ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:Gout, a painful joint disease with a prevalence ranging from 0.86% to 2.2% in China over the past decade. Traditional medicine has long utilized the medicinal and edible Piper longum L. (PL) fruit spikes for treating gout and other joint conditions like rheumatoid arthritis. However, the exact mechanisms behind its effectiveness remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY:This study aimed to investigate the potential of alcoholic extracts from PL fruit spikes as a safe and effective treatment for gout. We used a combined network pharmacology and experimental validation approach to evaluate the mechanisms behind the anti-gout properties of PL. MATERIALS AND METHODS:UPLC-Q/TOF-MS analysis determined the major components of PL. Subsequently, network pharmacology analysis predicted potential molecular targets and related signaling pathways for the anti-gout activity of PL. Molecular docking simulations further explored the interactions between PL compounds and proteins and characterized the properties of potential bioactive secondary metabolites. Mouse models of air pouch inflammation and hyperuricemia were further established, and the anti-gout mechanism of PL was confirmed by examining the expression of proteins related to the MAPK and PI3K-AKT pathways in the tissue. RESULTS:Our analysis revealed 220 bioactive secondary metabolites within PL extracts. Network pharmacology and molecular docking results indicated that these metabolites primarily combat gout by modulating the PI3K-AKT and MAPK signaling pathways. In vivo experiments have also proven that PL at a dose of 100 mg/kg can optimally reduce acute inflammation of gout and kidney damage caused by high uric acid. The anti-gout mechanism involves the PI3K-AKT/MAPK signaling pathway and its downstream NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSION:This study provides compelling evidence for PL's therapeutic potential in gout management by modulating key inflammatory pathways. The findings offer a strong foundation for future clinical exploration of PL as a gout treatment option.

采用网络药理学探讨甘露消毒丹(GXM)治疗猫传染性腹膜炎(FIP)的作用机制.从TCM-SP数据库中筛选出甘露消毒丹主要活性成分及作用靶点,在Uniprot数据库中标准化靶点蛋白,在CTD数据库中找到FIP的靶点,将两个数据库的共同靶点作为关键靶点,用Cytoscape软件构建靶1点相互作用图.在DAVID数据库进行靶点的GO和KEGG富集分析.通过数据筛选分析发现,GXM作用于FIP的主要活性化合物为槲皮素、山奈酚、木犀草素、汉黄芩素、黄芩素、牛蒡子苷、荷包牡丹碱和柚皮素,关键靶点16个;发现GO生物过程5个条目、细胞组成5个条目、分子功能3个条目、KEGG通路富集23个条目.说明甘露消毒丹通过各成分间的协同作用调控多靶点、多通路而发挥抗病毒、抗炎、调节免疫等作用来治疗猫传染性腹膜炎.

为掌握北京市猫传染性腹膜炎病毒(FIPV)与国内外毒株基因型之间的差异性,无菌采集北京市宠物医院4例疑似患有猫传染性腹膜炎病例的腹水和组织等病料样本,将经RT-PCR诊断为猫冠状病毒(FCoV)阳性的病料样本接种于猫肾细胞(CRFK)进行连续传代培养,结果分离到1株毒株.对分离毒株进行形态学观察,RT-PCR检测,TCID50测定以及基因测序及遗传演化分析.结果显示:该毒株在CRFK上出现典型细胞病变效应(CPE),且经连续细胞接种,可以得到稳定增殖;RT-PCR扩增获得与预期目的基因片段大小一致的条带,证实为FCoV,将其命名为FCoV BEJ5-2021(B5).对该毒株S、3c、7ab蛋白编码基因片段进行测序发现:在S蛋白基因分型上,该分离毒株属FCoV I型,与意大利参考分离株VGCaFn@14同源性为99.8％;基于3c蛋白基因分析,该毒株与德国参考分离毒株FIPV16F同源性为98.9％;基于7ab蛋白基因分析,该毒株与美国参考分离毒株FIPV-UCD 15b-1同源性为99.1％.不同组织病料分离毒株TCID50测定显示,肠管、脾等组织病料中的病毒滴度相对较高,气管中的滴度最低.结果表明:FCoV分离毒株不同基因分型对应不同血清型和生物型,因而基因进化树同源性分析只能确定遗传进化关系;分离毒株对猫肠、脾组织等有较强嗜性.本研究丰富了我国FIPV分子流行病学资料,为该病防控提供了参考.

