In the original publication [...].

IntroductionSaline-alkali soils are a major constraint to mung bean cultivation and extension, and prohexadione-calcium (Pro-Ca) can enhance plant tolerance to saline-alkali stress.MethodsIn order to explore the regulatory effect and mechanism of Pro-Ca on mung bean growth under saline-alkali stress, the morphology, ultrastructure, physiological indicators, and gene expression were measured in this study.ResultsThe results indicate that Pro-Ca can improve the adaptability of mung bean to saline-alkali stress. Specifically, it manifests as increasing dry matter accumulation, protecting the structural integrity and quantity of organelles such as chloroplasts and mitochondria, enhancing photosynthetic capacity, increasing antioxidant enzyme activity and the content of osmoregulatory substances. These changes may be related to the enhanced expression of calcium signal transmission and the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), polyamines and jasmonic acid in the root system under saline-alkali stress.DiscussionOur findings partially explain the physiological and molecular mechanisms by which Pro-Ca enhances the tolerance and adaptability of mung bean plants to saline-alkali stress. This may become an effective strategy for the utilization of saline-alkali soil.

IntroductionRice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae has long been the main cause of rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield reduction worldwide. The quinone external inhibitor pyraclostrobin is widely used as a fungicide to effectively control the spread of pathogenic fungi, including M. oryzae. However, M. oryzae can develop resistance through multiple levels of mutation, such as target protein cytb mutation G143A/S, leading to a decrease in the effectiveness of the biocide after a period of application. Therefore, uncovering the possible mutational mechanisms from multiple perspectives will further provide feasible targets for drug development.MethodsIn this work, we determined the gene expression changes in M. oryzae in response to pyraclostrobin stress and their relationship with DNA methylation by transcriptome and methylome.ResultsThe results showed that under pyraclostrobin treatment, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis were enhanced, suggesting that more aberrant proteins may be generated that need to be cleared. DNA replication and repair processes were inhibited. Glutathione metabolism was enhanced, while lipid metabolism was impaired. The number of alternative splicing events increased. These changes may be related to the elevated methylation levels of cytosine and adenine in gene bodies. Both hypermethylation and hypomethylation of differentially methylated genes (DMGs) mainly occurred in exons and promoters. Some DMGs and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were annotated to the same pathways by GO and KEGG, including protein processing in the ER, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, RNA transport and glutathione metabolism, suggesting that pyraclostrobin may affect gene expression by altering the methylation patterns of cytosine and adenine.DiscussionOur results revealed that 5mC and 6mA in the gene body are associated with gene expression and contribute to adversity adaptation in M. oryzae. This enriched the understanding for potential mechanism of quinone inhibitor resistance, which will facilitate the development of feasible strategies for maintaining the high efficacy of this kind of fungicide.

Nutrient imbalances, such as high boron (B) stress, occur within, as well as across, agricultural systems worldwide and have become an important abiotic factor that reduces soil fertility and inhibits plant growth. Sugar beet is a B-loving crop and is better suited to be grown in high B environments, but the methods and mechanisms regarding the enhancement of high-B stress tolerance traits are not clear. The main objective of this research was to elucidate the effects of the alone and/or combined foliar spraying of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on the growth parameters, tolerance, and photochemical performance of sugar beet under high-B stress. Results demonstrated that the photosynthetic performance was inhibited under high-B stress, with a reduction of 11.33% in the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and an increase of 25.30% in the tolerance index. The application of ZnSO4, MeJA, and their combination enhanced sugar beet's adaptability to high-B stress, with an increase in Pn of 9.22%, 4.49%, and 2.85%, respectively, whereas the tolerance index was elevated by 15.33%, 8.21%, and 5.19%, respectively. All three ameliorative treatments resulted in increased photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and the photosynthetic performance index (PIABS) of PSII. Additionally, they enhanced the light energy absorption (ABS/RC) and trapping capacity (DIO/RC), reduced the thermal energy dissipation (TRO/RC), and facilitated the QA to QB transfer in the electron transport chain (ETC) of PSII, which collectively improved the photochemical performance. Therefore, spraying both ZnSO4 and MeJA can better alleviate high-B stress and promote the growth of sugar beet, but the combined spraying effect of ZnSO4 and MeJA is lower than that of individual spraying. This study provides a reference basis for enhancing the ability of sugar beet and other plants to tolerate high-B stress and for sugar beet cultivation in high B areas.

