Our research aims to extend the understanding of how and when leader - member exchange social comparison (LMXSC) influences followers' work behaviour. Although previous research has highlighted the positive effects of downward LMXSC (i.e. comparisons with co-workers who have poorer LMX relationships), much less is known about upward LMXSC (i.e. comparisons with co-workers who have higher LMX). To address this gap, the present study explores the effects of upward LMXSC on follower organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) beyond downward LMXSC. Across two multisource (i.e. leaders and followers) and multi-wave studies, we observed a negative, indirect relationship between upward LMXSC and leader-rated OCB through perceived interpersonal justice. This relationship was found controlling for downward LMXSC, suggesting that upward LMXSC has unique effects on employee behaviour via feelings of interpersonal (in)justice. Furthermore, the negative relationship between upward LMXSC and interpersonal justice was accentuated by employee-perceived competitive climate in both studies. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

PurposeThe present research integrates conservation of resources theory (COR) and adaptation theory to investigate the dynamics of entrepreneurs' reactions to obstacles. Furthermore, this research explores whether entrepreneurs' effort allocations following an obstacle influence how entrepreneurs appraise subsequent loss-related events. Finally, this research seeks to understand why some entrepreneurs handle obstacles better than others by considering the role of optimism.Design/methodology/approachThis research utilized a longitudinal survey with 130 nascent entrepreneurs across 4 time periods. This research used a multivariate latent change analysis model to examine the temporal dynamics of new venture effort after exposure to obstacles.FindingsThe results indicated that entrepreneurial obstacles at time t were associated with decreased effort in new ventures at time t+1. Furthermore, new venture effort at time t was associated with decreased effort in new ventures at time t+1. The results also demonstrated that the allocation of greater effort may lead to a decrease in subsequent obstacle appraisals, a relationship that also varies as a function of nascent entrepreneurs' optimism.Originality/valueThis research extends the understanding of the dynamic pattern of reactions following exposure to entrepreneurial obstacles. The findings suggest that, rather than being straightforward, reactions are likely to ebb and flow over time.

This study examines whether and how the qualities of newcomers' interpersonal relationships [i.e., leader-member exchange (LMX) and coworker exchange (CWX)] relate to their initial performance and how changes in the qualities of these relationships relate to the changes in performance. To test a latent growth model, we collected data from 230 newcomers at six time points over a 6-week period. The results showed that LMX quality is positively related to initial newcomer performance; however, changes in LMX quality are not statistically significantly related to changes in newcomer performance. In contrast, an increase in CWX quality is positively related to newcomer performance improvement, but the initial quality of CWX does not predict newcomer performance. Furthermore, newcomers' psychological entitlement moderates the relationship between LMX quality and newcomer performance; newcomers' conscientiousness moderates the relationship between increases in CWX quality and improvements in newcomer performance. The findings increase our understanding of the newcomer exchange relationship-performance link over time and suggest that future newcomer socialization research explore the initial level of and the changes in these relationships simultaneously.

目的 通过分析特发性肺纤维化(IPF)患者的临床资料和血清标志物水平变化,探讨血清标志物在肺纤维化患者早期诊断中的应用价值.方法 选取2015年6月～2017年6月间,吉林大学第二医院呼吸内科明确诊断为IPF的患者20例为IPF组,同期选取健康对照组(HC组)10例,支气管哮喘组(Asthma组)6例,慢性阻塞性肺疾病组(COPD组)6例,对4组患者临床资料进行回顾性统计分析.比较4组血清标志物的表达水平,并对各个血清标志物的敏感性及特异性进行对比分析.结果 与HC组比较,IPF组血清涎液化糖链抗原(KL-6)、肺表面活性物质结合蛋白A(SP-A)、肺表面活性物质结合蛋白D (SP-D)、人表皮生长因子(EGF)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、趋化因子配体13(CXCL-13)水平均明显高于HC组(P＜0.05).IPF组血清KL-6、SP-D、EGF、VEGF、CXCL-13水平均较Asthma组、COPD组高,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).由ROC曲线可知,诊断IPF各生物指标中,敏感性EGF＞ CXCL-13＞KL-6＞ SP-D＞SP-A＞VEGF＞趋化因子配体18 (CCL-18).联合指标的AUC值明显大于单个血清标记物的AUC值,当7个标志物联合时所测的AUC值最大,且联合标志物和各单一标志物之间的AUC值差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 7项血清标志物对IPF的早期诊断均有一定意义,联合血清标志物较各单一标志物诊断IPF具有高敏感性和高特异性,对IPF患者管理有更高的成本效益.

