Solar-driven selective synthesis of C2 chemicals from CO2 is a crucial pathway for carbon cycling, but it is limited by the high kinetic barrier of C─C coupling. This study proposes an epitaxial growth strategy for lattice-bonded asymmetric sites. By constructing a Bi1─O─Bi2 site at the Bi3NbO7 nano-dots/Bi3O4Br nanosheet (BNO/BOB) interface to promote C─C coupling for acetic acid production, the photocatalytic conversion rate of CO2 to acetic acid can reach 192.3 µmol·g-1·h-1, with 91.4% selectivity. The apparent quantum efficiency at 380 and 400 nm reach 9.49% and 6.57%, respectively. The key mechanism originates from a cascade electron effect triggered by the interfacial Bi1─O─Bi2 sites: the interfacial charge redistribution induces a strong built-in electric field, where high-energy electrons selectively occupy the 2π antibonding orbitals of CO* intermediates, significantly weakening the C─O bond in CO* intermediate. Furthermore, the asymmetric charge redistribution effectively neutralizes the electrostatic repulsion between adjacent CO* intermediates, synergistically stabilizing the OCCO* transition state through d-π electron feedback from Bi sites. The dual effects synergistically lower the energy barriers for both the C─C coupling and hydrogenation steps, ultimately steering the reaction pathway towards long-lasting acetic acid formation.

Biligand synergistic MOFs simultaneously achieve enhanced stability and charge transfer, enabling superior CO 2 photoreduction in water.

Two new compounds, an aconitine-type C19-diterpenoid alkaloid (1) and a denudatine-type C20-diterpenoid alkaloid (2), along with five known compounds (4-8), were isolated from Aconitum pendulum. Additionally, the known napelline-type C20-diterpenoid alkaloid turpelline was obtained; its structure was fully characterized through revised NMR data and the first determination of its absolute configuration by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and it is redesignated as Pendulumine I (3). The structures of all compounds were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis (1D/2D NMR, IR, HR-ESI-MS). The structures of all compounds were elucidated through comprehensive spectroscopic analysis, including 1D/2D NMR, IR, HR-ESI-MS, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. All isolated compounds were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Notably, compound 3 significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production. These findings not only enrich the phytochemical profile of Aconitum pendulum but also underscore its potential as a source of anti-inflammatory lead compounds, thereby supporting further investigation into its bioactive constituents.

Blood-based cancer biomarkers promise minimally invasive, longitudinal monitoring, yet their clinical utility varies profoundly by analyte class, disease stage, and analytical methodology. This Review critically evaluates six circulating biomarker classes, such as CTCs, ctDNA, cfDNA methylation, exosomes, circulating miRNAs, and tumor-educated platelets—moving beyond a descriptive catalog to a comparative analysis of their performance characteristics. We find that the dominant challenge is no longer signal detection per se, but rather signal interpretation in the presence of biological confounders like clonal hematopoiesis and pre-analytical variability. We argue that a disciplined pairing of a biomarker’s biological origin with the physico-chemical principles of its detection platform is the primary determinant of assay robustness. The Review concludes by outlining a pragmatic framework for integrating orthogonal biomarker readouts, emphasizing that how we combine signals is a more pressing question than how many markers we can measure.

Ammonia/hydrogen blended fuel is considered one of the ideal alternative fuels for engines, with significant potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This study combines experimental testing and numerical simulation to systematically investigate the impact of dual injection technology on the fuel distribution and combustion characteristics of ammonia/hydrogen rotary engines. The results indicate that adopting a dual injection strategy can significantly optimize fuel distribution, enhance combustion efficiency, and reduce emissions. As the timing of the dual injection is delayed from 130 degrees CA before the top dead center (BTDC) to 175 degrees CA BTDC, the fuel uniformity within the cylinder is significantly improved, the combustion duration is slightly reduced, and combustion stability is significantly improved. In particular, when the ammonia mass fraction of the dual injection is 70 % and the injection timing occurs between 160 degrees CA and 175 degrees CA BTDC, the combustion and emission performances are enhanced. In this case, the peak pressure for Case 175-70 % reaches 1.84 MPa, an increase of 0.6 bar compared to the single injection strategy. This strategy improves the mixture uniformity of fuel and air by optimizing the timing and proportion of ammonia dual injection, shorten the combustion duration to 11.91 degrees CA, and reduces unburned fuel and nitrogen oxide emissions. Case 175-70 % resulted in a 5.2 % increase in indicated power compared to single injection. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of ammonia/hydrogen fuel in rotary engines and offers practical guidance for developing efficient, low-emission engine technologies.

