Urban resettlement is a key mechanism for promoting ecological conservation and improving livelihoods. This study investigates how urban resettlement influences the relationship between household livelihood vulnerability and the index of dependence on ecosystem services (IDES). Using survey data from 657 households in Ankang prefecture, Shaanxi province, China, we analyze this relationship in the context of resettlement. Using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) "exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity" framework for assessing livelihood vulnerability, and measuring IDES across provisioning, regulating, and cultural services, households are classified into four "vulnerability-dependence" categories via the four-quadrant method. The findings indicate that (1) relocated households exhibit significantly higher livelihood vulnerability and lower overall IDES than non-relocated households; (2) new-stage relocation and higher subsidies increase the likelihood of households being in the "high vulnerability-low dependence" and "low vulnerability-low dependence" categories; and (3) long-distance relocation significantly reduces the probability of households falling into the "low vulnerability-high dependence" category. To address ongoing challenges, policymakers should optimize resource management, facilitate livelihood transformation, and thereby enhancing both livelihood and ecological security.

The increasing frequency and severity of extreme weather events, driven by global climate change, makes ensuring the resilience of power systems a pressing challenge. To comprehensively analyze the operation of power systems under extreme weather conditions, this study employs bibliometric and BERTopic modeling methods. Based on 2,076 research articles retrieved from the Web of Science database between 2001 and 2025, we analyzed publication trends, identified leading countries and institutions, and revealed core research topics. Our results indicate that the number of publications has shown an accelerated growth phase since 2016. The USA and China are the dominant research forces, with the highest number of publications and citations, and the highest publication impact. Furthermore, topic modeling identified 11 core research clusters, among which u201Cresilience framework and restoration strategiesu201D, u201Cclimate risks in the context of energy transitionu201D, and u201Chydropower and climate risksu201D form the foundational pillars of current research. Finally, this study proposes an integrated framework, points out future research directions, including multi-technology synergy, data-driven methods, and more. This research systematically maps the directions within the field and provides a reference for guiding future in-depth studies aimed at enhancing the resilience of power systems to extreme weather.

The Full Guaranteed Purchase System began to replace the subsidy system as the core policy for promoting renewable energy integration, designating grid companies as the sole entity responsible for the physical integration of renewable energy. Meanwhile, the Tradable Green Certificates system provides environmental benefits for renewable power generators through market mechanisms. Therefore, exploring the strategic choices of various entities under the dual policy interventions, and uncovering the mechanisms for realizing electricity energy value and green value under different integration models, is of great significance for advancing China’s renewable energy integration. Based on China’s actual conditions, this study integrates the features of both policies and constructs a three-party evolutionary game model involving government, power generators, and grid enterprises to simulate their interactions and identify key factors influencing strategic choices. The results show that active government regulation effectively encourages positive strategies from both generators and grid companies, and that active power integration by grid companies further promotes green power generation. A “stepwise complementary” relationship exists among reputation gains, reputation losses, and regulatory costs: higher reputation gains can offset decision-making resistance arising from increased regulatory costs. Green power generation costs and innovation costs have significant negative effects on strategic choices, while the guaranteed purchase price has a significant positive effect on generators’ active strategies. The penalty parameter plays a key positive role in grid companies’ active strategies, and the guaranteed purchase price significantly influences their active integration behavior. This paper provides recommendations for motivating all entities actively participate in the consumption process.

The EQ-5D-5L is a widely used measure of health status that has been increasingly applied to study health inequalities. Despite growing recognition of health as a multidimensional construct, few decomposition studies have simultaneously considered both health dimension and their determinants as sources of inequality. This study fills this gap by providing the first integrated decomposition of socioeconomic-related health inequality in China using the EQ-5D-5L instrument. Using cross-sectional data from a nationally distributed sample of 29,882 Chinese adults, we applied the Erreygers-corrected concentration index (ECI) to measure socioeconomic inequality in EQ-5D-5L utility scores, with household income as the ranking variable. An integrated decomposition framework was developed to jointly quantify the contributions of the five EQ-5D-5L dimensions and their associated determinants to overall health inequality. This framework not only identifies the leading dimensions and determinants but also quantifies how determinants contribute to overall inequality through specific dimensions. The estimated ECI for overall EQ-5D-5L utility scores was 0.0275 (95

