The peony of Sect. Paeonia was a perennial herbaceous plant with numerous ornamental varieties and riched diversity in flower color and shape. It has ornamental, edible, and medicinal value and a long history of cultivation in China. The study of phenotypic diversity of plants is an important foundation for plants of Sect. Paeonia breeding. This study conducted phenotypic diversity analysis, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis on 43 varieties of Sect. Paeonia germplasm resources. Phenotypic traits included 30 qualitative traits and 7 quantitative traits. Through genetic diversity analysis, principal component analysis, comprehensive evaluation, and cluster analysis, we ultimately concluded that plant samples had relatively rich genetic phenotype traits. In principal component analysis, the first 12 principal components have covered the vast majority of information for phenotypic traits. The comprehensive evaluation results of phenotypic traits indicate that the F values of each variety in the germplasm sample were all positive number. The degree of stamen petals played a key role in determining the phenotypic diversity of plants, and the shape of the cotyledons and leaflets may determine the plant’s stress resistance performance, which provides a reference for breeding new varieties of peonies of Sect. Paeonia . ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.

The key transcription factor gene PdPapERF109 was cloned from Populus davidiana×P.alba var.pyrami-dalis(Pdpap),and after overexpression of PdPapERF109 in transformants,the gene functions in the resistance response to Fusarium oxysporum infection.Compared with the wild Pdpap,after inoculation with F.oxysporum,the physiologi-cal and biochemical characteristics,including relative fresh weight,peroxidase activity,and the percentage of electro-lyte leakage showed that,after overexpression of the PdPa-pERF109 gene,the transformants grew well and displayed significant resistance to F.oxysporum infection.By com-paring the reactive oxygen species scavenging capacity of Pdpap plants after pathogen infection,the PdPapERF109-overexpressing plants had significantly better reactive oxygen species scavenging ability than the wild plants.Comprehensive analysis of plant morphology and various physiological and biochemical parameters showed that the overexpression of the PdpapERF109 gene significantly improved the resistance of Pdpap plants to F.oxysporum root rot.Therefore,increasing the expression of the homolo-gous ERF 109 gene can be an effective strategy to increase disease resistance in hybrid poplars.

Rubus arcticus Linnaeus (1753) is a medicinal and edible plant in the Rosaceae with wide distribution in northeast China. The total length of the genome was 156,668 bp with a GC content of 37.1%, including a large single-copy (LSC, 85,958 bp) region, a small single-copy region (SSC, 18,756 bp), and inverted repeat (IR, 51,954 bp) regions. A total of 129 genes were identified. The numbers of protein genes tRNAs and rRNAs were 85, 36, and 8, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that R. arcticus belongs to the Rubus genus. Published R. arcticus chloroplast genomes have yielded insights into the closely related species identification, phylogenetic position and Rubus evolution.

Light quality consists of a spectrum of different bands, which not only affects plant, development, and primary metabolism but also affects the secondary metabolism of plants. It is an important factor affecting the content of active components of medicinal plants. The A. paniculata seedlings planted in the laboratory, as materials, were tested with red light, far red light, blue light, and ultraviolet light separately. The study assays the content of six main chemical components separately by LC-MS, observes the changes in the content, and analyzes the relationship between the light quality and the active ingredient of A. paniculata . Using the ointment yield and pH value, the fingerprint analysis method of A. paniculata standard decoction was established, and we discussed the selection of index components of A. paniculata standard decoction. It was suggested to select andrographolide as the index component. It will provide a theoretical basis for the large area cultivation of A. paniculata and optimize the quality of medicinal materials to ensure the quality of standard decoction.

The transformed situation of the content of astragaloside, flavonoids, saponins in two-year-old astragalus membranaceus (Fisch) Bge. has been studied through the treatment of astragalus seed-coating by different concentrations (2%, 4%, 6% and 8% of seed dry weight) and the double controls of seed coated with ND general seed-coating (8% of seed dry weight) and seed uncoated. The study on one-year-old astragalus has indicated that the content of the main active component-astragaloside IV and total flavonoids in radix astragali has been increased after treated by astragalus seed-coating, and the residue of seed-coating can be fully degraded with the grow of plants. Based on the above study, this paper conducted the contrast research on the transformed situation of the active content in two-year-old astragalus, in order to further prove that the quality of astragalus can been improved through astragalus seed-coating.