Microchannel flow boiling heat dissipation has emerged as an effective solution for managing high heat flux in electronic devices. The hydraulic diameter of microchannels plays a crucial role in influencing flow boiling characteristics and heat sink design, yet the relationship between hydraulic diameter and flow boiling remains inadequately explored. This study employs a visualization-based experimental system with six distinct channel diameters (250 mu m -1500 mu m) to examine the effects of hydraulic diameters on microchannel flow boiling heat transfer characteristics. In this study, the number of microchannels was three, the working fluid was deionized water, the heat flux ranged from 203 to 880 kW/m2, the system outlet pressure was 101.325 kPa, the pressure drop ranged from 0.71099 to 18.021 kPa, and the vapor quality ranged from 0.00183 to 0.37536. Results indicate that variations in microchannel hydraulic diameters lead to significant changes in flow patterns, heat transfer coefficients, and pressure drops. At a hydraulic diameter of 250 mu m, annular flow forms earlier but is more prone to dry out. The heat transfer coefficient increases progressively as the hydraulic diameter is reduced. When the heat transfer coefficient enters a relatively stable change, a hydraulic diameter of 1500 mu m yields a heat transfer coefficient ranging from 15 to 30 kW/m2 center dot K. Reducing the hydraulic diameter to 750 mu m increases the heat transfer coefficient to a range of 40-60 kW/m2 center dot K, while further reducing the hydraulic diameter to 250 mu m elevates the heat transfer coefficient to between 65 and 90 kW/m2 center dot K. Pressure drop is highly sensitive to hydraulic diameter, with channels under 500 mu m exhibiting the highest values and more pronounced slope variations. The pressure drop decreases as the hydraulic diameter increases. Due to inertial forces, larger hydraulic diameters induce more significant fluctuations in pressure drop and wall temperature during backflow. Through Spearman correlation analysis, this study fits heat transfer and pressure drop friction coefficients adaptable to different hydraulic diameters. This work offers theoretical insights and practical design guidance for optimizing microchannel heat sinks.

This study successfully synthesized single-phase MOF-808(Hf) (1) and its postmodified derivatives, Im@MOF-808(Hf) (Im@1) and Tra@MOF-808(Hf) (Tra@1) via sublimation-induced loading of imidazole and 1,2,4-triazole. The guest molecules (Im/Tra) did not disrupt the spn-type three-dimensional porous framework of 1; they only reduced the pore size and specific surface area by occupying the channels, confirming that the postmodification process was controllable and efficient. All three materials exhibited excellent comprehensive properties: high thermal stability (decomposition temperature >455 °C), good water stability, acid-base stability over a wide pH range (1.5-12.5), and strong water vapor adsorption capacity, fully meeting the core stability requirements for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. In terms of proton conduction, all samples showed notable performance, with proton conductivity (σ) increasing significantly with rising temperature and relative humidity (RH). Among them, Im@1 performed best, achieving a σ of 0.127 S·cm-1 at 98% RH/100 °C, 27 times higher than that of pristine 1. Mechanistically, all samples realized efficient proton transport by the Grotthuss mechanism, except Tra@1 at 68% RH, which followed the Vehicle mechanism. In summary, 1 and its postmodified composites hold substantial application potential for proton conduction in PEMFCs.