Background Vision impairment is common among children and is known to affect learning, but its impact on children's mental health has received less attention, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This study aims to focus on a school-based vision care intervention for migrant children in China to examine how the intervention affect children's mental health. Methods A randomized controlled trial was conducted to examine the causal impact of a vision care intervention on children's mental health in 94 migrant schools. After baseline screening of 4,376 students, 682 children with visual impairments were assigned to either intervention or control groups. The intervention included distributing free eyeglasses, providing teacher incentives to encourage utilization, and offering informational education. Follow-up survey was conducted after six months. 309 children in the intervention group and 327 in the control group were included in the analysis. Intention-to-treat effects were estimated with standard errors clustered at the school level. Results Overall, the intervention resulted in a significantly higher risk of mental health issues among migrant children, particularly learning anxiety. The adverse effects disproportionately impacted children whose teachers did not support wearing glasses, whose parents or peers did not wear glasses, and who had moderate or severe vision impairment. The lack of support from teachers hindered students from developing positive perceptions of glasses use and acquiring knowledge about vision care, which subsequently negatively influenced their mental health. Conclusion Providing eyeglasses alone may not be sufficient to improve the well-being of migrant children. Without support from teachers, parents, and peers, vision care programs may lead to unintended increases in anxiety. School-based health programs should consider both physical and mental health needs and place greater emphasis on the social environment in which interventions are delivered.

During the energy transition, renewable energy (RE) experienced rapid growth, drawing urgent attention to emerging issues of energy justice and regional equity. This study developed an assessment framework RE distributional justice index and a bi-objective optimization model for the provincial layout of RE generation (hydropower, wind, solar, and biomass power) across 30 Chinese provinces, incorporating both distributional justice and system cost. Scenario analysis was employed to examine the multidimensional impacts of distributional justice on RE deployment. The results indicated that RE generation expanded rapidly, facilitating a gradual shift in China's electricity structure from coal-dominated to renewable-dominated. The share of RE in both installed capacity and electricity generation grew from about 50% to 33% in 2023 to approximately 71% and 52.5% in 2035, respectively. Considering distributional justice promoted RE development across provinces while curbing excessive expansion in resource-rich provinces. Biomass power played an important role in alleviating the uneven resource endowments associated with wind and solar energy. Furthermore, considering distributional justice increased RE generation capacity in provinces that had previously failed to meet Renewable Portfolio Standard targets, narrowed the disparity in RE generation proportions between resource-rich and resource-poor regions, and reduced dependence on long-distance RE transmission. These findings demonstrate that integrating distributional justice considerations into long-term planning can support cost-effective and more equitable RE deployment, providing useful insights for achieving a just energy transition in China and other countries worldwide.

The United Nations has recently identified a critical global population issue characterized by declining fertility rates in many countries. China, as one of the largest populations globally, is undergoing notable demographic changes, transitioning into a period defined by low rates of birth, mortality and growth. These patterns pose significant developmental challenges and require thoroughly examining their underlying causes. Previous research has primarily emphasized economic and social factors influencing fertility, while the cultural aspects-particularly clan culture-remain insufficiently studied. Clan culture is known to affect fertility intentions and gender preferences, but its role in contemporary society warrants further exploration. To address this research gap, we propose a novel varying-coefficient single-index panel data model incorporating latent group structures to assess the relationship between clan culture and birth population across 28 Chinese provinces. Our analysis reveals that clan culture generally fosters fertility, albeit with diminishing trends. We also identify distinct group structures and significant variations in clan culture's impact on birth population across provinces. Furthermore, we investigate the complex interactions between socioeconomic factors and clan culture on fertility, including the differing effects on the birth of boys and girls. Through advanced computational methods, this study offers valuable insights into the influence of clan culture on fertility in modern China.

The challenges posed by caregivers’ gender stereotypes to a healthy and equitable environment for the development for all children are often overlooked in low-resource and traditionally gender-inegalitarian contexts. This study describes gender stereotypes among the caregivers of children aged 12–30 months in rural China (N = 697, 53.5% male) and examines the associations between these stereotypes and their children’s developmental outcomes. Results reveal prevalent gender stereotypes related to women’s roles in education, employment, marriage, and fertility. Stereotypes predicted lower levels of social-emotional development among girls but not boys. Despite the presence of stereotypes, girls outperformed boys in early language skills. Mechanism analysis suggests that gender stereotypes predicted lower levels of parenting knowledge and less stimulating home environments for girls.

A deeper understanding of the nexus between traditional clan culture and energy poverty holds significant implications for advancing energy transition and improving human well-being. This paper investigates the role of clan culture, a deeply embedded element of China's historical heritage, in shaping patterns of energy poverty. Utilizing a national representative sample, we uncover that clan culture has a significantly negative effect on energy poverty. Specifically, a 10 % increase in the geographical density of clan culture is associated with an average reduction of 0.29 % in the probability of households experiencing energy poverty. The finding also implies that clan cultural effects could potentially lift approximately 1.43 million households, representing over 4.29 million individuals, out of energy poverty. Moreover, the impact of clan culture is more pronounced among Han Chinese populations compared to ethnic minority groups; the effect of the Clean Heating Plan in Northern Regions also varies substantially across regions with differing intensities of clan culture. Our findings suggest that clan culture helps form social capital through mechanisms such as resilience and supplements to formal institutions. We also conduct a series of robustness checks and employ an instrument variable approach to further support our findings. Our evidence calls the attention of policymakers to consider the interplay between formal and informal institutions when designing energy poverty interventions.

