Aureoboletus zunyiensis from Guizhou Province, China, is described hereby on the basis of morphology and molecular analysis. It is characterized by a brownish-red pileal surface, yellowish context, ovoid to reniform spores, and cystidia are covered with a pale yellow refractive substance. Multigene analysis based on nrLSU, ITS, and TEF1-alpha supported that the new species belongs to Aureoboletus. Photographs, microstructure diagram, and a phylogenetic tree showing relationships to closely related taxa are provided.

Sutorius is a genus within the family Boletaceae, typically characterised by chocolate-brown to reddish-brown or slightly purplish colouration, finely scaly stems and reddish-brown spore deposits. Although numerous species of this genus have been reported from India and northern to north-eastern Thailand, its species diversity remains insufficiently explored. During an extensive survey on diversity of boletes in Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, China, this study identified two new Sutorius species, based on morphological and multi-locus (nrLSU, nrITS, TEF1-α and RPB2) phylogenetic analyses and they were assigned as S. yuxiensis and S. rubropurpureus. Sutorius yuxiensis is morphologically characterised by a yellowish-brown pileus with densely arranged pores, giving the surface an irregular appearance, along with a pale purplish-grey colouration. Sutorius rubropurpureus is morphologically characterised by a purplish-red to purplish-grey pileus, the pore surface is purplish-red to reddish-brown in colour and the presence of pleurocystidia. S. yuxiensis is phylogenetically close to S. obscuripellis and S. ubonensis and forms an independent lineage. S. rubropurpureus clusters with S. rubinus and related congeners. Detailed descriptions, illustrations, phylogenetic analyses and comparisons with closelyrelated taxa are provided to support the recognition of these two novel species.

Blueberries are the most popular small berries, in order to solve the problem of unbalanced blueberry resources in different regions of China. In this study, 18 blueberries were analyzed by chromatography and mass spectrometry for 9 soil elements, 6 anthocyanins, 7 phenolic acids, 9 organic acids, and 12 flavonoids. The result showed that blueberry physico-chemical indicators were significantly variable across production regions by Wenn and volcano maps, chlorogenic acid, ascorbic acid, citric acid, catechin were the main antioxidant active components, soil pH was significantly correlated with low content of anthocyanins and organic acids, soil elements were not significantly correlated with fruits antioxidant activity by the network correlation analysis. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis classified the antioxidant activity and fruit quality: represented by YNorthland, SNorthland, JSharpblue. It provides theoretical support for screening high quality blueberries and promoting the development of blueberry industry.

The utility of endophytic bacteria in Cadmium (Cd) remediation has gained significant attention due to their ability to alleviate metal -induced stress and enhance plant growth. Here, we investigate C. metallidurans CML2, an endophytic bacterial strain prevalent in rice, showing resilience against 2400 mg/L of Cd(II). We conducted an indepth integrated morphological and transcriptomic analysis illustrating the multifarious mechanisms CML2 employs to combat Cd, including the formation of biofilm and CdO nanoparticles, upregulation of genes involved in periplasmic immobilization, and the utilization of RND efflux pumps to extract excess Cd ions. Beyond Cd, CML2 exhibited robust tolerance to an array of heavy metals, including Mn2+, Se4+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Hg2+, demonstrating effective Cd(II) removal capacity. Furthermore, CML2 has exhibited plant growth -promoting properties through the production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) at 0.93 mg/L, soluble phosphorus compounds at 1.11 mg/L, and siderophores at 22.67%. Supportively, pot experiments indicated an increase in root lengths and a decrease in Cd bioaccumulation in rice seedlings inoculated with CML2, consequently reducing Cd translocation rates from 43% to 31%. These findings not only contribute to the understanding of Cd resistance mechanisms in C. metallidurans, but also underscore CML2 ' s promising application in Cd remediation within rice farming ecosystems.

The photodegradations of three selected neonicotinoid insecticides nitenpyram, thiacloprid, and acetamiprid were investigated in both water and soil samples under natural sunlight, UVA light, and UVB light. The results indicate that these insecticides undergo significant degradations when subjected to sunlight, whether they are in deionized (DI) water, tap water, and DI water containing 100 mg/L humic acids or in soil. The degradation half-lives of nitenpyram, thiacloprid, and acetamiprid in tap water under sunlight were found to be 3.7, 4.7, and 8.9 h, respectively, in DI water 5.4, 6.3, 9.1 h, respectively, in DI water containing 100 mg/L humic acids 3.6, 3.3, 6.5 h, respectively, and in soil 7.5, 7.9, and 15.9 h, respectively. The degradation due to hydrolysis was found insignificant as compared to photodegradation. The examination of the effects of light source revealed that the UVB in the sunlight plays a major role in the photodegradation of these three neonicotinoids, and the effects of UVA and visible light are negligible. The analysis on the degradation products indicated that the nitroguanidine group in these insecticides is unstable and prone to break up under sunlight. A total of nine degradation products were detected, of which the health effects and the fate and transport in the environment need to be further studied.