研究生是国家高科技创新人才的后备力量,研究生创新能力培养关系着国家未来科技发展.本研究基于27所高校215份问卷调查,针对研究生创新能力现状和研究生创新能力培养的限制因素进行调查分析.发现知识面较窄,知识储备单一和个人创新自学能力不足,是限制当前农学类研究生科研创新的关键因素.思政教育在培养德才兼备的高端创新人才中起着重要的引导和促进作用.97％ 的学生认为思政教育对自身的健康发展和综合素质的提高具有帮助,且更倾向于通过课堂教学、实验、实习、毕业设计等环节以润物细无声的方式进行.

地方普通高等农业院校是我国农学类研究生培养的重要力量之一,为地方区域经济的高质量发展提供重要的农业技术与管理等方面的人才支撑.然而多数此类高校在生源、经费来源、培养条件等方面受到诸多客观因素的限制,在新形势下如何提升研究生培养质量,一直是各地方高校努力探索和致力于去解决的问题.本文通过和谐融洽的导学关系、适合的导学团队、系统的文献研读、新理念的科研平台、科学安排Seminar组会及研究生适度参与助教工作等几个方面,结合课题研究及自身情况分析,阐述了如何提高研究生培养质量.在中国经济、社会发展与教育水平快速提高的时代,高等农业院校应肩负起农学类高层次应用型人才培养的重任.

为探究植物生长调节剂噻苯隆(Thidiazuron)对大豆生育关键时期光合特性及碳代谢与产量的影响,2020 年以"垦农18"大豆品种为试验材料,待大豆植株生长至盛花期叶面喷施不同浓度的噻苯隆调节剂,并测定不同浓度处理的大豆光合色素含量、光合参数、荧光特性、碳代谢关键酶活性、糖含量及大豆单株产量.结果表明,噻苯隆有助于增加大豆光合色素含量;在处理后18d有效促进光合系统Ⅱ的光合活力,改善荧光反应活性;净光合速率和气孔导度显著提高,叶片光合能力增强;碳代谢关键酶活性提升,光合产物蔗糖、淀粉及可溶性糖含量升高,产量增加,可为调节剂噻苯隆在大豆优质高效生产中的科学利用提供理论参考.

转录因子在稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe grisea)的生长发育、逆境适应以及致病性中发挥着重要作用.为明确类SRRM1转录因子调控的pre-mRNA剪接与稻瘟病菌生长发育和逆境适应的关系,采用以基因重组原理为基础的基因定点敲除技术获取类SRRM1基因缺失菌株,并分析营养生长及逆境适应.结果表明,本研究成功构建敲除载体并敲除了稻瘟病菌Y34菌株中的类SRRM1基因,获得基因缺失突变体.稻瘟病菌中类SRRM1基因缺失未明显影响其营养生长,但对刚果红、十二烷基硫酸钠、山梨醇、NaCl及杀菌剂吡唑醚菌酯逆境胁迫敏感,表现为抗逆性减弱.类SRRM1在稻瘟病菌逆境适应过程中发挥重要作用.

为获得抗(耐)连作障碍的植物根际促生菌(plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria,PGPR),解决连作障碍对大豆的不良影响,从黑龙江大庆市林甸县试验基地采集连作多年的大豆根际土,从中分离筛选具有解磷和固氮的功能的菌株,进行形态学、生理生化指标、16S rDNA分子生物学鉴定,并对菌株的解磷、分泌IAA(3-吲哚乙酸)能力及ACC脱氨酶活性进行测定,对菌株对种子萌发和苗期的促生作用进行研究和分析.结果得到22株PGPR菌株经鉴定分别属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas),肠杆菌属(Enterobacter),土壤杆菌属(Agrobacterium),柠檬酸杆菌属(Citrobacter),沙雷氏菌属(Serratia),克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella).菌株的有效溶磷量范围为0.19～17.49 mg·L-1;菌株均有固氮能力;菌株的IAA产量范围为17.72～88.21μg·mL-1;菌株的ACC脱氨酶活性范围为0.33～0.67 U·mg-1.一株菌株对大豆种子萌发有显著促进作用;两株菌株对大豆苗期促生效果明显.研究结果可为后续PGPR微生物菌肥的研制与开发提供试验基础.

SUMOylation is an important posttranslational modification of eukaryotes that is widely present in metabolic regulation processes under various stresses. SIZ1 is a SUMO E3 ligase that plays a key role in substrate-specific recognition and directly promotes the binding of SUMO proteins to target proteins. Here, we reviewed the characteristics of SUMO as well as SUMOylation and the role of the SUMO E3 ligase SIZ1 in plant adaptation to abiotic stresses such as abnormal temperature, drought, salinization, phosphorus and nitrogen deficiency, heavy metal and metalloid toxicity, light exposure and reactive oxygen species. This review will enhance our understanding of these stressors and provide a useful reference for appropriate crop improvement, especially in suboptimal environments. Moreover, we provide a reference for future research on the role of SUMOylation in plant responses to abiotic stress.

