These days, one of the main issues preventing agricultural development is salinized soils. Potassium fulvic acid (PFA) not only regulates plant growth, but also improves the soil nutrient content and physical structure, which makes it a soil conditioner worth promoting. Nevertheless, the research conducted thus far on the subject of PFA with regard to plant growth and inter-root microbial communities remains somewhat limited in scope. In this study, a pot experiment was conducted to simulate both the normal environment and salt stress environment. The objective of this experiment was to verify the effect of PFA on the growth of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) as well as its effect on the soil physical and chemical indices and the soil microbial community structure. The findings demonstrated that the implementation of potassium fulvic acids exhibited a minimal impact on the growth of blueberry plants under standard environmental conditions. However, it was observed to exert a substantial effect on enhancing various physiological parameters, including plant height, root activity, and chlorophyll synthesis, particularly in response to salt stress. PFA led to a substantial augmentation in the soil organic matter content, alongside a notable rise in the alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (AN) and available potassium (AK) content. Concurrently, PFA caused a notable escalation in the activities of soil urease, sucrase, acid phosphatase, and catalase (p < 0.05) in the salt-stressed environment. PFA increased the abundance of Acidobacteria, Myxococcota, Ascomycota, and Fungi_phy_Incertae_sedis under salt stress, which was mainly related to the decrease in electrical conductivity (EC) values and increase in soil acid phosphatase (S-ACP) activity. It is evident that the implementation of PFA is advantageous in enhancing the saline environment, mitigating the impact of salt damage on blueberries and establishing a foundation for the expansion of cultivated areas and the sustainable cultivation of blueberries.

The degree of soil salinization is still on the rise. In saline environments, NaCl is the main substance that causes plant salt damage, with the toxicity of ions under salt stress primarily involving sodium (Na+) or chloride (Cl−). However, fewer studies have focused on Cl− stress. This study investigated the differences in the growth and physiology of five blueberry varieties under Cl− stress, aiming to understand the mechanisms of Cl− tolerance and the physiological responses to Cl− stress in these varieties. Five blueberry varieties (‘Northland’, ‘PL19’, ‘Duke’, ‘Reka’, and ‘Bonnie’) were used as test materials. This study examined the changes in growth and physiological indices of blueberry plants under different concentrations of Cl− (A1–A6: 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 mmol/L) treatments. A control treatment (CK) was included to serve as a baseline for comparison. We comprehensively evaluated the Cl− tolerance of these five varieties to screen for chlorine-tolerant varieties. This study examined the concentration-dependent changes in growth and physiological indices of blueberry plants, including plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll content, electrical conductivity, levels of soluble sugar (SS), malondialdehyde (MDA), proline (Pro), and soluble protein (SP), as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). The results revealed that as the Cl− concentration increased, the growth of all blueberry varieties was inhibited; plant height, leaf area, and chlorophyll content consistently declined, whereas electrical conductivity showed a steady increase. SS and MDA content exhibited a biphasic response, with an increase at lower Cl− concentrations followed by a decrease at higher concentrations. The activities of SOD and CAT in ‘Duke’ consistently increased with rising Cl− levels. In ‘PL19’ and ‘Reka’, chlorophyll content decreased with increasing Cl−, while their proline content rose initially and then declined. In contrast, the other varieties generally showed an increasing trend in proline content. Similarly, the soluble protein content of ‘Northland’ and ‘PL19’ increased at lower Cl− levels and decreased at higher concentrations, whereas ‘Bonnie’, ‘Duke’, and ‘Reka’ displayed an overall declining trend. Principal component analysis indicated that the Cl− tolerance of the blueberry varieties ranked as follows: ‘Duke’ > ‘Bonnie’ > ‘Reka’ > ‘PL19’ > ‘Northland’. These findings lay a foundation for blueberry cultivation in saline–alkaline soils and support the selection and development of new, chlorine-tolerant varieties.