(1) Background: Vaccinium vitis-idaea is a nutritionally and economically valuable natural wild plant species that produces berries useful for treating various diseases. There is growing interest in lingonberry, but there is limited information regarding lingonberry reference genes suitable for gene expression analyses of different tissues under various abiotic stress conditions. The objective of this study was to identify stable reference genes suitable for different lingonberry tissues in response to abiotic stress. (2) Methods: The delta Ct method and the GeNorm v3.5 and NormFinder v20 programs were used to comprehensively analyze gene expression stability. (3) Results: Actin Unigene23839 was the best reference gene for analyzing different cultivars, whereas Actin CL5740.Contig2 was the most suitable reference gene for analyzing different tissues and alkali stress. In contrast, 18S rRNA CL5051.Contig1 was the most stable reference gene under drought conditions. (4) Conclusions: These suitable reference genes may be used in future qRT-PCR analyses of different lingonberry tissues and the effects of abiotic stresses. Furthermore, the study data may be useful for functional genomics studies and the molecular breeding of lingonberry. In summary, internal reference genes or internal reference gene combinations should be carefully selected according to the experimental conditions to ensure that the generated gene expression data are accurate.

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an important root vegetable crop belonging to the Brassicaceae family. Anthocyanin rich radish varieties are popular among consumers because of their bright color and high nutritional value. However, the underlying molecular mechanism responsible for skin and flesh induce anthocyanin biosynthesis in transient overexpression, gene silencing and transcriptome sequencing were used to verify its function in radish anthocyanin accumulation, radish remains unclear. Here, we identified a long noncoding RNA LINC15957, overexpression of LINC15957 was significantly increased anthocyanin accumulation in radish leaves, and the expression levels of structural genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis were also significantly increased. Anthocyanin accumulation and expression levels of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes were significantly reduced in silenced LINC15957 flesh when compared with control. By the transcriptome sequencing of the overexpressed LINC15957 plants and the control, 5,772 differentially expressed genes were identified. A total of 3,849 differentially expressed transcription factors were identified, of which MYB, bHLH, WD40, bZIP, ERF, WRKY and MATE were detected and differentially expressed in the overexpressed LINC15957 plants. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed the genes were significant enriched in tyrosine, L-Phenylalanine, tryptophan, phenylpropanol, and flavonoid biosynthesis. RT-qPCR analysis showed that 8 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were differentially expressed in LINC15957-overexpressed plants. These results suggested that LINC15957 involved in regulate anthocyanin accumulation and provide abundant data to investigate the genes regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in radish.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, and motile strain, TJ48T, was isolated from pakchoi-cultivated soil contaminated with Cd and Pb in Xinxiang (China). Cells of the strain were rod-shaped and colonies on LB agar were faint yellow. Strain TJ48T was positive for catalase and oxidase and the optimal condition for growth was 28 °C, with 1% (w/v) NaCl and at pH 7.0. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain TJ48T was closely related to the genus Rhodobacter and the closest relatives were Rhodobacter ovatus JA234T (97.4%, 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Rhodobacter azotoformans KA25T (96.5%). The DNA G + C content of strain TJ48T was 64.7 mol%. Genome-to-genome distance calculations (GGDC) and ANIb values from genomic comparison between the genomes of strain TJ48T and the related reference species were less than 70% and 95%, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18:1ω7c and/or C18:1ω6c) and C17:0. The only isoprenoid quinone detected was Ubiquinone-10 (Q-10). The polar lipid profile contains diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminophospholipid, one unidentified phospholipids, and three unidentified lipids. Strain TJ48T significantly increased the dry weight of roots (26.2–66.3%) and shoots (16.7–37.8%) of pakchoi and reduced the Cd (50.2–60.1%) and Pb (55.6–60.9%) contents in pakchoi shoots and roots. On the basis of the physiological, genotypic and genomic characteristics, the strain TJ48T represent a novel species of the genus Rhodobacter, and the name Rhodobacter xinxiangensis sp. nov. is proposed (type strain TJ48T = CCTCC AB2019120T = KCTC 72510T).