Mung bean is characterized by having a good edible and medicinal value, while its flowers and pods have low production. Being a tertiary amine, DCPTA [2-(3,4-dichlorophenoxy) triethylamine] substantially regulates the growth and development of crops, maintaining production. Yet it is still limited in terms of the regulation of DCPTA on growth and development, including the yield and sugar metabolism of mung bean. In this study, DCPTA was sprayed at the beginning of mung flowering through a two-season cultivation, to assess its effects on the yield, leaf area per plant, plant height, seed setting rate, photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, and endogenous protective enzymes. Experimental results illustrated that relative to the control (CK), the DCPTA application significantly (p < 0.05) improved the yield of Bailv 11 mung bean, which rose to 6.9% in 2020 and 7.8% in 2021, respectively. This effect positively corresponded to a significant (p<0.05) increase in the number of pods and grains per plant and pod setting rate, but a non-significant difference in 1,000-grain weight. DCPA application also increased the area and fresh weight of leaf, mung height, and its organ dry weight (i.e., leaf, branch, and stem). During plant growth over DCPTA application, the increased activities of SOD, POD, and CAT improved the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration. In addition, transcriptome sequencing further demonstrated that DCPTA treatment significantly (p < 0.05) up-regulated the sucrose synthase, invertase, and fructose kinase in all organs (i.e., leaves, pod skins, and grains) of the plant. In particular, this effect was much greater in the sucrose synthesis (i.e., sucrose content) in leaves. Our study, therefore, concludes that DCPTA application promotes the yield of mung bean via likely enhancing its photosynthetic capacity and sucrose synthase, fructokinase, and beta-fructofuranosidase expression regulation.

为探究植物生长调节剂噻苯隆(Thidiazuron)对大豆籽粒建成及氮代谢的影响,本研究以大豆品种东农豆252为材料,在盆栽条件下,设置盛花期喷施不同浓度(0.2,1.0和5.0 mg·L-1)噻苯隆处理,测定不同浓度处理下的大豆单株产量、籽粒形态、氮代谢关键酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量和氨基酸含量,并分析噻苯隆对大豆氮素代谢和籽粒建成的影响.结果表明:噻苯隆处理可显著提高大豆单株籽粒产量,0.2,1.0和5.0 mg·L-1处理分别比对照显著提高14.28％、14.89％和14.29％.噻苯隆处理对大豆单株产量的提高,一方面归因于单株荚数的增加;另一方面归因于粒重的提高,处理后45 d,0.2,1.0和5.0 mg·L-1处理籽粒干重分别比对照显著提高11.15％、11.51％和10.08％.对于氮素代谢,0.2～1.0 mg·L-1噻苯隆处理,一方面可提高大豆叶片氮代谢关键酶活性,促进籽粒形成前期(噻苯隆处理后9～18 d)叶片可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸的积累;另一方面可促进氮素由叶片向籽粒的转运,籽粒形成后期(处理后36～45 d)大豆叶片游离氨基酸含量比对照显著降低;进而提高籽粒氮素代谢水平,籽粒氮素代谢关键酶活性提高,籽粒可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸积累增加.综上,噻苯隆处理可以促进大豆叶片氮素代谢,强化氮素向籽粒的转运和积累,提高大豆籽粒干重,达到增产效果.其中0.2～1.0 mg·L-1浓度范围的噻苯隆处理效果较佳.

Fomesafen herbicide application has become major pollution in the growth and production of crops. Spraying fomesafen on the target crops may drift out to non-target crops. In northeast China, sugar beets are always planted adjacent to soybeans. Salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role in crop growth and alleviating abiotic stress, however, the role of SA in relieving fomesafen stress in sugar beet growth has rarely been investigated. Therefore, a pot study was conducted to elucidate the effects of different concentrations (0.025, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 mM) of SA on morphological parameters, photosynthetic performance, and antioxidant defense system in sugar beet seedlings under fomesafen (22.5 g a.i. ha(-1)) stress. The results showed that fomesafen stress inhibited the growth of sugar beet seedlings, and photosynthetic performance, while increased membrane lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. However, exogenous SA alleviated the fomesafen stress and increased plant height, biomass, photosynthetic pigment contents, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), and photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) in sugar beet leaves. Meanwhile, exogenous SA maintained the cell membrane integrity by reducing the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and electrolyte permeability and regulating the activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and polyphenol (PPO). Therefore, it is concluded that exogenous SA ameliorated the adverse effects of fomesafen on the growth of sugar beet seedlings, with a pronounced effect at 1 mM SA. The present study results may have useful implications in managing other plants that are poisoned by herbicides.