为了解近年来京津冀地区猫传染性腹膜炎(FIP)的发生发展及流行规律,丰富和更新FIP流行病学数据,2018—2020年从京津冀地区73家动物医院搜集725例疑似猫冠状病毒(FCoV)感染病例的临床检查信息,同时将病例对应的积液、粪便等样本进行分子生物学检测,结合临床信息和检测结果,对FIP流行情况进行三间分布描述和统计学分析.结果显示:京津冀地区疑似病例的FCoV阳性检出率较高,为75.0％(544/725),其中传染性腹膜炎型308例,占42.5％.308例FIP确诊病例中,298例(96.7％)出现了长期反复发烧、腹腔或胸腔积液等湿性临床症状;春、夏、秋、冬四季的FIP阳性检出率分别为37.4％、40.1％、52.8％和37.3％,差异有统计学意义(χ2=18.051,P<0.01);各品种猫均可发病,其中英国短毛猫(36.0％)、中华田园猫(15.9％)和美国短毛猫(26.0％)FIP阳性检出率较高;雌猫的FIP阳性检出率为36.8％,雄猫为45.3％,二者差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.840,P<0.05);未绝育猫(251例)高于绝育猫(57例),差异显著(P<0.05);各个年龄段猫均可感染FCoV甚至发展为FIP,阳性检出率差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中以2月龄到1岁的阳性检出率最高(54.8％).结果表明:京津冀地区FCoV感染及FIP发生较普遍;FIP发生与年龄、性别、品种、绝育情况和季节相关性较高,多发于幼龄、青壮年以及纯种、未绝育的雄性猫,夏秋高温季多发,主要表现湿性临床症状.结果提示,应重视FIP预防,针对其流行特点制定相应措施,尽早诊断,尽早介入治疗.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is the major pathogen responsible for mastitis in dairy cows, an important threat to their health, but prevention of S. aureus infection of the mammary gland remains challenging. Berberine hydrochloride (BH), a naturally occurring phytochemical, exhibits a wide range of activities, including antibacterial effects on S. aureus. In this study, we prepared a novel berberine hydrochloride-carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogel (BH-CMCH) with excellent thermosensitivity, injectability and in vitro antibacterial activity. In a rat model of mastitis induced by S. aureus, mammary duct injection of BH-CMCH reduced the bacterial load in infected mammary gland tissue and protected the tissue from damage from infection. In addition, proteomics analysis showed that mammary duct injection of BH-CMCH enhanced autolysosome degradation and promoted the innate immune response by activating the lysosomal pathway and up-regulating related significantly differentially expressed proteins (SDEPs). Taken together, the findings support the potential of BH-CMCH as an antibacterial agent against S. aureus-induced mastitis.

北京动物园圈养婆罗洲猩猩患下肢运动神经性瘫痪11年,经采用兽医针灸疗法,取得良好效果.为探讨治疗中使用的19处腧穴的定位和疗效,通过比较针灸学、解剖学比对和穴位体表电特性测定,首次测定出猩猩八髎穴(上髎穴、下髎穴、次髎穴、中醪穴)、肾俞、曲恒穴、肩醪穴、膏盲穴、百会穴、大椎穴、内关穴、太阳穴、液门穴、断红穴、合谷穴、肩髃穴、手三里、足三里,郄门穴19处穴位.治疗中,使用经络检测激活仪刺激穴位,其导电性能及作用良好;治疗后患病动物四肢力量增强,情期恢复,活力明显提升,为兽医针灸治疗野生动物疾病提供参考.