In order to clarify the relationship between mineral nutrients and rhizosphere microorganisms at different growth and development stages of blueberry (Vaccinium spp.), this work studied the dynamic changes in element content and microbial quantity in different parts of blueberry plants. The test material was a 12-year-old half-highbush blueberry variety (‘Beilu’). The changes in the mineral nutrient elements in leaves, branches and the soil of blueberry plants were studied at the full bloom stage (T1), green fruit stage (T2), mature stage (T3) and late mature stage (T4), and the correlations of the average contents of mineral elements in the four periods were studied. The bacterial community in the rhizosphere soil was determined and analyzed using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that the changes in other mineral elements in various parts of blueberry plants varied in different periods. Nitrogen (N) showed a downward trend in branches, leaves and soil, especially in leaves (p < 0.05). The N contents in T2, T3 and T4 decreased by 9.9%, 26.4% and 29.9%, respectively. The N contents in the leaves and branches showed a downward trend at different growth stages, especially in leaves. The phosphorus (P) content in leaves showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing, while it continued to increase in branches. The content of potassium (K) in leaves changed significantly, where it increased first and then decreased. The content of calcium (Ca) in leaves decreased first and then increased, while the content of magnesium (Mg) in branches and leaves decreased first and then increased, and the relative change was significant. The contents of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) in leaves decreased first and then increased, while the contents of manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) were relatively stable. Cu decreased first and then increased in leaves and soil, and it increased first and then decreased in branches. The mineral nutrients in different growth stages of blueberry showed significant correlation in leaves, branches and soil. Mn in leaves was significantly positively correlated with P, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu and Zn in soil (p < 0.01). Nitrogen and calcium in leaves were significantly correlated with manganese and phosphorus in soil, respectively. Ca in branches was significantly positively correlated with N and K in soil and was significantly positively correlated with Zn in soil (p < 0.01). Magnesium was significantly negatively correlated with iron in soil. The bacterial community structure of the blueberry rhizosphere soil changed significantly over time (p < 0.05), and the relative abundance showed the following trend: T4 > T2 > T3 > T1. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi and Verrucomicrobia were the dominant bacteria in different periods. Candidatus solibacter and Bryobacter were significantly higher in T1 and T3 than in T1 and T4. Bradyrhizobium flora increased significantly at T3. Sphingomonas increased significantly at T1 (p < 0.05).

以桤叶唐棣(Amelanchier alnifolia)组培苗为材料,对其茎尖小滴玻璃化超低温保存方法的影响因素进行研究,并用11份桤叶唐棣种质资源验证了所建立的超低温保存规程的广谱性.结果表明:从苗龄30 d的组培苗上剪取带顶芽的茎段(长约0.5 cm),用继代培养基(MS+1.0mg/L6-BA+35g/L蔗糖+7g/L琼脂,SSM)低温炼苗14d(4℃,黑暗),将剥取的茎尖(长1.5～2 mm)依次在预培养基(MS+0.3 mol/L蔗糖+7 g/L琼脂)预培养1 d[(25±2)℃,黑暗],在室温下用加载液(MS+2.0mol/L甘油+0.4mol/L蔗糖)处理20 min,在0℃用植物玻璃化溶液PVS2(MS+300g/L甘油+150g/L乙二醇+150 g/L二甲基亚砜+0.4 mol/L蔗糖)处理40 min,转至铝箔条上由PVS2溶液制成的4.5 μL小滴(0℃)中,并迅速浸入液氮10 min,装入冷冻管后在液氮中保存1 h.从液氮中取出的材料立即在卸载液(MS+1.2 mol/L蔗糖)中解冻和卸载20 min(室温),茎尖转至SSM上暗培养3 d[(25±2)℃,黑暗],之后在正常温光条件下再生培养,获得最高的存活率和再生率分别为71.67％和68.33％,11份种质资源的平均再生率为50.92％.该研究首次报道了桤叶唐棣种质资源的小滴玻璃化超低温保存规程.