Expanding the scope of renewable energy integration to service growing electricity demand poses a considerable challenge for power balancing, especially given the greater variations and uncertainty effected by the low-carbon transition. These transformations underscore the significance of the appropriate and timely selection and deployment of flexibility resources in power system planning and operation. This study proposes an integrated optimization model to perform an effectiveness analysis of the flexibility configuration for improving variable renewable energy (VRE) matching with electricity demand in China's power sector from the spatial and temporal dimensions. The results illustrate that flexibility interventions can change the distribution and matching of variable renewable generation and electricity demand through generation adjustment, inter-regional allocation, energy conversion, and load shift. Diversified flexibility option combinations of dispatchable generation, interregional transmission, energy storage, and demand response are effective for increasing the fraction of electricity demand satisfied by VRE generation. Considering complementarity and substitutability between flexibility options, regional power systems are projected to experience distinct supply-demand match (SDM) changes because of disparities in resource endowment, system composition, flexibility potential, and renewable energy integration targets. Robust SDM increases can be realized by expanding local renewable energy generation and importing substantial amounts of renewable power from other regions.

Integrating a high-penetration level of variable renewable energy into power systems requires the pro-rata deployment of flexibility technology in the recent trends of low-carbon transition. This study proposes a multi-regional power system optimization model to assess the carbon emission reduction effect of different flexibility options in the Chinese power sector, including total carbon emissions, peaking timetables and values, carbon emission transfer between regional power systems, and carbon emission source changes between technologies. The results reveal that the combinations of dispatchable generation, inter-regional transmission, energy storage, and demand-side response can significantly reduce carbon emissions from power systems, but will lead to higher expenditure. Carbon emissions would peak 1-6 years in advance under the integrated flexibility option consisting of all flexibility technologies, and the corresponding peaking value would decrease by 0.26-0.48 billion tonnes compared to other configuration scenarios. However, this does not apply to all the regions. The coupling relationship between the flexibility option and carbon emission reduction in regional power systems changes with the disparities in power demand, system structure, and renewable energy consumption targets.

Based on data from the China Family Panel Survey, this paper explores the impact of agricultural commercialization on household multidimensional poverty and its mechanism. The results show that agricultural commercialization has significantly reduced household multidimensional poverty, especially poverty in health and living standard. However, it may be that the income from commercialization has not all been converted into household multidimensional welfare, making the multidimensional poverty reduction effect of commercialization smaller than the income poverty reduction effect. Further research shows that a possible channel for agricultural commercialization to reduce multidimensional poverty is to improve farmers' ability to convert their endowments into earnings and consumption.

Affordable and clean energy, eliminating poverty, and reducing inequality are important goals of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This paper examines the role of access to clean cooking fuels in promoting income growth and reducing income inequality. Using data from Chinese households, we show that a 10% increase in the adoption of clean cooking fuels would result in an increase in total annual household income of US$37 billion nationwide. Income growth from access to clean cooking fuels is greater for lower-income groups due to a shift to higher household income and reduced downward household income mobility, which contributes to a reduction in income inequality. The effect of access to clean cooking fuels on household income growth is primarily driven by improved health and increased labor supply. The use of clean cooking fuels also saves fuel collection time and cooking time, reducing time spent on household chores by about 0.4 h per day, thereby increasing labor supply in the job market and improving wage income. Improvements in income due to clean cooking fuels are influenced by external conditions, urbanization, education, employment opportunities, and good market conditions. With further promotion of clean cooking fuels, household income and inequality in China are expected to improve further by 2030 and contribute more widely to human well-being and achievement of the SDGs.

Rural to urban resettlement is a widely used poverty alleviation strategy in China's Shaanxi Province, with roughly 250,000 poor households being resettled between 2016 and 2020. This is a huge development intervention designed and implemented by the Chinese state that aims to fundamentally transform people's livelihoods, yet few studies have examined how rural people involved in these resettlements have adapted to their new urban life. This article aims to analyze this adaptation process. Based on a survey of 1285 poverty alleviation resettlement (PAR) households in Shaanxi, we examine the socioeconomic and identity transformations brought about by urbanizing poverty resettlements, paying particular attention to resettled households' heterogeneous experiences of adaptation. Our analysis complicates the picture of a managed, smooth transition from farmers to urban citizens, raising issues of identity, economic insecurity, employment opportunities, and rural land as security. Economically, in the face of increased expenditure and few savings, most households have mixed income sources, and most still retain ties to agricultural land. Different trajectories are evident among households, with uneven access to nearby off-farm employment. Socially, strong social relations are evident, but there is weak engagement in more formal community institutions. And in terms of identity, only a small proportion of households self- identified as “urban”. Our findings highlight how, in the face of rapid change, PAR households strategically float between the rural and the urban.