为从土壤微生物生物量角度分析扎龙湿地不同生境的土壤肥力状况,对扎龙芦苇生境和草甸生境不同土层(0-10 cm、10-20 cm、20-30 cm)微生物生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)季节变化进行监测,并分析了土壤微生物生物量碳氮与土壤环境因子的关系.结果表明:两种生境土壤MBC、MBN含量均表现出明显的垂直分布特征,即0-10 cm＞10-20 cm＞ 20-30 cm,且草甸生境显著大于芦苇生境.在整个生长季节内,两种生境土壤微生物量碳、氮均大致呈现出“W”型变化格局,其变化幅度均随着土层的加深而减小,且草甸生境的变化幅度显著大于芦苇生境.相关分析表明:芦苇生境土壤MBC与土壤含水率呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),与土壤pH呈极显著负相关(P＜0.01),MBN与土壤含水率、有机碳、水解性氮呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),与土壤pH呈极显著负相关(P＜0.01);草甸生境土壤MBC则均与土壤含水率、有机碳、有效磷、水解性氮呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),与土壤pH值呈显著正相关(P＜0.05),MBN则均与土壤含水率、有效磷呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),与有机碳呈显著正相关(P＜0.05).

Objective:For the isolated endophytic fungi of five strains from astragalus , trace extracts, fungi and bacteria processing to the bacteriostatic experiment .Methods: Single factor test and orthogonal experiment method were for screening the best combination in order that relative inhibition rate reflected bacteriostatic effect .Results:Micro extrac-tion of orthogonal design to get the best combination against Escherichia coli was 50%ethanol concentration , extraction time extracting for 2 times, 40 times the volume of 20min extract;Anti Staphylococcus aureus was the best combination of 70%ethanol, extracting 10min, 20 times volume of extract, extract 3 times.This study determines the endophytic fungi of astragalus trace extraction of the optimal combination of antimicrobial active substances .Microbial extract had obvious bacteriostasison to escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus .Conclusion:This study determines the endophytic fungi of astragalus trace extraction of the optimal combination of antimicrobial active substances .Bacteria liquid extract has an obvious bacteriostasis against Escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus .

In order to study the insecticidal activity and toxicity mechanism of α-pinene(a plant volatile organic compound), we tested the acute toxicity of α-pinene against 4th instar larvae of Zophobas morio in a gas-fumigation system, and investigated the activities of carboxylesterase (CarE), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and the glutathione S-transfer (GSTs)in the larvae at different fumigation time. The results showed that the acute toxicity LC50 and LC20 values of α-pinene against the 4th instar larvae in 48 h were 21.435 and 12.140 μg·L-1, respectively. Under the fumigation with LC50 and LC20 concentrations (21.435 and 12.140 μg·L-1) of α-pinene, the activity of CarE was significantly inhibited. The activities of ALP and GSTs first increased but subsequently reduced. Under the fumigation at LC20 concentration of α-pinene, the activities of ACP was increase. Under the fumigation at LC20 concentrations of α-pinene, the ACP activity showed first increased but subsequently reduced. It could be inferred from the above results that α-pinene had a high biological activity on Z. morio, which could effectively interference the detoxifying enzymes, disrupt the normal physiological metabolism and show high toxicity effect on the insect.

Astragalus was fermented by Lactobacillus bulgaricus.UV spectrophotometry was used to determine the content of the main ingredients of Astragalus in fermentation process.The results show that by the fermentation the content of total saponins of Astragalus increases by approximately 22%,and the content of total flavonoids increases by approximately 13.6%.However,the total polysaccharide content reduces slightly.

An experiment was conducted to study the optimal conditions of ultrasound-assisted extraction of pupa oil of larch ca-terpillar(Dendrolimus superans) using the response surface methodology.A mathematical model for ultrasound-assisted extraction of pupa oil of larch caterpillar was established according to the physicochemical properties of pupa oil.The optimal conditions were obtained as ultrasonic power 80W,ultrasonic time 30min,and temperature 40 degrees C.Good quality of pupa oil could be obtained under these optimal conditions,with a high extraction rate and less extraction time.

This paper reviewed the literatures of growing environment,preservation and quality of Panax ginseng,and expounded the relationship of the altitude,the light environment,soil and fertilizers,growing years,place of origin,pests and diseases,pesticides,preservation environment and the quality of P.ginseng.This provided theoretical basis for improving production and the storage conditions to ensure the quality of P.ginseng.

An experiment was conducted to isolate endophytic fungi from healthy root of Astragalus membranaceus var.mongholicus under different conditions by means of surface disinfection and selection of culture medium.The morphological identification of the fungi was made.Result showed that the surface disinfection method was effective.Different numbers of endophytic fungal strains were obtained on four kinds of culture media.The morphological characteristics of the endophytic fungi observed through the microscope were analyzed.A total of 28 strains of endophytic fungi were isolated from the healthy root of A.membranaceus var.mongholicus,which belong to seven genera.

Objective:To screen the optimum technology of Lactobacillus fermented Astagulus.Methods:The L9(33) orthogonal table and content of astragaloside were employed to select the optimum extraction technique by inoculum,temperature and shaking time as the three main factors,and three levels were adopted for each factor.Results:The optimum technology of Lactobacillus fermented Astagulus was A3B3C2.Conclusion:This study provides a reference to optimize the process conditions of the Lactobacillus bulgaricus fermented Astragalus.

