The antioxidant and antitumor effects of pepper (Piper nigrum) have received significant attention, but its multicomponent synergistic mechanism remains unclear. This study employed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to analyze the volatile chemical composition of black pepper extracts (BPE) and white pepper extracts (WPE) from three regions in China. Network pharmacological analysis was then performed on 44 common components identified across all samples. Results suggested that piperine, pellitorine, and cubebin may regulate MAPK, PI3K-AKT, and cAMP signaling pathways to exert antioxidant effects, with molecular docking confirming high binding activity to targets such as AKT1 and EGFR. In vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated that pepper extracts (PE) directly enhanced antioxidant capacity in female flies by increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity but had limited effects in males. Gender-specific differences were also observed in hydrogen peroxide resistance and feeding behavior. These findings systematically reveal the multi-component synergistic antioxidant mechanism of PE and provide a scientific basis for further application.

The composition of natural substances varies with plant species and cultivation environment factors, which is also a complex problem. A total of 127 substances of agarwood essential oils (AEOs) extracted by hydro-distillation were identified by GC-MS analysis. Among the components obtained from AEOs, sesquiterpenes and small molecule aromatic substances were the main components, and there were significantly fewer chromones. The aromatic compound 4-phenyl-2-butanone was the only common component. The VIP value and S-plot generated by the OPLS-DA model based on the comparison of regional groups or pairwise genotypes showed up to 26 potential markers at VIP > 1. The more common components of agarwood, such as sesquiterpenes α-guruene, agarospirol, guaiol, γ-eudesmol and chromone 2-phenylethyl-4H-chromen-4-one, contributed the most to the VIP value. Supervised OPLS-DA was better than that of PLS-DA, providing a reference for the quality evaluation of AEOs. This method emphasizes providing more information and obtaining additional information when combined with appropriate multivariate modeling and effective visualization of specific labeled metabolites for identification.

Aquilaria spp. are a highly valuable plant species found in the Chinese herbal medicine and agarwood fragrance supplement industries for fumigation, combustion and perfume. The phytochemical composition of agarwood oils (extracts) was derived from Aquilaria sinensis and its subspecies 'Qi-Nan' using supercritical CO2 extraction technology. Gas chromatography connected with a mass spectrometry apparatus was employed for qualitative and quantitative analyses. Comparing the agarwood oils from six planting areas, 12 common components were obtained, among which sesquiterpenes and chromones had the highest relative content. Genetic and environmental factors had the greatest impact on the three chromones, especially on 2-phenyl-4H-chromen-4-one. According to the PCA and PLS-DA models, the 'Qi-Nan' was derived from a variety selected from the native A. sinensis, and the difference in the volatile components was able to indirectly prove that it was genetically heterogeneous with the native A. sinensis. Using the 73 components obtained from GC-MS analysis, the VIP values and S-plots were generated using the OPLS-DA model. Seven components with VIP values > 1.0 were selected from two groups of agarwood oils of the native A. sinensis and 'Qi-Nan' subspecies. In addition, by analyzing 12 common components, the differential components with VIP values > 1 were 2-phenyl-4H-chromen-4-one and 2-(4-methoxyphenethyl)-4H-chromen-4-one. Chromones were the main component of agarwood oils extracted by supercritical CO2, and 2-phenyl-4H-chromen-4-one could be used as a volatile marker, especially in the 'Qi-Nan' subspecies, where this marker exhibited more prominent characteristics.

为高品质红曲酒的酿造提供技术支撑,以传统甜型红曲酒为对照,在生物降糖发酵低糖红曲酒理化指标分析、感官品评的基础上,采用GC-MS定性分析生物降糖发酵低糖度红曲酒香气成分,进一步采用OAV评估特征性香气成分以及醇酯比值的变化,以此表征生物降糖发酵低糖度红曲酒特征性香气成分.结果表明:(1)生物降糖发酵低糖红曲酒呈橙红色,具有红曲酒清雅醇香,口感鲜美圆润、爽口醇和,酒体协调,感官评分96分,优于传统甜型黄酒(感官评分94分).(2)生物降糖发酵低糖红曲酒总糖含量仅26 g·L-1,比传统甜型红曲酒下降了 79.2％.(3)生物降糖发酵红曲酒和对照样品中共鉴定出挥发性物质32种,分别为醇类(7种)、酯类(18种)、其他类(7种).挥发性化合物种类占比最高的是酯类,其次是醇类,其中乙醇、β-苯乙醇、2,3-丁二醇、乙酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯等14种风味物质OAV值都＞1,是红曲酒特征性香气的重要香气成分.