gamma- aminopropyltriethoxy silane organic layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and SBS were combined into LDHs/SBS composite to improve anti-ageing performance of SBS modified bitumen (SMB). XPS and SEM showed that organic LDHs (OLDHs) was successfully grafted onto SBS, and OLDHs could be more evenly distributed in SBS, which was conducive to improve the anti-degradation capability of SBS. Compared with SBS and LDHs/SBS composite, the interaction between OLDHs/SBS composite and bitumen was stronger, resulting in the better stabilization of SBS and LDHs in bitumen. Furthermore, OLDHs/SBS composite could enhance the hightemperature property of SMB. SMB became hard and brittle during ageing, the physical and rheological properties were remarkably deteriorated. LDHs/SBS and OLDHs/SBS composite could alleviate the damage of ageing on the highand low-temperature performance of SMB and enhance the anti-ageing capacity, particularly OLDHs/SBS composite. Then, the improvement mechanism of OLDHs/SBS and LDHs/SBS composite on the anti- ageing capability of SMB was analyzed at microscopic scale. LDHs/SBS and OLDHs/SBS composite could hinder the infiltration of oxygen into bitumen and decrease the oxygen content, and simultaneously decelerate the oxygen diffusion rate in bitumen. The synergistic combination of these two functions conspicuously diminished the probability of oxygen colliding with bitumen or SBS, which relieved the ageing of bitumen and the degradation of SBS, and ultimately improved the anti-ageing capability of SMB. Furthermore, due to the better stability, the effectiveness of OLDHs/SBS composite was more notable than LDHs/SBS composite, OLDHs/SBS composite demonstrated superior improvement on the anti-ageing capability of SMB than LDHs/SBS composite.

Designing and constructing novel discrete architecture for quantum dots modified ultrathin hollow nanotube Bi2Sn2O7/Bi4O5I2 S-scheme heterojunctions for the first time in this work is an ideal strategy to improve the photocatalytic activity. As expected, the Bi2Sn2O7/Bi4O5I2 heterojunction exhibited outstanding performance of degradation bisphenol A (BPA), the rate constant of Bi2Sn2O7/Bi4O5I2 heterojunction was 1.7 and 41.8 times higher than that of Bi4O5I2 and Bi2Sn2O7, respectively. The promoted activity could be attributed to the spatial separation of photogenerated carriers as well as redox reaction sites due to the discrete structure, and the enhanced charge separation due to the S-scheme mechanism via Bi-O channels as derived from DFT calculations. Furthermore, Bi2Sn2O7/Bi4O5I2 heterojunction exhibited unprecedented ultra-efficient in BPA degradation compared to other published Bi-based catalysts, and excellent performance under actual sunlight contributes to its prospective practical application. This strategy affords a novel approach for fabricating discrete S-scheme heterojunctions photocatalysts with high-efficiency, strong-stable, and sustainable.

As the share of renewable energy in the power supply grows, power system oscillations are escalating in severity. This paper analyzes the oscillation problem of a direct-drive wind farm connected to the power grid through a voltage source converter based high-voltage direct current transmission system (VSC-HVDC). First, a small signal model is constructed based on modular principles, and the eigenvalue analysis method is applied to solve the state matrix of the entire system to determine the oscillation mode in the system. Secondly, the main factors affecting the subsynchronous oscillations are investigated by the methods of participation factor analysis. Finally, the subsynchronous oscillation is suppressed by optimizing the parameters of the controller at the network side, and the correctness of the theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the suppression strategy are verified by simulation.

Photoreduction of CO2 to multi-carbon products such as C2H4 is particularly attractive but extremely challenging due to kinetically sluggish C-C coupling and inefficient charge transfer. Herein, a flexible porous organic polymer (F-TotPp(Co)) with shiftable active Co(II) sites was constructed via the Sonogashira reaction of 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-bromophenyl)Co(II) porphyrin (Pp(Co)) and 2,4,6-tri(2-propyn-1-yloxy)-1,3,5-triazine (Tot). Under illumination, F-TotPp(Co) catalyst can photocatalytically reduce CO2 to C2H4 with an electron-based selectivity of 42.5 %, which has rarely been achieved in rigid R-TebPp(Co) and metal-free F-TotPp(2H) catalyst system. Electron paramagnetic resonance, in situ FT-IR, and density functional theory calculations show that the shiftable active Co(II) sites promote the C C coupling of *CO and *CHO, which is the rate-determining step for C2H4 formation. Photoelectrochemical studies including photoluminescence, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and time-resolved photoluminescence indicate that atomic Co2+ ions facilitate the separation and transfer of photogenerated electrons. Furthermore, cycling experiments, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption fine structure analysis confirm the excellent stability of F-TotPp(Co) during the CO2 reduction process. This work provides a new approach to construct efficient photocatalysts for the reduction of CO2 to multi-carbon products.