以36种不同产地的蓝莓果实为试材,色差仪测定色度值,比色法测定花青素、黄酮、多糖、多酚含量,HPLC法检测矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、飞燕草素-3-O-葡萄糖苷等6种花色苷单体含量,并运用主成分分析和聚类分析法对蓝莓品质进行评价,探讨蓝莓的色度值、花色苷及主要活性成分含量等指标的相关性,并进行综合评分,对蓝莓进行质量综合评价,以期为筛选优良品种提供参考依据.结果 表明:不同产地蓝莓间的各项指标均存在显著的差异.主成分分析表明,13个指标可用3个主成分来表述,其累积方差贡献率达82.606％,第一主成分由花青素、花色苷和L*决定;第二主成分由多酚、总黄酮、飞燕草素-3-O-阿拉伯糖苷和a*、b*决定;第三主成分是多糖.聚类分析将36个样本聚为4类,第3类群品种最多,主要表现为花青素、6种单体花色苷、多酚含量相近;通过主成分分析结合聚类分析法对蓝莓进行综合评价的方法准确可靠、简单省时,适用于蓝莓品质的综合评价,为蓝莓资源的开发提供科学参考依据.

The effects of five kinds of plant growth substances and four culture media on regenerating adventitious bud from plantlet leaves in vitro were studied to provide the basis for the establishment of high efficient regeneration system with lingonberry( Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) cultivar"Ida". The results showed that higher adventitious bud induction rate and greater bud number were obtained by using ZT, TDZ or CPPU alone, in which the better treatments are: 88. 3％ induction rate and 21. 3 buds per leaf with CPPU 3 mg/L, respectively, 87. 5％ and 23. 2 bud/leaf with TDZ 1. 0 mg/L, 91. 7％ and 23. 6 bud/leaf with ZT 4. 0 mg/L. TDZ or CPPU inhibited the growth of adventitious buds. ZT 4. 0 mg/L+IBA 0. 1 mg/L was the ideal combination, of which the induction rate and the number of adventitious buds were 82. 5％ and 33. 2 bud/leaf, respectively. The elongation of adventitious buds was promoted at low concentration of IBA or NAA, but inhibited at high concentration. The effect of adventitious bud induction and growth in WPM media is better than that in MS, 1/2 MS & 1/4 MS.

We report a droplet-vitrification for efficient cryopreservation of valuable germplasm of blueberry. In this protocol, in vitro stock shoots were cold-hardened in the dark at 4 degrees C for 3 weeks. Shoot tips (1.5-2.0 mm in length) including 4-5 leaf primordia were excised from the cold-hardened stock shoots and precultured with 0.3 M sucrose for 1 day. Precultured shoot tips were treated with a loading solution containing 1.0 M sucrose and 2 M glycerol for 30 min, followed by exposure to PVS2 for 40 min at 0 degrees C. Dehydrated shoot tips were then transferred onto 3.5 mu L PVS2 droplets on aluminum foil strips, prior to a direct immersion into liquid nitrogen for 1 h. Frozen foils with shoot tips were re-warmed in 1.2 M sucrose for 20 min at room temperature, followed by post-thaw culture for a recovery medium containing 0.3 mg L-1 zeatin for shoot regrowth. With optimized parameters, shoot regrowth levels were 46.7% for 'O' Neal' and 91.7% for 'Misty', with a mean shoot regrowth level of 66.5% obtained across the five valuable blueberry genotypes tested. Histological observations showed that many cells in the upper part of apical dome and some in leaf primordia 1-3 survived, while those in lower part of apical dome and leaf primordia 4-5 were seriously damaged, following cryopreservation. No polymorphic bands were detected using inter-simple sequence repeat markers (ISSR) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) in regenerants of 'O' Neal' and 'Misty' recovered from cryopreservation. To the best our knowledge, this is the first report on blueberry cryopreservation by droplet-vitrification, which would provide a technical platform for establishment of cryo-banks of valuable blueberry germplasm. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

在吉林省开展了蓝莓品种蓝塔的品种比较和区域试验,以了解其特性和生产潜力.试验结果表明,蓝塔平均单果质量2.6g,最大3.5g.果蒂痕中而湿.果粉中厚.果肉质地较硬,香味浓,可溶性固形物含量12.7%,品质上等.极早熟.定植第5年666.7m2产量477.7kg.总结了其栽培技术要点.