以绿丰2号和绿丰5号为试验材料,于第1片复叶展开期进行150mmol/L的混合盐碱胁迫及叶面喷施不同浓度的调环酸钙(Pro-Ca),再继续培养15d后取样,研究不同浓度的Pro-Ca对绿豆苗期生长的调控作用.结果表明,叶面喷施适宜浓度的Pro-Ca(100mg/L)可通过增加渗透物质含量、提升抗氧化酶活性及降低MDA含量来维持细胞渗透势,消除活性氧,降低膜质过氧化程度,保护细胞膜结构,从而缓解盐碱胁迫对绿豆幼苗植株造成的伤害,提高绿豆幼苗抗盐碱的能力,具体表现为100mg/LPro-Ca处理下绿丰2号和绿丰5号株高分别降低29.64％和21.72％,地下干重分别增加33.33％和50.00％,根冠比分别增加42.86％和8.33％,叶绿素含量分别增加 15.77％和 18.55％.

为探究苗期（V1期）淹水胁迫对大豆生理特性和显微结构的影响及烯效唑(S 3307 )的缓解效应,以‘垦丰14’为材料,于V1期进行叶面喷施S 3307 ,并于喷药后5d进行淹水处理,对淹水胁迫下大豆叶片和根系生理特性、下胚轴显微结构及S 3307 的调控效应进行了测定和分析。结果表明,淹水胁迫会增加大豆下胚轴通气组织数量,随淹水胁迫时间延长,通气组织面积逐渐增大;S 3307 能提高大豆对淹水逆境的适应性,增加通气组织数量和通气组织的面积,以应对淹水胁迫对植株造成的缺氧胁迫。与对照（CK）相比,淹水胁迫会增加叶片和根系中活性氧（ROS）和丙二醛（MDA）含量,并随胁迫时间延长而逐渐升高。在淹水胁迫前期会诱导酶促抗氧化防御系统活性的增强,引起渗透调节物质含量的增加,随胁迫时间延长,抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量均呈下降趋势。S 3307 可促进叶片和根系中抗氧化酶活性的提高,抑制ROS和MDA含量的过量积累,并始终维持较高的渗透调节物质含量,减缓淹水胁迫造成的损伤。

为探讨调环酸钙(Pro-Ca)对盐碱胁迫下大豆(Glycine max)根系生长的缓解作用,以大豆品种合丰50(耐盐)和垦丰16(盐敏感)为试验材料,研究叶面喷施100 mg·L-1 Pro-Ca对盐碱胁迫下大豆根系生长特性、活性氧代谢、抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量的影响.结果表明,外源喷施Pro-Ca均能不同程度缓解盐碱胁迫对合丰50和垦丰16根系生长的抑制,两品种根长、根鲜重和根干重分别增加了11.2％和23.6％、3.2％和19.8％、38.0％和37.6％;上调了盐碱胁迫下大豆根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性以及抗坏血酸(AsA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)水平;抑制了 O2·-和H2O2积累,降低了丙二醛(MDA)含量和电解质渗漏率(EL);促进了渗透调节物质积累,合丰50和垦丰16大豆根系的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量分别增加了 5.1％～7.8％和6.2％～28.0％、6.6％～17.8％和3.8％～10.3％、19.1％～31.9％和6.9％～27.8％.主成分分析表明外源喷施Pro-Ca对耐盐品种合丰50和盐敏感品种垦丰16根系均具有较好的调控效果.综上所述,外源喷施Pro-Ca可通过增强根系抗氧酶活性、渗透调节能力以及降低膜脂过氧化来增强大豆根系的耐盐碱能力.本研究初步阐明了 Pro-Ca缓解大豆根系盐碱胁迫伤害的生理生化机制,为进一步从分子水平揭示其作用机制提供了理论依据.