The use of superstition as a heuristic in strategic decision-making is a phenomenon that commonly exists in different cultures and influences firms’ strategic behaviors and performance. In spite of its prevalence and importance, the phenomenon has been largely neglected in the strategy literature. As a first step toward filling this research gap, this study introduces the construct of superstitious heuristic and develops its conceptualization and measurement. Synthesizing literature on superstition and heuristics, I explore the definition and dimensionality of the superstitious heuristic, map it into the existing literature, and differentiate it with other traditional heuristics. I develop a Superstitious Heuristic Scale (SHS) that is applicable in different cultures and decision settings and validate it in the strategic decision context. In doing so, this study advances heuristics research in strategic management and offers a new angle to explain firm strategic behavior and performance. In a broader sense, it contributes to behavioral strategy research in response to the call for more endeavors that build the psychological underpinning of strategic management.

Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by an intracellular protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii. We report here a diabetic patient who was diagnosed as toxoplasmosis with multiple cranial nerve palsies and cavernous sinusitis. A 37-year-old male presented with an 11-day history of gingival pain, one day history of ptosis and diplopia. He has been having diabetes mellitus for 6 years, and has a history of contact with cats. After admission, his symptoms worsened with right 3rd to 7th cranial nerve palsies. The brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed cavernous sinusitis in the right sellar region. Serology for toxoplasma was positive for IgM and negative IgG. The patient was treated with oral clindamycin (900 mg/day) and dexamethasone (15 mg/day). The right visual acuity and lid-conjunctival swelling improved after 3 days. At follow-up after a month, the movement of the right eye significantly improved. This case demonstrate the rare occurrence of multiple cranial nerve (3rd to 7th) palsies from toxoplasmosis cavernous sinusitis, which is a potentially treatable condition.

目的 分析β受体阻滞剂治疗老年室上性心律失常效果及对心电图检查结果影响.方法 选取2016年9月～2018年9月在本院进行治疗的老年室上性心律失常患者共74例分为A组和B组,B组给予患者常规药物进行治疗,A组给予患者β受体阻滞剂进行治疗,比较两组治疗方式的临床效果以及对心电图检查结果的影响.结果?A组的治疗总有效率为91.89％,明显高于B组的67.57％,差异明显,有统计学意义(P<0.05).在治疗后,A组患者的心电图改善情况明显好于B组,差异明显,有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 采用β受体阻滞剂对老年室上性心律失常进行治疗,取得了较好的临床效果.

肉芽肿性血管炎,既往称为韦格纳肉芽肿（Wegeners granulomatosis,WG）,是一种坏死性肉芽肿性血管炎,属于自身免疫性疾病。该疾病累及小动脉、静脉及毛细血管,偶尔累及大动脉,其病理以血管壁的炎症为特征,主要侵犯上、下呼吸道和肾脏,通常以鼻黏膜和肺组织的局灶性肉芽肿炎症为开始,继而进展为血管的弥漫性坏死性肉芽肿性炎症。临床表现为鼻和副鼻窦炎、肺病变和进行性肾功能

Panax ginseng is a natural medicine that has been used globally for a long time. Moreover, several studies have reported the effective activity of ginseng in treating malignancies. Various agents containing ginseng were widely used as an antitumor treatment nowadays. Lung cancer is the most common fatal cancer in China, and lung adenocarcinoma is the most common histological type of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). What's worse, many patients may have a failed response to conventional therapy including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or molecule-targeted therapy due to drug resistance. Apoptosis is a highly ordered cellular suicidal process that plays an essential role in maintaining normal homeostasis. The pharmacological mechanism of many antineoplastic drugs involves triggering of apoptotic process. In several recent studies, ginsenosides are regarded as major active components of ginseng that have the potential to control lung cancer. Most of these results have proved that ginsenosides induce apoptosis in lung cancer cells through many different signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, EGFR, and so on. This study is aimed at reviewing the signaling pathways that underlie ginsenosides-triggered apoptotic process and encourage further studies to target promising agents against lung cancer treatment.