[目的]为了更加有效的防治犬齿病.[方法]采集北京地区动物医院就诊犬的牙菌斑样本64例,利用Illumina HiSep测序平台对微生物16S rRNA的V3～V4高度可变区扩增产物进行测序,分析牙菌斑微生物的群落结构.[结果]通过检测共得到1 567 731条可分析序列,每个样本的平均序列为24 495条,这些序列经过处理可划分为14个门,159个属.其中有5个高丰度菌门(96.93％),以及6个核心菌属(73.41％),分别为卟啉单胞菌属(Porph yromonas,19.96％)、放线菌属(Actinomyces,14.12％)、棒杆菌属(Cor ynebacterium,12.19％)、奈瑟菌属(Neisseria,13.24％)、梭杆菌属(Fusobacterium,9.17％)、密螺旋体属(Treponema,4.73％).[结论]卟啉单胞菌属、放线菌属、棒杆菌属、奈瑟菌属、梭杆菌属和密螺旋体属是宠物犬牙菌斑微生物群落结构的核心菌属.

Inflammation is a defense mechanism that protects human body from harmful stimuli. However, uncontrolled inflammation can lead to damage to tissues locally or systemically. Studies, including ours, have shown that traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) exert significant anti-inflammatory effects through the inhibition of cAMP-PDEs activity. We aimed to provide an overview of cAMP-mediated modulatory effects of cAMP-PDEs-selective TCM on key proteins of inflammatory signaling pathways, mainly involving inhibition of NF-kappa B, MAPKs (p38, ERK, or JNK), TLR, MyD88, and STAT3, and activation of Nrf2, HO-1, AMPK, and PPAR gamma. Among them, inhibition of NF-kappa B is the most important way to play anti-inflammatory roles for all cAMP-PDEs-selective TCM.

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method of transient sciatic nerve blockade and to examine the involvement of the ascending peripheral nerve pathway in the therapeutic effect of electroacupuncture at Zusanli (ST 36) in rats with spinal cord injury (SCI).METHODS:We examined the transient effect of daily lidocaine administration into the posteromedial part of the greater trochanter on sciatic nerve function using electrophysiological examination and histopathology of the sciatic nerve. Rats were divided into three groups: an SCI group (SCI without treatment), an SCI with electroacupuncture treatment (SCI-EA) group, and an SCI with nerve block and electroacupuncture (SCI-NB-EA) group (nerve block was achieved by lidocaine administration to transiently block the ascending peripheral nerve pathway). Behavioral tests and electrophysiological examinations were performed to evaluate recovery of neurological function.RESULTS:Sciatic nerve conduction was normal immediately before daily lidocaine administration. Histopathological analysis also indicated normal sciatic nerve, confirming that lidocaine nerve blockade was suitable and reversible for transiently eliminating nerve transmission. Neurological function in the SCI-EA group was superior to that in the SCI group, while no differences were found between the SCI and SCI-NB-EA groups.CONCLUSION:Electroacupuncture treatment can promote recovery of neurological function. Facilitation of nerve conduction may play an important role in this recovery.

Luteolin inhibits the adhesion of neutrophils to microvascular endothelial cells and plays an important anti-inflammatory role, owing to its mechanism of suppressing the expression of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) in the neutrophils. Our study deals with the different signaling pathways participating in LFA-1 expression in neutrophils along with the regulation of luteolin in order to elucidate new anti-inflammatory targets of luteolin, thus providing a basis for clinical applications. In our study, neutrophils were separated using density gradient centrifugation and the cAMP levels were determined using ELISA. Additionally, phosphorylation levels of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), and Janus kinase (JAK) were also detected by Western blotting. LFA-1 expression was estimated using flow cytometry. The results showed that inhibiting agents used against p38 MAPK, ERK, PI3K, and JAK could significantly inhibit LFA-1 expression on neutrophils (p<0.05, p<0.01). Luteolin also induced a noteworthy elevation of cAMP in neutrophil supernatants (p<0.01). It could also significantly inhibit ERK phosphorylation (p<0.05, p<0.01), and had no obvious effect on p38 MAPK phosphorylation in neutrophils (p>0.05). However, phosphorylation of PI3K and JAK was not detected in neutrophils. To conclude, the p38 MAPK, ERK, PI3K, and JAK pathways are involved in the regulation of LFA-1 expression in neutrophils, and luteolin partially inhibits LFA-1 expression by increasing cAMP levels and suppressing ERK phosphorylation.