With the increasing awareness of environmental protection, polysaccharide packaging materials have received widespread attention. In this work, a kind of novel polysaccharide composite membrane was prepared by hollow glass microspheres (HGM) into agar (AG) and sodium alginate (SA) matrix and then cross-linking by glycerol (abbreviated as AG-SA-HGM). The addition of hollow glass microspheres significantly improved the thermal stability and flame retardancy of the polysaccharide membrane, with a peak heat release rate of only 72.05 kW m- 2. Besides, the prepared flame retardant packaging membrane not only has excellent flexibility, no cracks after folding, and can restore its original state, but also exhibits special properties of front hydrophobicity (contact angle of 123.82 degrees) and back hydrophilicity (contact angle of 35.33 degrees). Therefore, AG-SA-HGM composite membrane has great potential in flame retardant applications.

Sustainable polysaccharide-based carriers offer a promising route to overcome the instability and aggregation issues of indocyanine green (ICG), a clinically approved phototherapy dye. In this study, a scalable approach is presented to construct quaternized microcrystalline cellulose (QMCC) carriers with tunable surface charge for stabilized and high-capacity ICG loading. By modulating the degree of quaternary ammonium substitution, QMCC effectively modulated ICG aggregation behavior, promoting the formation of broadened and red-shifted near-infrared absorption bands with enhanced photostability. Among them, QMCC2-ICG exhibited a balanced electrostatic and steric environment through the π-π stacking interaction, favoring the formation of hybrid aggregates with broad-spectrum absorption profiles and superior optical stability. This enabled high ICG loading (388.3 mg/g), elevated photothermal conversion efficiency (55.0 %), and robust singlet oxygen generation. 4 T1 in vitro experiments demonstrated improved cell phototoxicity, ROS-mediated cytotoxicity, and tumor cell migration inhibition. In vivo, QMCC2-ICG also showed excellent hemocompatibility and enabled strong photoacoustic imaging and tumor ablation in 4 T1-bearing mice. Histological and molecular assays confirmed apoptosis induction, proliferation inhibition, and biosafety. This work presents a sustainable polysaccharide platform that enables aggregation-state control and excited-state tuning for improved multimodal phototherapy, highlighting the role of surface charge and morphology in driving green therapeutic material design.

Pristine fullerene C-60 is currently the best-performing electron transport layer (ETL) for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) but suffers from significant aggregation in solution. Consequently, the high-cost and complex thermal evaporation method is typically used to deposit high-quality C-60 ETLs. To address this challenge, we introduce an n-type polymeric additive that can solubilize and stabilize C-60 molecules for solution processing, leading to efficient and stable solution-processed-C-60 (SP-C-60) ETLs. The achievement is attributed to the well-matched properties of the n-type polymer and the precisely controlled intermolecular interactions between the polymer and C-60 . As a result, the SP-C-60 ETL with 5-wt % polymer addition afforded a champion power conversion efficiency of 25.60% (certified 25.09%). This is not only the highest performance among the current SP-C-60 devices but also highly competitive to the state-of-the-art thermally evaporated C-60 devices. Importantly, the champion device showed significantly enhanced stability (T95, light > 1,800 h; T80, heat = 700 h).

Hydrogels with excellent flexibility are widely used in flexible sensors and supercapacitors, but their sensitivity and operating temperature range limit their application. In this study, chitosan (CS)/polyaniline (PANI) hydrogel with interpenetrating network structure is designed, in which phytic acid is used as crosslinking agent and antifreeze. The obtained CS/PANI hydrogel exhibits excellent mechanical properties, excellent sensing performance (Gauge Factor = 5.25), fast electrochemical response, high specific capacitance (383.7 F/g at 0.5 A/g) and good cycle stability, which may be due to the interpenetrating network structure formed between phytic acid cross-linked PANI and CS molecular chains. Due to these properties, CS/PANI hydrogels can be used as flexible sensors and supercapacitor electrodes materials. Because of the electrostatic interaction between the anionic and cationic groups in phytic acid, it also has certain frost resistance. The CS/PANI hydrogel can provide a high specific capacitance of 330 F/g at -40 degrees C. Compared with room temperature, the capacitance retention rate is as high as 87 %. It is believed that this CS/PANI hydrogel will be used as a new multifunctional material in many fields such as flexible electrodes, sensors and wearable devices in low temperature environments.

The review highlights plasmon materials' advancements in CO2 photoreduction. These materials enhance both light utilization and reaction kinetics via localized electromagnetic fields, hot electron injection, and photothermal synergy.