The large-scale loss of ecosystem assets around the world, and the resultant reduction in the provision of nature's benefits to people, underscores the urgent need for better metrics of ecological performance as well as their integration into decision-making. Gross ecosystem product (GEP) is a measure of the aggregate monetary value of final ecosystem-related goods and services in a specific area and for a given accounting period. GEP accounting captures the use of many ecosystem services in production processes across the economy, which are then valued in terms of their benefits to society. GEP has five key elements that make it transparent, trackable, and readily understandable: (1) a focus on nature's contributions to people; (2) the measurement of ecosystem assets as stocks and ecosystem services as flows; (3) the quantification of ecosystem service use; (4) an understanding of ecosystem service supply chains through value realization; and (5) the disaggregation of benefits across groups. Correspondingly, a series of innovative policies based on GEP have been designed and implemented in China. The theoretical and practical lessons provided by these experiences can support continued policy innovation for green and inclusive development around the world.

To achieve the goal of low-carbon electricity transition, the carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) and a battery energy storage system (BESS) are considered as promising tools for fossil power and renewable power, respectively, to overcome the disadvantages of high carbon intensity and fluctuant output. The potential of these two technologies in the context of carbon trading was systematically analyzed and compared using the real option approach. The results showed that the positive effect of the carbon trading on the adoption of the CCUS was more significant than that of a BESS. Specifically, the influence of the emission quota policy on the adoption of CCUS is limited at beginning because its effects on cost perception and benefit perception are counteractive. In terms of the indirect impacts of the emission trading scheme, electricity marketization can promote the utili-zation of CCUS and BESS. The potential revenue from selling electricity and emission quotas embodied in the additional operation time can significantly encourage fossil power enterprises to upgrade in advance. Addi-tionally, the carbon cost delivered to the electricity price can increase the revenues of renewable power enter-prises and promote the utilization of the BESS. Based on these findings, some policy implications are provided.

In order to alleviate ecological environmental degradation and to enhance sustainable rural household livelihoods, the Shaanxi government of China launched a disaster mitigation program: the disaster avoidance resettlement. Measuring household livelihood vulnerability and further assessing its influence, hold the key to strengthening livelihood adaptation in the context of disaster resettlement. Taking Ankang-in southern Shaanxi Province, China-as an example, this article explores the impact mechanism of household livelihood vulnerability on adaptation strategies through a multinominal logistic regression model in which 657 rural questionnaires were employed. In order to provide more integrated empirical evidence, we draw lessons from the livelihood of the previously proposed vulnerability framework, which has three dimensions: the degree of sensitivity, exposure, and adaptive capacity. The adaptive strategies were divided into pure farming, non-agricultural, and diversified adaptation types according to the types of income sources. The results indicated that livelihood vulnerability varies with different resettlement characteristics. In terms of adaptive strategy types, the vulnerability of pure farming households was the largest. This article found that the relocated households who had a lower sensitivity preferred the non-farming livelihood adaptation strategy. Local households with a high adaptive ability preferred to implement diversified adaptation strategies. The weaker the social support network of the relocated households, the more likely they were to choose off-farm adaptation strategies. Our research results are robust and have broader implications in terms of promoting rural household diversifications of adaptation strategies and reducing livelihood vulnerability.

在脱贫攻坚目标顺利完成的背景下,亟待超越减贫的视角,从全面发展的层面科学地分析和评价易地搬迁政策对妇女群体的影响.以往与易地搬迁相关的研究更多采用定量方法分析政策减贫效应和作用机制,较少从定性分析出发.基于此,基于对陕西、贵州等省份易地搬迁安置社区的实地调研与访谈,从以往研究较少涉及的可行能力理论的视角出发,探讨易地搬迁政策影响农村妇女脱贫与发现的路径与机理,以期厘清政策对妇女群体的作用逻辑.研究发现,易地搬迁后妇女能够实现脱贫与发展主要是家庭生计压力下妇女主动参与和后续帮扶措施所形成的"拉力",与男性外出务工后妇女被动成为家庭与社区建设主体所形成的"推力"相互作用的结果;易地搬迁政策对妇女脱贫与发展的作用路径包括外在条件与内在潜质两条路径,其中外在条件包括功能保障和发展赋权两个维度,内在潜质包括能力建设和意识塑造两个维度;在易地搬迁政策作用下会对妇女个体和家庭产生双重影响.此结论可对公共政策与妇女发展研究进行补充.