OBJECTIVE:To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation on the levels of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs-4 (ADAMTS-4) protein in the lumbar intervertebral disc tissue and serum in prolapsed lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration (PLIDD) rats, so as to explore its mechanism underlying improvement of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). METHODS:A total of 48 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into sham operation (n＝12), model (n＝18) and EA (n＝18) groups. The PLIDD model was established by puncturing the lumbar discs (L4-L5, L5-L6) with a gauge-22 syringe needle. After modeling, EA stimulation was applied to "Pangguangshu"(BL28), "Zusanli"(ST36) and "Zhijian"for 20 min, 6 times per week for 4 weeks. The lumbar intervertebral disc tissue and blood samples were collected at the 4th, 6th and 8th week after modeling, respectively. The expression of ADAMTS-4 in the lumbar intervertebral disc tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot (WB), separately. The content of ADAMTS-4 in the serum was detected by ELISA. RESULTS:Both immunohistochemical stain and WB showed that the expression levels of lumbar ADAMTS-4 at the 4th, 6th and 8th week were significantly up-regulated in the model group relevant to the sham operation group (P<0.01). Following EA treatment, the expression levels of ADAMTS-4 on day 14 and 28 were notably lower in the EA group than in the model group (P<0.05). The serum ADAMTS-4 contents were significantly increased in the model group than in the sham operation group at the 3 time-points (P<0.05, P<0.01), and considerably decreased in the EA group than in the model group on day 28 after EA intervention(P<0.05)．. CONCLUSION:EA can down-regulate the ADAMTS-4 expression of lumbar intervertebral disc tissue in PLIDD rats, which may contribute to its effect in relieving lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration.

本试验旨在探究大肠杆菌热敏肠毒素处理(heat labile enterotoxin,LT)后,猪小肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞活力及细胞因子ET-1、IL-1β水平的变化.首先采用D-半乳糖凝胶树脂层析法提取猪E coli LT,利用SDS-PAGE验证蛋白纯度,并用Vero细胞检验提取物的生物学活性,最后采用CCK-8法检测LT对猪小肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞活力的剂量时间效应,ELISA法检测细胞培养上清中ET-1、IL-1β水平的变化.结果 表明:所提蛋白为AB5结构的LT,且具有良好的生物学活性;0.01 mg/L的提取蛋白作用3h后便可显著降低小肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞的活性(P＜0.05);作用细胞6h后,0.01,0.1和10 mg/L LT组细胞培养上清中ET-1的含量显著升高(P＜0.05),0.01和1 mg/LLT组IL-1p的含量显著升高(P＜0.05).结果 表明,E coli LT可以显著改变猪小肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞的活力及细胞因子的表达.

骨痿与骨痹自古以来就是临床上的常见病和多发病,骨痿以肢体软弱无力痿废不用为主证,骨痹以疼痛或者麻木不仁为主证.二证有不同的病因病机,疾病发展过程又存在诸多联系.本文通过介绍多例骨痿和骨痹辨证施治过程,辨证分析骨痿证与骨痹证的区别与联系,讨论对证取穴的重要作用,以求为中兽医的临床治疗提供理论基础.

浓缩生长因子(Concentrated Growth Factors,CGF)为自体血经不间断加速离心制备而成的富含多种高浓度生长因子的纤维蛋白,其具有刺激血管化和促进细胞分化、增殖、趋化的功能,能够使软硬组织加速修复,已经成为再生医疗领域中的新技术,也是近年来研究的热点.浓缩生长因子中含有大量促进组织再生修复的生长因子,在人类牙种植手术中已被应用使其骨增量.该文就浓缩生长因子的应用研究进展及其对犬猫疾病治疗的可行性进行分析.

犬椎间盘病( IVDD)继发性损伤中的炎症反应过程复杂,临床中如何选用相应药物成为了治疗难点.目前临床常用的两大类用于椎间盘病抗炎治疗的药物包括甾体类与非甾体类抗炎药( NSAIDs) ,它们的使用一直以来存在很大的争议.了解它们各自的药理特性十分重要,本文结合这两大类药物作用机制及疗效研究展开对二者的合理用药分析,以期为临床IVDD抗炎药物的选用提供参考.