This study investigates the effects of fuel direct-injection (DI) strategies and rotating speed on mixture formation, combustion characteristics, and nitrogen oxides (NOx) formation characteristics using a three-dimensional numerical model. The accuracy of the numerical model is validated through experimental verification. The results demonstrated that hydrogen and ammonia achieved peak cylinder pressures of 3.16 MPa when their direct in-cylinder injection timings were optimized at 250-220 degrees CA before top dead center (BTDC) and 280-250 degrees CA BTDC, respectively. This configuration resulted in a maximum increase of 10.10 % in cylinder pressure and a reduction of 10.01 % in combustion duration, compared with C-280-220. Through the formation of gradient mixtures and thermodynamic stratification effects, both strategies-hydrogen-ammonia injection at 250-280 degrees CA BTDC (Strategy A) and hydrogen-ammonia injection at 220-250 degrees CA BTDC (Strategy B) demonstrated enhanced combustion efficiency with concurrent mitigation of energy loss. Optimized delayed injection of hydrogen and ammonia reduces NOx emissions by 71.48 %, compared with A-280-280. When the hydrogen injection timing is 220 degrees CA BTDC and the ammonia injection timing is 250 degrees CA BTDC, the optimized rotational speed results in an increase of 11.50 %, 72.21 %, and 26.41 % in cylinder pressure, heat release rate, and effective work, respectively, while reducing NOx emissions by 17.57 %. This study confirms that the coordinated injection phase control of dual fuels, matched with medium and low-speed operating conditions, is an effective approach to achieving efficient and clean combustion in rotary engines.

Zinc-ion capacitors (ZICs) are promising energy storage devices due to their balance between the energy and power densities inherited from Zn-ion batteries and supercapacitors, respectively. However, the low specific capacitance of carbon cathode materials and the dendrite growth on Zn anode have set fatal drawbacks to their energy density and cycle stability. Herein, we demonstrate that, in 1 M Zn(CF3SO3)2/DMF (N, N-dimethylformamide) electrolyte, confining oxygen in carbon cathode materials via high-energy ball milling can synergistically introduce additional pseudocapacitance on the cathode side while suppressing the dendrite growth on Zn anode side, which jointly lead to high energy density (94 Wh kg-1 at 448 W kg-1) and long cycle stability of ZICs. The hydroxyl group in carbon cathode can be transformed to C-O-Zn together with the release of protons during the initial discharge, which in turn stimulates the defluorination of CF3SO3- anions and formation of ZnF2 on both cathode and anode. The ZnF2 formed on the surface of the Zn anode suppresses the dendrite growth by regulating the Zn 2+ deposition/stripping in a reticular structure, resulting in the excellent cycle stability. This work provides a facile strategy to rationally design and construct high energy and stable ZICs through engineering the oxygen-bearing functional groups in carbon cathode materials. (c) 2025 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The editorial office of Journal of Materials Science & Technology.

composites of g-C3N4 nanotubes with anchored Ag/AgCl nanoparticles (AC/GCNT) were prepared using supramolecular self-assembly and an inert-atmosphere calcination method. The AC/GCNT-2 composites exhibits remarkably enhanced photocatalytic CO generation performance (25.10 μmol g-1 h-1) without cocatalysts, hole scavengers, or an organic auxiliary agent, reaching a value 4.41 times that of GCNT materials (5.68 μmol g-1 h-1).

AbstractNovel N‐doped Bi3O4Br/(BiO)2CO3 ultrathin nanojunctions have been prepared. Alkalization dehalogenation was performed to form Bi3O4Br, surfactant was employed to control the ultrathin thickness, and few‐layers of C3N4 as a sacrificial agent were used to build the N‐doped (BiO)2CO3. The photocatalytic behavior of the achieved N‐doped Bi3O4Br/(BiO)2CO3 ultrathin nanojunctions was evaluated through the degradation of antibiotic agent ciprofloxacin, tetracycline hydrochloride, and endocrine disrupting chemical bisphenol A as well as typical dye rhodamine B under visible light irradiation. The matched energy band structure between Bi3O4Br and (BiO)2CO3 could endow the highly efficient interfacial charge separation, thus leading to excellent nonselective photocatalytic behavior. The structure design in this system will open new windows for the reasonable design of other photocatalysts.