Female scientific researchers are an important force in scientific and technological innovation. Improving their innovative ability and competitiveness will help them play a positive role in promoting global scientific and technological development. While countries continue to introduce policies to promote gender equality in scientific research and innovation,female participation in science and technology is better than before, the barriers to the development of female researchers is still an objective fact existing in the world. This paper analyzes the reasons of promoting gender equality in science and technology,and on the basis of summarizing the global policy practice to promote gender equality in science and technology, puts forward thoughts and suggestions on ensuring the diversity of human resources in science and technology, and creating a level playing field.

This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable instrument, the Mental Images of Scientists Questionnaire (MISQ), and use the instrument to examine Chinese students’ mental images of scientists’ characters across school levels, regions, living settings, and gender. The final version of the MISQ consisted of four constructs: scientists’ cognitive, affective, lifestyle, and job characters. The results showed that senior high school students gave higher scores for scientists’ cognitive character construct than junior high and elementary school students did. Students from eastern regions, which have a more highly developed economy, gave the highest scores on cognitive and affective character constructs of scientists. Students from western regions, which have a less developed economy, had a relatively negative impression of scientists. Students’ images of scientists’ affective, lifestyle, and job characters were positively correlated with their interests in pursuing scientific careers. Future research to explore the relationships between students’ mental images of scientists’ characters and students’ motivation to pursue science-related careers or to engage in scientific practices are recommended.

本文采用"科技工作者社会公众形象调查数据(2007-2021)"分析和考察中国民众对科学家形象评价的变迁状况及其影响因素.研究发现,2007-2021 年,民众对科学家形象评分经历了先下降(2007-2017)后上升(2017-2021)的过程,整体变迁趋势呈现出明显的V字形特征.在影响因素方面,科学素养、与科学家的社会距离和科学兴趣等因素都在不同程度上影响民众对科学家形象评分.在变迁方面,有科学兴趣和较高科学素养的民众对科学家形象评分呈现出明显的上升趋势.本文的研究发现对进一步理解和透视我国科学家形象变迁状况有贡献.

With the rapid development and maturation of basic research in related fields such as deep learning and convolutional neural networks, artificial intelligence (AI) has become a policy hotspot of high interest in all major economies. Furthermore, the governance of application scenarios has become one of the important topics of AI governance policy research. The practice of AI governance policy depends on a change in the paradigm of relevant governance policy research theories, and there is an urgent need to empirically analyze the structural characteristics of the knowledge evolution of AI application scenarios. This study conducts a bibliometric analysis of the basic research trends in autonomous vehicles, which is one of the most important application scenarios of AI. The study empirically analyzes the relevant literature data from the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-Expanded) and Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) databases of Web of Science, based on both technical and social dimensions through the knowledge mapping analysis tools in Bibliometrix (in R environment). Based on the empirical analysis, the results show that the basic research on autonomous vehicles is characterized by strong data-driven innovation under the influence of AI. The fusion of AI and basic research on autonomous vehicles has become a major driver of knowledge innovation in this domain while there is a lack of the integration of social science research.

This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable instrument, the Mental Images of Scientists Questionnaire ( MISQ ), and use the instrument to examine Chinese students’ mental images of scientists’ characters across school levels, regions, living settings, and gender. The final version of the MISQ consisted of four constructs: scientists’ cognitive, affective, lifestyle, and job characters. The results showed that senior high school students gave higher scores for scientists’ cognitive character construct than junior high and elementary school students did. Students from eastern regions, which have a more highly developed economy, gave the highest scores on cognitive and affective character constructs of scientists. Students from western regions, which have a less developed economy, had a relatively negative impression of scientists. Students’ images of scientists’ affective, lifestyle, and job characters were positively correlated with their interests in pursuing scientific careers. Future research to explore the relationships between students’ mental images of scientists’ characters and students’ motivation to pursue science-related careers or to engage in scientific practices are recommended.

美国拜登政府上台以来,积极组建各类排华联盟.其中,排华技术标准联盟的实质性进展最快、潜在危害最大,却未引起中国足够重视.未来5～10年内,技术标准联盟很可能成为影响中美关键领域技术竞争的"胜负手".中国若不尽快启动应对措施,将在中美技术竞争中陷入长期被动局面.