In this study, effects of icariin (Ica) on were examined in a mouse model of d-galactose (D-gal)-induced ovarian aging. Kunming white mice were divided into three groups: aging group induced with D-gal, experiment group treated with Ica at low (50 mg/kg), middle (100 mg/kg) and high (200 mg/kg) concentrations, and control group with no treatment. Ovarian histomorphology, serum FSH, LH and E2 levels, and reproductive function were compared among the groups. Ovarian expression of Amh, Bax and Bcl-2 was examined by qPCR and western blotting. Our results showed that diameters of secondary and tertiary follicles were significantly reduced in the aging group when compared with control group (P < 0.01), and were restored to normal in Ica 100 and Ica 200 treatment groups. The diameter of atretic follicles was significantly smaller in the aging group compared with control group and Ica 200 treatment group (P < 0.05). The proportion of secondary and atretic follicles was higher in the aging group compared with control group, Ica 100 and 200 treatment groups, whereas the proportion of tertiary and mature follicles was reduced in the aging group versus control, Ica 100 and 200 groups. The aging group lacked mature follicles, whereas Ica treatment induced mature follicle development. Primary and secondary follicles exhibited similar theca cell numbers and theca interna and externa cell layers in all groups examined, whereas theca interna and externa cell layers were decreased and increased, respectively, in tertiary follicles of aging group compared with control and I 200 groups. In the aging group, FSH and LH levels were significantly higher than those in control and Ica 200 groups (P < 0.05), and the E2 level was significantly reduced compared with control (P < 0.01), Ica 200 (P < 0.01), and Ica 100 (P < 0.05) groups. Serum hormone levels were equivalent in the control, Ica 100 and Ica 200 groups. The pregnancy rate was reduced in the aging group compared with other groups. The average litter size per birth, birth litter weight, and weaning weight of litters were all significantly lower in the aging group compared with control, Ica 100 and 200 groups (P < 0.05). The ovarian expression of AMH and Bcl-2 mRNA was significantly reduced in the aging group compared with those in control and Ica-treated groups (P < 0.01). In contrast, Bax expression was significantly higher in the aging group compared with all other groups (P < 0.01), and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio was markedly reduced in aging group compared with control, Ica 100 and 200 groups (P < 0.01), and Ica 50 group (P < 0.05). Ovarian expression of AMH protein was elevated in the Ica 100 group compared with the aging, control and Ica 50 groups (P < 0.01) and Ica 200 group (P < 0.05). Ovarian Bcl-2 protein levels and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio were significantly higher in the Ica 100 group than those in the Ica 50, 200 and aging groups (P < 0.05), and were similar or reduced (P < 0.05), respectively, compared to those in control group. Ovarian Bax expression was similar in each group. These findings suggest that Ica can improve ovarian follicular development, inhibit follicular atresia, decrease FSH and LH levels and increase E2, upregulate ovarian AMH expression and increase the Bcl-2/Bax ratio in aging mice. Therefore, Ica can partially restore ovarian function of aging mice and enhance their fertility. Optimal reproductive effects were obtained with the Ica 100 group.

[目的]研究致炎因子fMLP诱导中性粒细胞黏附分子淋巴细胞功能相关抗原-1(LFA-1)表达的信号机制,为相关中药及其有效成分的抗炎机制研究提供依据.[方法]猪中性粒细胞的提取采用密度梯度离心法,cAMP含量检测采用ELISA法,信号蛋白p38 MAPK、ERK、PI3K、JAK磷酸化活性检测采用Western blot法.[结果]不同浓度fMLP可呈剂量依赖性抑制培养中性粒细胞上清液中的cAMP含量(P＜0.01),对中性粒细胞p38MAPK磷酸化活性有一定的促进作用,但无显著性差异(P＞0.05),可呈剂量依赖性显著升高中性粒细胞ERK磷酸化活性(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);fMLP在不同时间对中性粒细胞培养上清液cAMP含量均有显著的抑制作用(P＜0.01),对中性粒细胞p38 MAPK磷酸化活性有一定的促进作用,但无显著性差异(P＞0.05),在1 min和5 min可显著促进中性粒细胞ERK磷酸化活性(P＜0.05);未检测到猪中性粒细胞PI3K、JAK磷酸化活性.[结论]fMLP诱导猪中性粒细胞LFA-1表达与其抑制cAMP含量、促进ERK磷酸化活性有关.