文章运用HACCP管理体系对生物降糖发酵低糖沉缸酒的生产工艺进行危害分析,确定原料验收、蒸饭、冲酒发酵、生物降糖发酵四个环节为关键控制点,对每一个关键控制点设置的关键限值,建立监控程序、纠偏措施,落实记录和验证程序,进而制定HACCP计划表加以严格执行,有效地预防、控制生物降糖发酵低糖沉缸酒的质量事故与食品安全风险.

As a new type of environmental pollutant,microplastics with a diameter of less than 5mm have attracted increasing attention.The types and hazards of microplastics in daily chemical products and the degradation methods of common microplastic components were summarized,and the degradation mechanism was described.The direction of microplastic degradation development was proposed.

支架式教学是基于"理解性记忆"和"结构化思考"对知识进行碎片整理、优化思维的教学方式,能够有效激发学生思维、调用策略、活用知识、发展高阶能力,从而达到深度学习的目标.

Antrodia cinnamomea was a unique fungus in Taiwan of China, with extremely high medicinal and commercial value. The solid-state culture of petri dish has become one of the main artificial culture methods for Antrodia cinnamomea. And screening the optimal culture medium was the key to the culture method. Firstly, the strain BX1119.1 was isolated from the fruiting body of Antrodia cinnamomea cultured from the camphor wood, which was identified as Antrodia camphorata through the morphological characteristics, ITS identification and phylogenetic analysis. Then, with the wheat bran as the basic component, five kinds of grains were added as the carbon sources at the ratio of 1∶1（w/w） to obtain the grain matrix by mixing. After the inoculation with the identified strains, the strains were cultured for 20 days by using the grain petri-dish culture method, and the mycelial growth diameters were measured on the 5 th, 8 th, 11 th, 14 th, 17 th and 20 th days after the inoculation. The content of triterpenoids in Antrodia camphorata cultured in different grain substrates was determined by using the perchloric acid-vanillin chromogenic method. The results showed that the optimum carbon source for the growth of Antrodia camphorata was yellow rice powder, and the optimum carbon source for the biosynthesis of triterpene was the naked oats flour. The results of this study provided a new solution for the selection of solid matrix in the artificial culture of Antrodia camphorata.

挥发性成分是鱼露风味的重要组成部分和决定鱼露品质的关键因素.该文介绍了鱼露中挥发性成分的种类和形成过程,重点归纳和总结了影响鱼露挥发性成分形成的主要因素,包括发酵原料、制作工艺、微生物种类与发酵时间,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望.鱼露中挥发性成分的研究有助于发酵工艺的改良和成品风味和品质的提升.

In view of the low yield of ganoderic acid produced by fermentation, different concentrations of camellia seed shell extract were added to the liquid static culture medium of Ganoderma lucidum to explore their effect on the growth of Ganoderma lucidum and the synthesis of ganoderic acid. The results showed that the low concentration of camellia seed shell extract could promote the cell growth of Ganoderma lucidum, while the high concentration would inhibit the growth. The high concentration of camellia seed shell extract was beneficial to the accumulation of ganoderic acid. The total content of ganoderic acid when added with 50% and 100% camellia seed shell extract could reach 6.64 and 7.97 mg·dg -1 , which was increased by 67% and 101%, respectively. The total yield of ganoderic acid reached 1 406.37 and 1 599.73 mg·dg -1 , which were 1.34 and 1.52 times of the control group, respectively. And the four kinds of ganoderic acid monomers, such as GA-Mk, GA-T, GA-S and GA-Me were also increased to varying degrees. It could be seen that the extract of camellia seed shell could be used to promote the production of ganoderic acid.

疏水蛋白是一类具有强表面活性的分泌型小分子量蛋白质,它可以通过自组装形成双亲性蛋白膜以改变界面的亲疏水性质,在药物载体、乳化剂、酶固定化和生物传感器等方面具有广泛的用途.概述了疏水蛋白的来源、合成及其在生物医药、食品以及检测领域的应用.

In order to realize the high-value utilization of protein resources in sesame meal, the production process of protein peptide from sesame meal solid-state fermented by Monascus purpureus was optimized. On the basis of single factor experiment, the orthogonal experiment with three factors and three levels was designed to optimize the solid-state fermentation process with the fermentation time, water content and temperature as the influencing factors and the peptide yield as the investigated indicator. The results showed that the factors affecting the protein peptide yield produced from sesame meal solid-state fermented by Monascus purpureus were in order of water content, incubation time and temperature. The optimal fermentation process was the fermentation time of 6 d, water content of 50%, and temperature of 31℃, and the yield of peptide was 14.95% after the verification.