The European Union(EU)is an important advocator in promoting gender equality in research and innovation.In the past few decades,the EU has always listed promoting gender equality in research and innovation as a priority and an important strategic is-sue.Based on a series of studies,it has reached a number of policy consensus,which has greatly improved gender inequality in re-search and innovation.Based on the policies,reports and data of the EU to promote gender equality in research and innovation,this pa-per systematically analyzes the main challenges to gender equality,and the policy adopted to deal with the challenges,summarizes its experience and provides some suggestions for China.

Knowledge and trust are generally viewed as key drivers of favorable attitudes toward technology, but it remains uncertain whether and how different types of knowledge and trust interact with each other in predicting public acceptance. To address this gap, the present study hypothesized that knowledge and trust would exert both main and interaction effects on public opinion. Data from a national survey of public attitudes toward genetic modification (GM) in China were used to test an interactive model of attitudes. We have found that factual knowledge of and perceived familiarity with GM and trust in university scientists interacted as complements, with knowledge impacting positive attitudes more strongly for people who had high levels of trust; while we found no such interaction for knowledge/familiarity and trust in industry scientists and governmental officials. The implications of these findings for future research and policymaking in the domain of science and risk communication are discussed.

New progress in artificial intelligence (AI) are having a disruptive impact on human economic and social development. The new ecosystem of AI technologies such as deep learning, neural networks and intelligent robotics is being deeply integrated within the industrial sector and a large number of application scenarios are emerging. Amongst them, new application scenarios play a key role in driving the rapid development of autonomous vehicles (AV). AV’s development of automated processing and decision-making, relies on massive amounts of data to move from theory to reality. However, AV still face many challenges in their development including safety, data privacy and ethics, that require a transformation in the relevant governance paradigm. Exploring the characteristics of knowledge innovation and the underlying research performance in the deep integration of AI in AV, helps to complement the theoretical research for a new governance paradigm. This study uses the quantitative analytical tool of bibliometric analysis of basic research-related indicators, to empirically analyse papers related to research in the field of data-driven AV in the Web of Science. The study reveals the current status of country-specific basic research performance in data-driven AV, with a view to providing an empirical basis for relevant policy research and practice.

为了应对全球新冠疫情蔓延和贸易战升级,各国频繁变更宏观经济政策,给各国的创新活动带来一系列不确定性影响.本文选取1996—2015年全球21个主要经济体的面板数据,以政府治理质量作为门槛变量构建门槛回归模型,分析各国经济政策不确定性对科技创新的影响.实证结果表明,一国的贪腐控制、施政有效性和政治稳定程度等6个维度的政府治理质量指标对科技创新均存在单一门槛,在提高治理质量的情况下,经济政策不确定性的降低会显著提高科技创新水平.因此,在以创新驱动引领经济高质量发展的进程中,我国可以从降低经济政策不确定性和提高政府治理质量两个方面出发,在提高国内科技创新水平的同时,从供给侧层面推动经济高质量发展.

基于对全国11164名医学科研人员的抽样调查数据,分析了中国医学科研人员对科研伦理的了解、态度和遵守情况.调查发现,虽然大多数医学科研人员自称对科研伦理规范比较了解,但其科研伦理的客观知识的认识水平不容乐观;获取科研伦理知识的渠道多元化,但正规化培训渠道不足.大多数人对遵从科研伦理规范持积极态度,但男性、35岁以下青年、高级职称及东北地区的受访者相对消极.超过半数的人称中国目前的科研伦理监管基本到位,但也有部分人称违反科研伦理的现象比较普遍,部分科研人员反映伦理审查存在"直接盖章同意和批复"现象.相对于医疗机构,企业和高校是科研伦理培训教育和审查的薄弱环节.基于以上现状,提出加强科研伦理培训和伦理审查要求和政策建议.

科研伦理意识的认知和态度影响着个体研究者遵循研究伦理规范的意愿和程度.考察了中国医学科研人员(n=11164)对科研伦理规范知识的知晓度、获得途径及培训需求.调查发现:超过50.0％的人知晓"黄金大米事件""头颅移植术";80.0％的人知晓《涉及人的生物医学研究伦理审查办法》.90.0％的人认为"尊重人"和"不伤害"是基本伦理原则,但分别有42.8％的人和75.1％的人选择了"有益"和"公正".超过60.0％的人通过"自学""单位组织的专门培训"或"导师或同事的言传身教"获得科研伦理知识,仍有30.0％的人近三年未参加过科研伦理讲座.在培训需求方面,超过50.0％的人选择了"研究和应用的伦理规范",其次为"前沿领域伦理问题"(41.0％)和"伦理审查"(36.7％).基于此,提出了改进中国科研伦理教育培训内容和形式的建议.