利用大豆基因组数据库Phytozome v12.1.6获得大豆DNA脱甲基化相关基因Glyma03g34860和Glyma10g07601的CDS序列,以大豆叶片RNA为模板,RT-PCR克隆获得Glyma03g34860基因大小为5226 bp,Gly-ma10g07601基因大小为6045 bp.利用STRING在线软件预测这两个转录本的互作蛋白质完全一致,主要互作蛋白8个,包括一个AP位点裂解酶和2个RNA聚合酶亚基;采用qRT-PCR分析他们对大豆连作综合逆境胁迫的响应.结果表明:连作综合逆境胁迫使Glyma03g34860和Glyma10g07601的表达均不同程度上调,其中,Glyma10g07601基因在大豆品种安达农家、黑大豆、绥农14和黑农40达显著水平(P<0.05),分别增加1.37、1.22、1.98倍和1.67倍;Glyma03g34860基因在大豆品种垦丰16、绥农14达显著水平(P<0.05),分别增加1.62倍和1.65倍,因此推测他们可能通过使基因组DNA脱甲基化而参与大豆连作综合逆境胁迫的响应.

为探究初花期低温胁迫及喷施烯效唑(S3307)对绿豆[Vigna radiata(L.)Wilcz]光合特性和保护酶活性的影响,于2020年以绿丰2号和绿丰5号为试验材料,盆栽条件下,于初花期进行预喷施S3307,同时连续低温处理4 d并每天取样,测定分析相关光合及生理指标.结果表明:在初花期对绿豆进行低温胁迫,绿豆叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素、总叶绿素含量显著下降,丙二醛含量显著增加;绿丰2号的减产率为13.31％～58.25％,绿丰5号的减产率为8.53％～46.60％.喷施S3307后显著提高了低温胁迫下绿豆叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci),并显著降低了丙二醛(MDA)含量;促进绿豆叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性显著升高.绿丰2号在喷施S3307后产量的缓解率为8.06％～20.12％,绿丰5号的缓解率为1.01％～13.42％.综上可知,S3307处理可以明显提高低温胁迫条件下绿豆叶片的光合能力以及生理功能,最终达到增产的目的.

Soil salinization has become a global problem and seriously endangers crop growth and yield improvement. In the present study, soybean (Hefeng 50) seedlings were used as test materials to study the mitigation effect of foliar spraying of different plant growth regulators (PGRs) [50 mg L−1 indole-3-butyric acid potassium salt (IBAK), 50 mg L−1 chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), 2 mg L−1 abscisic acid (ABA), 30 mg L−1 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), and 1.2 mg L−1 brassinolide (BR)] on oxidative stress caused by the mixed Saline–Alkali concentration of 110 mmol L−1. The results showed that the application of PGRs promoted the growth of Saline–Alkali stressed plants, where the maximum increase in shoot FW was treated with COS, and in root FW, root length, root surface area, and root volume were obtained with the IBAK treatment. Treatments ABA, ALA, and BR had higher net photosynthetic rates, and the chlorophyll content was considerably increased under COS and BR treatments compared with Saline–Alkali treatment. Moreover, PGRs markedly enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes, the concentration of ascorbate (AsA), glutathione (GSH), proline, soluble protein, soluble sugar, sucrose, and starch, and the ratios of AsA/DHA and GSH/GSSG, but reduced the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), electrolyte leakage (EL), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and superoxide radical (O2·−) in soybean seedlings compared with Saline–Alkali treatment. The principal component analysis revealed that the ranking of PGRs enhancing Saline–Alkali tolerance of soybean seedlings was BR > IBAK > ABA > COS > ALA, and the most effective treatment was BR, which may be assigned to more vigorous antioxidant defense and osmotic adjustment.

为研究淹水胁迫下喷施烯效唑(S3307)对不同大豆品种的影响,以耐涝品种'垦丰14'和涝渍敏感品种'垦丰16'大豆为试验材料,进行盆栽试验,研究鼓粒期(R5)淹水胁迫对大豆叶片膜脂过氧化程度(MDA)、活性氧(ROS)和抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(AsA-GSH)循环系统的损伤及S3307的缓解效应.结果表明:R5期淹水胁迫显著增加了两品种大豆叶片内MDA含量,加速了ROS的积累,且相同时间垦丰16增幅大于垦丰14.叶面喷施S3307可有效提高非酶抗氧化剂含量,增加关键酶活性,降低叶片MDA含量,抑制ROS积累,减少淹水胁迫对膜系统造成的伤害,并在恢复正常水分处理后,维持较高的关键酶活性和非酶抗氧化剂含量,促进两品种大豆叶片恢复至正常状态,且垦丰14恢复能力优于垦丰16.综上,淹水胁迫对两种耐涝性不同的大豆品种叶片中AsA-GSH循环具有不同程度的影响,S3307可在一定程度上减缓淹水胁迫所造成的危害.