目的 观察电针联合甲强龙与单独使用电针或甲强龙对椎间盘脱出24 h后大鼠模型的肢体运动功能和神经细胞尼氏小体的影响,为临床合理应用提供依据.方法 将112只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(Sham)、模型组(Model)、预先电针联合甲强龙组(EA+MP)、电针组(EA)和甲强龙组(MP),采用自制硅胶垫片压迫法制备椎间盘脱出模型,各组分别进行处理,并在不同时间点进行BBB肢体运动功能评分或采集脊髓组织Nissl染色观察神经细胞尼氏小体的变化,以及副作用和死亡率.结果 1)BBB评分,各组在治疗后均呈上升趋势,EA+MP组在第3、7天时压迫侧后肢与EA组和MP组相比显著升高(P<0.05),第14天时各组均显著高于Model组(P<0.05),并与Sham组接近(P>0.05).(2)Nissl染色可见,与模型组相比各治疗组神经细胞损坏程度轻,尼氏小体数量多,其中EA+MP组优于其他两组.(3)副作用发生率,MP组为30％,EA+MP组为4.16％,EA组为0;死亡率,MP组为20％,EA+MP组和EA组为0.结论 3种治疗方案均可不同程度增加尼氏小体数量,维持神经细胞形态,改善椎间盘脱出24 h(超过甲强龙作用时间窗)大鼠的肢体运动功能.其中,EA+MP效果最佳,且显著降低了MP疗法的副作用和死亡率的发生,也优于单独EA的疗效.

[Objective]To study the molecular mechanism of rolipram,a specific inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4),on the inhibition of neutrophils adhesion,elucidate the main pathway of anti-inflammation,and provide a reference for the pharmacological study of PDE4 selective herbal inhibitors.[Methods]Density gradient centrifugation was used to extract porcine neutrophils,Tiger red colorimetric method was used to detect the adhesion of neutrophils to porcine endothelial cells,the adhesion molecules,LFA-1 and Mac-1,of neutrophils were detected by flow cytometry,and the phosphorylation of p38MAPK and ERK in neutrophils was detected by Western blot.[Results]Rolipram could significantly inhibit fMLP-stimulated adhesion of neutrophils and endothelial cells (P ＜ 0.05),significantly inhibit fMLP-stimulated expression of LFA-1 and Mac-1 on neutrophils (P ＜ 0.01),block fMLP-stimulated ERK phosphorylation activity in neutrophils (P ＜ 0.01),but could not show any significant effect on p38MAPK phosphorylation.[Conclusion]Rolipram can inhibit the adhesion of neutrophils and endothelial cells,and its mechanism maybe relate to blocking ERK phosphorylation and inhibiting LFA-1 and Mac-1 expression of neutrophils.

随着小动物诊疗技术的不断发展以及宠物寿命逐渐延长,犬猫心脏病越来越受到广大兽医和宠物主人的关注.因其临床症状复杂多变,常难以进行确诊,而心脏超声检查技术由于其具有方便、快捷、非侵入性、无放射性、可动态观察、实时诊断等优点,已成为小动物心脏疾病的常规诊断手段.通过心脏超声检查技术可观察到心脏内部结构、瓣膜运动、心脏内血流情况以及周围大血管情况,可用于疾病的诊断及先天性心脏病的筛查等.其作为可靠的诊断手段已被广泛应用于小动物临床,但由于部分常规超声技术如二维超声心动技术、时间-运动型(M型)超声、彩色多普勒、脉冲式多普勒和连续多普勒技术测得的相关变量为负荷依赖型,这使得使用常规技术准确评估心肌功能具有局限性,为弥补这种不足,提高超声诊断技术的诊断能力,将新型心脏超声诊断技术,如组织多普勒显像技术、超声应变及应变率成像、三维超声包括实时三维心脏超声等技术应用于小动物心血管疾病(如黏液瘤性二尖瓣瓣膜病(MMVD)、动脉导管未闭(PDA)等)诊断以评估局部及整体心脏功能(如心肌速度梯度、变形和变形速率以及机械同步性)的研究成为了近年来的热点.本文根据2007-2016年间国外发表的20余篇相关文献,对近年来超声心动技术研究进展综述如下.