目的 探讨分析以案例库为基础的早期临床医学教育模式在呼吸内科学生实践教学中的具体应用及教学效果.方法 根据教学大纲编写呼吸内科案例库,以吉林大学白求恩医学部2012级临床五年制实习学生60名(采用案例库早期导入教学模式)与2011级临床五年制实习学生63名(采用传统教学模式)为研究对象,对2组学生及授课教师进行调查问卷及成绩分析.结果 建立完成了集文字图片影像于一体的呼吸内科案例库,包含24个呼吸系统典型疾病案例,案例库早期导入教学模式可以提高学生临床学习兴趣;提高学生早期临床思维能力,缩短学生从理论过渡到临床实践的时间;可以提升教师授课水平,提高教学质量,提高教师的教学热情.结论 在呼吸内科教学中早期导入案例库教学方法优于传统的教学方法,适于推广及扩大教学.

Backgroud: As the development of urbanization in China, the morbidity of allergic diseases rises up significantly even in children. But the mechanism of the protection from microorganisms in rural environment needs still to be elucidated in detail. Methods: Pregnant women living in farming or non-farming environment were prospectively recruited and questionnaires were completed before delivery. Endotoxin and glucans in dust from living room of pregnant mothers were collected and analyzed. During delivery, cord blood mononuclear cells were isolated and cultured with stimulation of PHA, LPS or PPG. CD4+CD25+FOXP3+T cells and specific cytokines of Th and Tregs were tested with flow cytometry, Tregs specific genes were detected with RT-PCR, suppressive capacity of Tregs was tested by culturing with effector cells in vitro, and TLR2/4 gene polymorphism was detected at last. Results: Higher endotoxin content in living room of mothers was shown in farming environment comparing with non-farming in Jilin province of China. The tendency of increased Th1 cell polarity as well as decreased Th2 cell polarity on TLR2/4 response pathway in newborn with farming mother had been shown. The quantity of Tregs, gene expression of FOXP3 and GITR, and suppressive effect of Tregs increased on TLR2/4 response pathway in farming group. The polymorphism TLR2-15607 and TLR2-16934 in newborn could affect FOXP3 expression, IFN-γ and IL-13 production on TRL2/4 response pathway in different way, depending on different maternal microbial environment. Conclusions: Maternal living in farming environment with microbial overloading reduced the susceptibility of offspring to allergic diseases.

As the development of urbanization in China, the morbidity of allergic disease rise up prominently even in children, which may be partially associated with the excessively clean environment. It has been reported that common microorganism in rural environment shows protective effects on allergic disease by modulating TLRs-Tregs/Th cell axis. But the mechanism of this protection still needs to be elucidated in detail. We investigated the effects of maternal exposure to farming environment on the neonatal innate immune system, especially on the TLR-Treg-Th (Th1, Th2, Th9, and Th17) axis, in the Jilin province of China.

抗合成酶综合征(anti-synthetase syndome, ASS)是一种罕见的、以存在抗氨酰基-tRNA合成酶(aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase,ARS)自身抗体为特征的自身免疫性疾病,约占皮肌炎(dermato-myositis,DM)或多发性肌炎(polymyositis,PM)的1/3.现报道以间质性肺病(interstitial lung disease,ILD)为首发的ASS患者1例,以提高对本病的认识.

Background: Asthma is a group of heterogeneous disease. Even though lots of treatments are used in the clinic, parts of asthma patients are difficult to achieve clinical control. New strategies focus on preserving Th1/Th2 cytokines balance may provide therapeutic benefits against asthma. In this study we aimed to examine the effects of transform grow factor (TGF)-β and IL-10 on ovalbumin (OVA)-induced mouse asthma and the underlying mechanisms. Methods: 50 female BALB/c mice assigned to five groups randomly: Control, asthma, asthma+TGF-β, asthma+IL-10, and asthma+TGF-β+IL-10. Lung tissue histological changes evaluated by HE staining; ELISA conducted to detect inflammation cytokines and IgE in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum. qPCR and Western blot were used to detect inflammation associated mRNA levels and protein expression in lung tissues. Results: We observed that TGF-β and IL-10 ameliorated lung tissues histopathological changes in asthma models. OVA-induced high expression of IgE was blocked by TGF-β and IL-10 in both BALF and serum. The level of IL-4 decreased as well as interferon (IFN)-γ increased in both BALF and serum in the TGF-β and IL-10 group compared with the asthma group. TGF-β and IL-10 pretreatment decreased the expression of GATA3, Eotaxin, Periostin but increased the expression of forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), T box expressed in T cells (T-bet) compared with asthma group in lung tissues. And those effects were stronger in the IL-10+TGF-β group than IL-10 or TGF-β along group. Conclusion: IL-10 and TGF-β block OVA-induced asthma by modulating Th1/Th2 balance. The effects are stronger in IL-10 combined with TGF-β group than IL-10 alone and TGF-β alone group.

慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）是以不完全可逆气流受限为特征的慢性气道疾病。NIPPV对急性期COPD患者的疗效得到肯定［1］，为探讨NIPPV对我国COPD稳定期患者的疗效，本研究采用 Meta 分析方法，系统评价我国COPD稳定期患者应用NIP-PV的RCT，为临床提供依据。

To elucidate how antigen exposure and selection shape the porcine antibody repertoires, we investigated the immunoglobulin lambda light chain (IGL) gene repertoires of the binary cross-bred (Yorkshire × Landrace) pig at different developmental stages, pre-suckle neonate (0 days), wean piglet (35 days) and growing pig (75 days) under normal farming conditions. Immunoglobulin lambda light transcript (IGLV-J-C) clones of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from these different developmental stages were assessed for IGL combination, junction and sequence diversity. Previous research has revealed that IGLV8 plays a major role in immunity during the early fetus stage and that IGLV3 accounts for 30% of the neonatal IGLV repertoires. Here, we found that the antibody profile exhibited salient features at different stages. The usage of the IGLV3-3 subclass gradually decreased during development, in contrast, the utilization of IGLV8 (IGLV8-10, IGLV8-13 and IGLV8-18), which started in the fetal stage, has increased in the growing stage. Moreover, the junction diversity, as measured by the IGLV hypervariable complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3L) lengths, was constant during the different stages. The complete junction mutation ratio clearly increased in the growing pig compared to that in the younger pig. Our data provide new insights into the postnatal porcine IGLV repertoires maturation which can lay the foundation for porcine antibody gene research.

随着现代医学模式的转变,医学生的教育对于医学人文素质的培养更加重视,而目前中国的医学教育仍然存在着重理论与技能的培训,轻医学人文素质培养的问题.除了通过开设医学伦理道德的理论课程外,建立标准化病人的课程能够更直接的通过模拟医患交流达到提高医学生医学人文素质的目的.在建立标准化病人的课程体系时,在设计病例时注重加入病人特定心理因素、民族文化背景等社会心理因素,更加重视如何帮病人解决自身问题,建立良好的医患关系,增加医学生在真正进入临床实习时的自信心.并通过培训非医务人员的标准化病人,建立一批固定的标准化病人群,做到1个标准化病人只熟练掌握1个特定病例,做到最接近真实病人状态的模拟,使医学生在进入临床实习前培养良好的医患关系及处理临床问题的能力.

Haze weather is becoming one of the biggest problems in many big cities in China. It triggers both public anxiety and official concerns. Particulate matter (PM) plays the most important role in causing the adverse health effects. Chemical composition of PM2.5 includes primary particles and secondary particles. The toxicological mechanisms of PM2.5 to the human body include the oxidative stress, inflammation and carcinogenesis. Short or long-term exposure to PM (especially PM2.5) can cause a series of symptoms including respiratory symptoms such as cough, wheezing and dyspnea as well as other symptoms. There are positive associations between PM2.5 and mortality due to a number of causes. PM2.5 is considered to contribute to the onset of asthma, the exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in haze weather. Some approaches including outdoor health care, indoor health care and preventive medications can prevent the patients with chronic airway diseases from exacerbations.

最近天气凉了,对于张大姐来说也没那么焦虑了,因为困扰她好久的脚部溃疡不用因为包裹着一层又一层的纱布而显得闷热而那么心烦了.张大姐患糖尿病十余年了,十分热爱登山这项运动,半年前因为一次登山,脚部的水疱变成了溃疡,先后辗转好几家医院治疗,被诊断了糖尿病足溃疡.经过一段时间的治疗,溃疡慢慢地痊愈.