以2年生'蓝丰'为试材,在山东省乳山市董格庄村露地栽培条件下,用苔藓覆盖3～5cm厚,面积60cm×80cm,结合滴灌设施施肥,与未覆盖做对比.研究表明,苔藓覆盖可提高土壤有机质(3.84％)、有效磷(110.44mg/kg)和有效钾含量(148.19mg/kg);减少越橘地下5～25cm的温差(3.7℃),提高花芽数(367个)和基生枝总长度(613cm);苔藓覆盖对叶片全氮含量影响不大,对全磷和全钾含量的提高较为明显,分别为0.14％和0.47％,比未覆盖增加55.6％和17.5％;苔藓覆盖可增加果实可溶性糖10.7％,可溶固形物3.1％,单果重5.5％,株产20.7％,减少可滴定酸含量4.8％.

Objective] The contents and annual variations of cytokinins including zeatin (Z), zeatin ri-boside(ZR) and isopentenyl adenodine(iPA) were studied in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere of blueberry, Vaccinium vitis-idaea‘Northland’ after the application of different soil amelioration materials in pots.[Method] Rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil samples with different root adhesion degrees were collected by rhizosphere soil stripping separation method ,high performance liquid chromatography meth-ods were used to investigate cytokinin contents in soil samples. [Result and conclusion] Cytokinin con-tents of corn stalks mixed with nitrogen fertilizer(k4)were the highest, followed by the application treat-ments of corn stalks(k3), peat(k2), and no added (k1,control).The general trend of cytokinin contents in blueberry rhizosphere and non rhizosphere soil were Z >ZR>iPA in different periods, such as k4 treat-ment the Z, ZR and iPA average content was 9.89, 9.76 and 3.57 ng/g respectively, which were higher than 67.9%,84.2%and 105.6%compared with the control, respectively. The annual variations of cyto-kinins in the root zone of blueberry were traced. The contents of cytokinins increased in early spring and declined in autumn, while between in early spring and late autumn they maintained high levels.

ISHS X International Symposium on Vaccinium and Other Superfruits EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PROPORTION OF CORN STALKS AND NITROGEN FERTILIZER ON SOIL MICROBE QUANTITY AND RHIZOSPHERE EFFECT OF BLUEBERRY ROOT ZONE

The yield of per plant,fruit quality and shoot characters of blueberry cultivar Northland were investigated in 2009 and 2011 respectively after the pruning of perennial main canes.The results were as follows.(1) The amounts of blueberry fruit set and yield increased gradually with the raising of remaining amount of perennial main canes.(2) Pruning improved the fruit quality,and the soluble solid content of the treatment with four main canes reserved.(3) Pruning perennial main canes played a promotive role in plant regenerate of blueberry Northland.The effects of pruning decreased with the increase of reserved main canes from 1 to 5.

2010年12月至2011年8月,对山东省成海市午极镇正甲夼村栽培的蓝莓进行了植株受冻程度调查.结果表明,调查的5个类型蓝莓的抗寒能力由强到弱依次为半高丛、杂交品系、北高丛、南高丛和兔眼蓝莓.半高丛蓝莓品种中的‘北青'、‘北陆'、‘慧蓝'和‘奇伯瓦',杂交品系中的‘艾玛'、‘HL12'以及北高丛蓝莓中的‘蓝塔'、‘蓝丰'、‘北卫'和‘瑞卡'等抗寒性较强,且植株产量较高.