This paper studied the spatial distribution patterns of soil nutrients and biological characteristics and related major affecting factors in seasonal wet meadow in Zhalong wetland. In the meadow, the soil nutrients, microbial communities, and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen showed an obvious vertical distribution, but the soil enzyme activities had a complicated spatial distribution due to the effects of multi factors. Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen had significant positive correlations with soil beta-glucosidase, urease, and phosphatase activities (P<0.05), soil organic carbon had significant correlations with soil actinomycetes and soil catalase activity (P<0.05), soil available K, total N, alkali-hydrolyzable N, and C/N ratio were significantly correlated with soil bacteria (P<0.05), actinomycetes (P<0.05), beta-glucosidase activity (P<0.05), and microbial biomass nitrogen (P<0.05) , respectively, whereas soil total P and pH had no significant correlations with soil microbial activity (P>0.05). Two models, one for soil nutrients evaluation and another for soil microbiological prediction, were constructed by principal component analysis.

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of seed coating agents on the biological characteristics and biomass of two-year-old Astragalus membranaceus seedlings,by using seeds coated with ND general seed coating and uncoated seeds as the controls.Result showed that a significant increase in the biomass of two-year-old A.membranaceus treated by Astragalus seed coating agent was found compared with the controls.It indicates that the seed coating agents still have promotive effects on the biomass of two-year-old A.membranaceus.

Sustained-release drop pills are prepared by solid dispersion with stearic acid as sustained-released matrix,PEG-4000 as water soluble base,through drug and matrix with different ratio,obtain with good slow-release effect of sustained-release drop pills of Chinese Dragon's Blood.Best drop pill molding technique as follows: drug loading of 20%,PEG-4000/ poxomaler = 1∶1,the amount of stearic acid with accessories accounted for 20%,physic liquid temperature of 90 ℃,drip speed of 20 drops / min,drip away from 3 cm,the condensate temperature of 11 ~ 15 ℃.The slow-release effect of preparation is evident,and the spherical degree,hardness and weight variation all meet the requirement.

Objective:To observe the effects of Astragalus seed coating against Astragalus root rot and aphids.Methods:Firstly,the seed coating was added into an accurate quantification of melting potato sucrose agar medium;Subsequently,the medium was poured into sterilized petri dishes.The colony diameter was observed with 5 milliliters of sterile water instead of seed coating as a control.And then the well-selected Astragalus seeds were sowed after their being coated.The disease index of Astragalus root rot and the occurrence degree of aphid were investigated.Results:Astragalus seed coating possessed a higher inhibition rate than ND seed coating at the same effective concentration.With the increase of Astragalus seed coating concentration,the disease index of Astragalus root rot decreased gradually,but the occurrence degree of aphids was not reduced.Conclusion:The bacteriostatic effects of Astragalus seed coating is superior to ND seed coating.Astragalus seed coating can reduce the disease index of Astragalus root rot.Neither of the two seed coatings has effects against aphids.

To study astragalus seedlings of some biochemical indicators treated by seed coating.The detail is the treatment change temperature,absorb the surface water with absorbent paper after 12h,air-dried at room temperature for 30 min,then coated by astragalus seed coating(AM) and ND seed coating,AM dose are used by the seed dry weight of 2%,4%,6% and 8%,ND dose of seed used by 8% of dry weight,and are marked as AM(2%),AM(4%),AM(6%),AM(8 %) and ND(8%),blank is control(CK),culture in vermiculite,shower water and change pot in due time.After planting measure morphological,proline content,activity of MDA and POD and CAT.The result show that after the seed coating can increase proline content,the protection of protein structure,improve the POD and CAT two protective enzyme.

目的:探讨水浴振荡法提取蛇床子的最佳工艺。方法:采用正交设计法,以温度(A)、提取时间(B)、乙醇浓度(C)为主要因素优选提取条件,并以蛇床子素的含量为考察指标,运用反相高效液相色谱法测定其含量,色谱条件为ODS柱,流动相为甲醇-水(80∶20),柱温为25℃,流速1mL/min,检测波长为322nm。结果:C因素(乙醇浓度)具有统计学意义,其它因素影响不显著。结论:蛇床子水浴振荡提取的最佳工艺为A3B3C3,即55℃,95%乙醇,每次提取3h,含量可达10.5mg/g。

黄芪甲苷和总皂苷是中药黄芪中的特征性成分,目前黄芪药材及含黄芪的单方与复方中药制剂多以黄芪甲苷和总皂苷含量为质量评价指标。关于黄芪中皂苷类成分的前处理方法的文献报道比较丰富。本文对近年来黄芪皂苷类成分提取分离方法的研究进展进行了归纳,列举并对比了水提法、醇提法、微波辅助提取法、柱前衍生化法、超临界CO2萃取法等方法的优缺点及适用范围,为黄芪及其制剂中皂苷类成分的分离提纯提供参考。