采用形态学特征及ITS序列分析对已筛选的菌株进行鉴定.为优化振荡静置两阶段培养红曲霉产胞内多糖的条件,分别测定了摇瓶过程中菌丝球数量、发酵液黏度、pH和残糖含量,以及静置培养中菌丝体生物量、内多糖的含量和产量.结果表明:紫红曲霉在振荡培养3d后再静置培养6 d的条件下,菌丝球大小适中,生物量较高,发酵液黏度低,传质效果好,pH中性,红曲霉内多糖含量和产量均达到最高值,分别为18.9 mg·g-1和138.9 mg·L-1.

黑色素可以保护皮肤免遭紫外线的伤害,但过量积累或者缺失也会导致黑色素瘤及白化病等和色素相关的疾病.本文概述黑色素的生成机制、相关疾病及抑制策略.

香菇营养丰富,含有香菇多糖、香菇嘌呤、维生素等诸多有效成分,具有抗癌、提高免疫力、抗衰老等作用,可被加工成各类营养美味的食品;但目前缺少较为系统的采用香菇不同部位制作系列食品的研究概述.因此本文对香菇的营养成分及功能、相关食品加工等进行了概述,并通过分析香菇开发中的常见问题,对香菇食品的开发进行了展望,为香菇产业的可持续发展提供参考.

茯苓是我国一种具有悠久药用历史的传统中药,茯苓多糖具有免疫调节及抗肿瘤等多种药理功能.本实验探究一种新的液体深层培养与静置培养相结合的液体静置发酵法生产茯苓多糖,对最适液体培养时间和静置培养时间进行研究.发现最适静置前液体培养时间为3 d,最适静置培养时间为10 d,胞内多糖含量达到9.8 g/100gCDW,产量达到1.28 g/L,可见液体静置发酵是一种生产茯苓多糖的理想方法.

[目的]组蛋白乙酰化修饰对真菌生长发育和次级代谢合成具有重要的调控作用.研究组蛋白乙酰化对静置培养的灵芝生长发育和主要代谢物合成的影响,为表观遗传手段提高灵芝多糖和灵芝酸生物合成提供理论依据.[方法]采用液体振荡-静置两阶段法培养灵芝.在静置培养阶段添加不同浓度(0、0.6、60、120和180μmol·L-1)辛二酰苯胺异羟肟酸(SAHA),采用常规方法测定或观察灵芝生物量、糖消耗、上层菌丝膜形成、菌丝体形态、灵芝孢子生成以及灵芝酸和灵芝多糖生物合成,利用蛋白免疫印迹技术测定灵芝组蛋白乙酰化水平;利用qRT-PCR技术对灵芝多糖(ugp、gls和pgm)、灵芝酸(hmgr、sqs、se和ls)生物合成关键基因以及灵芝全局调控因子相关基因(vet和LaeA)进行表达分析.[结果]SAHA处理使灵芝组蛋白H4乙酰化水平提高,最高为对照组的1.6倍;抑制了灵芝菌丝体生长和色素产生,改变了菌丝体的形态.灵芝孢子的形成也受到抑制,且SAHA浓度越大,抑制程度越明显.SAHA处理显著增加了灵芝多糖的产量,最高增加50％;灵芝酸生物合成受到抑制,与对照相比降低13％—27％;qRT-PCR分析结果表明SAHA处理下灵芝多糖与灵芝酸合成关键酶基因表达均有不同程度上调,其中灵芝多糖合成关键酶基因提升1.5—3.5倍,灵芝酸合成关键酶基因提升1.8—12.1倍;灵芝全局性调控因子vet和LaeA的表达被抑制,仅为对照组的11.30％—62.4％.[结论]组蛋白乙酰化可通过灵芝全局调控因子调控灵芝生长发育进而影响灵芝酸生物合成,同时组蛋白乙酰化对灵芝多糖生物合也有影响.

人冠状病毒(HCoV)是进化上非常成功的病毒,它们经历了跨种传播和宿主适应,最终获得了侵染人类的能力,成为威胁人类健康的元凶.本文对冠状病毒的结构以及人胞途径、侵染过程和免疫逃逸的生物学特性进行概述.

微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,简称MFC)是以阳极的微生物为催化剂,直接将化学能转化为电能的生物反应器装置.该文对影响微生物燃料电池产电效率的胞外电子传递、内阻,以及阳极材料改性进行了概述,并提出MFC应用中存在的问题和研究方向.

本文从铁锰矿样品中分离筛选得到一株具有产电能力的细菌,经16S rRNA序列测序鉴定为恶臭假单胞菌,命名为PseudomonasputidaF04,NCBI序列号为MN726711.该菌株在4 g/L蔗糖和中性pH的阳极溶液中,最大面积功率密度达181.8 mW/m2,循环伏安扫描显示该菌体中含有电化学活性物质,为微生物燃料电池处理铁锰废矿提供了科学依据.