一、全球科技创新合作面临前所未有的机遇与挑战 当前全球科技创新合作面临着前所未有的机遇和挑战.一方面,人类社会对于科技创新国际合作的需求前所未有.数字/信息通讯、人工智能、量子、能源、生物、材料等新兴技术快速发展与广泛应用,对各国来说都蕴含着重大的发展机遇,各国均把科技创新作为经济复苏和发展的强劲动力,纷纷向科技创新索要"答案",试图实现科技"突围",培育未来增长的新动能.

2022年3月,中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅印发《关于加强科技伦理治理的意见》,提出了我国科技伦理治理的总体要求、治理原则,以及体制机制建设的主要内容和措施,在我国科技伦理治理发展中具有标志性意义.但当前,对于科技伦理和科技伦理治理的概念内涵和特征,许多人还不甚清晰,有必要从理论上对科技伦理和科技伦理治理的概念内涵进行进一步的讨论和辨析.结合实践观察和理论研究,我们形成以下几点认识.

Based on the analysis of a national-level questionnaire survey data, this paper discusses the physical and mental health of Chinese scientific researchers. The survey found that the physical and mental health of Chinese scientific researchers was generally good, and some researchers reported that they were under high work pressure, some were in a state of moderate or high job burnout, and had poor self-assessed health status. Long working hours is an important reason for the physical and mental health problems of scientific researchers. For scientific researchers at different stages of career development, such as young people and senior professional titles, the reasons for their long working hours and work pressure are different. Based on these findings, this paper puts forward to corresponding policy recommendations.

有效的科技人才评价是充分提升科技人才创新积极性、加快建设科技强国的重要路径.近年来,与科技人才评价相关的政策陆续出台,以2018年《关于深化项目评审、人才评价、机构评估改革的意见》(以下简称《三评意见》)的出台为重要节点,科技人才评价的要求也随之变化,需要科学设立人才评价指标,克服唯论文、唯职称、唯学历、唯奖项倾向,树立正确的人才评价使用导向,强化用人单位人才评价主体地位等.

在全球外商直接投资不断萎缩的形势下,中国吸引外资却持续逆势增长,2017—2020连续四年保持全球第二大外资流入国地位.但在外资研发方面,却出现了外资研发中心大量撤离和外资在华研发投入保持增长的"悖论".本文在调研的基础上探讨了该"悖论"的成因及其可能的影响,并提出了相关建议.

The current rapid development of online car-hailing services creates a serious challenge to the existing paradigm of market governance and antitrust policy. However, the debate on the market structure of the car-hailing platform requires more empirical evidence to uncover its functions. This research adopts an interdisciplinary methodology based on computer science and economics, and including software reverse engineering tools applied to the interoperability of the terminal application and resource allocation model, to demonstrate the topological market structure of personal data resources allocation in China’s car-hailing industry. Within the discussion of the hybrid nature of technology and economy, the analysis results clearly show that China’s car-hailing platform services present a multi-sided market structure when seen from the perspective of personal data resource allocation. Personal data resource (PDR), that is considered an essential market resource, is applied as an asset transferred unhindered between platforms via the application programming interface, and thus, creating a new market allocation mechanism. The connection between the car-hailing platforms and social media platforms is an essential aspect of the market competition in the domain. As applications of online platforms increase in the global context, this research offers a new perspective in personal data resource allocation with implications for the governance of the platform economy.

促进大学与企业的合作是各个国家科技创新政策和创新体系建设的重点任务,近年来也出现了在基础研究和前沿技术领域加强校企融合协同创新的趋势.本研究借鉴了美国、日本等发达国家在共建研究机构、开展项目合作、人才交流等方面的经验,总结中国目前促进基础研究和前沿技术领域校企融合协同创新的主要做法和面临的问题,并在导向方针、协作机制、创新平台、政策环境等方面提出相关建议.