial factor.In the face of a new technology,individuals' risk perception and decision-making behavior largely rely on institutional trust in various expert systems(including government),and once this trust declines or disappears,they will become very worried about and hostile toward new technologies.

一是医疗机构科技工作者工作时间相对过长,严重影响生活质量.医疗机构科技工作者在工作日的平均工作时间为8小时18分钟(主要业务工作为临床诊断治疗的医生更长达8小时48分钟),是各类科技工作者中工作时间最长的.这导致他们在睡眠时间和休闲娱乐时间上都低于其他科技工作者:他们在工作日的睡眠时间约为7小时30分钟,与高校科技工作者持平,低于科研院所(7小时36分钟)、企业(7小时42分钟)和其他科技机构(7小时48分钟)的科技工作者.

Based on the analysis of a national-wide sampling survey,this paper explores the impact of the internet-based new media on the public image of Chinese scientists. The results show that the importance of TV as a source of S&T information is descending,while the importance of internet is ascending rapidly. The rapid development of internet brings both benefits and challenges for building up a“good”public image of Chinese scientists. For instance, compared with people taking TV as the most important information source, those taking internet as the most important information source have significantly a less stereotypical,while more negative,image of scientists.

现代风险的特点之一就是“主观建构性”.从近年来食品安全事件所暴露出的问题来看,食品安全风险兼具客观实在性和主观建构性的综合特征,大多属于一种复合性风险.基于三城市公众食品安全风险感知状况调查的分析发现,公众对食品安全风险的感知存在着主观建构因素和人为放大效应,对多重食品安全风险的感知既存在着一致性也存在着分化性特征,对食品安全责任归咎存在着加重政府责任而相对弱化个人和企业责任的现象.公众对食品安全风险的感知特点和建构特性将使食品安全风险规制既面临极大挑战也面临创新机遇.政府应在科学全面地把握公众对食品安全风险感知的特点和规律的基础上,积极引导公众养成科学理性的风险意识,同时弱化风险的人为建构和放大效应.

The essay introduces the general facts of system development in the field of biotechnology ethics in China and advanced experiences from international community.The author also puts forward specific policy suggestions combining China’s conditions.

This paper reviews the evolution of the National Institute of Biological Science,Beijing(NIBS) for the past seven years,summarizes the major practices to innovate institutions,and proposes enlightenments and policy suggestions on developing China's basic research.The paper believes that the success of NIBS largely attributes to its pursuit of"a world-class institute without repeat".Its management system is in line with international standards.The government provides more support instead of intervention.As a basic research institution,it should identify a"world-class"development goal,boldly take reform of the management system,and recruit worldwide.It attracts first-class talents,equips with first-class facilities and its management methods are brought in line with international practice,so that the excellent professionals can be easily-imported,well-recruited and long-term-stayed.It should seize the opportunities in the context of international financial crisis and accelerate the introduction of foreign high-end professionals.

Job burnout is one kind of occupational stress,it is a prolonged response to chronic emotional and interpersonal stressors on the job,and is defined by the three dimensions of exhaustion,cynicism,and reduced personal accomplishment.This study based on the investigation of 2759 S&T professionals and used the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey(MBI-GS) as measuring tool.The results suggested are as follows:(1) S&T professionals experience moderate level of all the three dimensions of job burnout;(2) S&T professionals who are elderly people,or with senior professional title,or holding doctor degree,or have mobility experience feel lower degree job burnout than others;(3) In the S&T professionals whose working age under 5 years,the one with 2 years job experience recorded significantly higher scores on the MBI-GS than others.

The impact of Science and Technology(S&T) development to social development has always been a concern of Chinese government. Since reform and opening up,the focus of government work of S&T development has been transforned from economic development to both economic and social development.Now a policy framework has been built up,which consists of S&T development guidelines,technological policies versions,government S&T programs and major projects,special S&T initiatives,experimental zones,demonstrative projects and pilot projects.The main fields for policy intervention includes resources and environment,population and health,urbanization and urban development,disaster prevention and reduction and public security,building of a new countryside and eradication of social inequality.The paper also suggests that the government should try to ensure that the public can fairly share the benefit of S&T development,and pay specific attention to the social risks related to S&T development.

我国人才流动状况大为好转 人才流动方式由国家安排到市场调节的历史变迁.无论是初次就业还是再次求职,国家分配和组织调动等国家安排的求职途径在科技工作者流动中的作用逐渐弱化,甚至消失;市场调节已成为最主要的职业流动渠道,通过直接应聘、招聘会方式找工作成为科技工作者职业流动的主要途径.与此同时,社会资本在科技工作者的流动中一直发挥着重要的作用,利用社会关系仍是重要的求职途径.在更换工作单位的过程中,亲戚朋友或熟人介绍方式甚至比在获得初职时还重要.