Taking blueberry‘Bluecrop'as material,the natural pollination seed germination efficiency at different fruit development stages were studied.The results showed that the mature blueberry seed germination efficiency in medium composition of 1/2WPM+GA3 600mg/L was 32.0%;young seed germination efficiency at two steps germination medium composition of 1/2MS and 30 d development cultivate was 19.0%;the young seed from fruit development phases of 42~50 dseed development efficiency was 16.3%~19.0%.The development cultivate in two kinds of dispose(2±2)℃ 20 d,(25±2)℃ 10 d and (25±2)℃ 10 d,(2±2)℃ 20 d seed germination efficiency was 23.1% and 28.8% respectively.At fruit development stage of 45 d,the mature,young and stunting seeds was 52.1%,32.4% and 15.5% respectively.

Taking highbush plant,half-highbush plant,lowbush plant of 19 blueberry cultivars as materials,height of plant,canopy diameter and indexes of inner conditions of growth statues were determined,the growing status of fruiting period were studied,and the growth vigour between all districts were compared,in order to get the suitable plant varieties in each area.The results showed that highbush blueberry in Tonghua area grew well,The 'Northland','Elliot' growing significantly better than that of other areas,highbush blueberry in Antu region growing was bad,not suitable for planting in the region.Half-highbush in Liuhe and Tonghua region was growing good,suitable for cultivation in the area promotion.The lowbush blueberry of 'Blomidon' was suitable for Liuhe,Tonghua,Jingyu cultivation.

With the main varieties of 'Northland','Bluecrop','Blomidon' as test materials in Jilin Changchun area,the plant height,canopy diameter,extended branch,base born branch were determined,and the years of change rule were studied,growth dynamic regulation were got about Changchun area cranberries,in order to provide a guiding role in cultivation management and fertilizer management.The results showed that fast growth stage of plant height was in the whole August,rapid growth stage of crown width was in late July to late August,accordance with plant height rapid growth stage,fruit harvest time was in late July to early August,the body space growth was later than fruits mature time,at this time,water and fertilizer management should be pay attention to,in order to provide sufficient fertilizer,to supply the rapid growth of the tree body;extended branch maintained a rapid growth from early July to late August,and base born branch rapid growth was concentrated in early July to middle August too.From early July to late September,the newbranch growth rate present a 'quick-slow' trend,the vegetative growth and reproductive growth at the same time,in this period should be appropriate for water management,to keep the nutrition normal supply,for next year's high yield.

The appropriate inoculation period,disinfectants,media,ZT concentration and pH value for cranberry stem culture in vitro were studied.The results showed that inoculation survival rate of stems collected from December 2010 to July 2011 reached above 70%.The survival rate of treatments with 12.5% 84-disinfection solution 5 min or 0.1% HgCl2 solution 3 min was above 70%.Culture effect with improved WPM was superior to that of Anderson solts+MS organic material,MS,1/2MS and Aderson mediums.Primary cultures survival rate of improved WPM+ZT 1.0 mg·L-1 treatments reached to 70.8%,treatment of improved WPM+ZT 0.3 mg·L-1 during the subculture period got the highest plant height,stem diameter,multiplication coefficient and node number.The optimum pH of medium was 4.55.0.

试验以16个越橘杂交品种（系）为试材,对其树体性状、果实外观性状、果实内在品质和丰产性等项目进行调查研究。结果表明,H2、H20、H26、Record、Ama和HL12等6个品种（系）在山东地区栽培反应良好,是当前适合山东地区发展的理想品种（系）,具有进一步示范推广价值;Gila、AF4、HL4和HL9等4个品种（系）由于植株生长较弱、丰产性差和果实性状差,在山东地区不适宜发展;其余6个品种（系）还有待于进一步观察与改良,才能最终筛选出适合当地栽培的优质品种（系）。

Blueberry is a new potential fruit trees.As industria development,it will bring enormous economic benefits to the people.The germplasm resources in the world,cultivation,research the nutritional and medicinal value were introduced.It would provide a new scientific basis for the industrialization.