Excess Cd and Pb in agricultural soils enter the food chain and adversely affect all organisms. Therefore, it is important to find an eco-friendly way to reduce heavy metal accumulation in vegetables. We used urea agar plates to isolate urease-producing bacteria from the rhizosphere soil of lettuce in Cd- and Pb-contaminated farmland and investigated their ability to produce urease and immobilize heavy metals. The effects of these strains on the biomass, quality, and Cd and Pb accumulation of lettuce were also studied. The results showed that two urease-producing bacteria, Enterobacter bugandensis TJ6 and Bacillus megaterium HD8, were screened from the rhizosphere soil of lettuce. They had a high ability to produce urease (44.5 mS cm−1 min−1 OD600−1 and 54.2 mS cm−1 min−1 OD600−1, respectively) and IAA (303 mg L−1 and 387 mg L−1, respectively). Compared with the control, inoculation with strains TJ6 and HD8 reduced the Cd (75.3–85.8%) and Pb (74.8–87.2%) concentrations and increased the pH (from 6.92 to 8.13–8.53) in solution. A hydroponic experiment showed that the two strains increased the biomass (31.3–55.2%), improved the quality (28.6–52.6% for the soluble protein content and 34.8–88.4% for the vitamin C (Vc) content), and reduced the Cd (25.6–68.9%) and Pb (48.7–78.8%) contents of lettuce shoots (edible tissue). In addition, strain HD8 had a greater ability than strain TJ6 to reduce lettuce Cd and Pb uptake and water-soluble Cd and Pb levels in solution. These data show that the urease-producing bacteria protect lettuce against Cd and Pb toxicity by extracellular adsorption, Cd and Pb immobilization, and increased pH. The effects of heavy metal immobilization by the two strains can guarantee vegetable safety in situ for the bioremediation of heavy metal–polluted farmland.

Microbial immobilization is considered as a novel and environmentally friendly technology that uses microbes to reduce heavy metals accumulation in plants. To explore microbial resources which are useful in these applications, three water spinach rhizosphere soils polluted by different levels of heavy metals (heavy pollution (CQ), medium pollution (JZ), and relative clean (NF)) were collected. The community composition of heavy metal-immobilizing bacteria in rhizosphere soils and its effects on reducing the Cd2+ and Pb2+ concentrations in water spinach were evaluated. Four hundred strains were isolated from the CQ (belonging to 3 phyla and 14 genera), JZ (belonging to 4 phyla and 25 genera) and NF (belonged to 6 phyla and 34 genera) samples, respectively. In the CQ sample, 137 strains showed a strong ability to immobilize Cd2+ and Pb2+, giving Cd2+ and Pb2+ removal rates of greater than 80% in solution; Brevundimonas, Serratia, and Pseudoarthrobacter were the main genera. In total, 62 strains showed a strong ability to immobilize Cd2+ and Pb2+ in the JZ sample and Bacillus and Serratia were the main genera. A total of 22 strains showed a strong ability to immobilize Cd2+ and Pb2+ in the NF sample, and Bacillus was the main genus. Compared to the control, Enterobacter bugandensis CQ-7, Bacillus thuringensis CQ-33, and Klebsiella michiganensis CQ-169 significantly increased the dry weight (17.16–148%) of water spinach and reduced the contents of Cd2+ (59.78–72.41%) and Pb2+ (43.36–74.21%) in water spinach. Moreover, the soluble protein and Vc contents in the shoots of water spinach were also significantly increased (72.1–193%) in the presence of strains CQ-7, CQ-33 and CQ-169 compared to the control. In addition, the contents of Cd and Pb in the shoots of water spinach meet the standard for limit of Cd2+ and Pb2+ in vegetables in the presence of strains CQ-7, CQ-33 and CQ-169. Thus, the results provide strains as resources and a theoretical basis for the remediation of Cd- and Pb-contaminated farmlands for the safe production of vegetables.

The cumA, a gene encoding a multicopper oxidase (MCO), was cloned from the soil-dwelling bacterium Pseudomonas sp. 593. Its corresponding product was overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS and purified to homogeneity through Ni-affinity chromatography. The amino acid sequence of the CumA of Pseudomonas sp. 593 was strongly homologous to that of CumA as previously reported. The CumA was quite stable in neutral pH and had poor thermostability. Meanwhile, its optimum pH and temperature toward laccase substrates 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (DMP), syringaldazine (SGZ), and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) were 5.0 and 55 °C, 7.5 and 60 °C, and 5.0 and 60 °C, respectively. Cu2+ remarkably enhanced the activity of the CumA. By contrast, the activity of the CumA was inhibited by the addition of Fe2+ . Kinetic studies gave the Km , kcat , and kcat /Km values of 0.438 mmol·L-1 , 0.056 Sec-1 , and 0.128 Sec-1 ·mmol-1 ·L for DMP; 0.017 mmol·L-1 , 0.031 Sec-1 , and 1.824 Sec-1 ·mmol-1 ·L for SGZ; and 0.101 mmol·L-1 , 0.393 Sec-1 , and 3.891 Sec-1 ·mmol-1 ·L for ABTS. To our knowledge, this is the first report of cloning, expressing in E. coli of the cumA from Pseudomonas and characterization of the CumA.

随着表达序列标签(expressedsequencetags,ESTs)信息的涌现,使得EST-SSR技术(expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat,EST-SSR)成为一项新型分子标记辅助育种方法广泛应用于植物遗传研究中,其不仅继承了SSR标记的特点,还具有稳定标记、开发费用低、多态性高和物种间通用性好等优点.EST-SSRs来自于表达基因,能够直接或间接获得功能基因信息,进而有助于开发具备重要农艺性状的浆果类果树种质资源.本文根据近些年来浆果类果树EST-SSR标记的相关研究,从遗传图谱的构建、遗传多样性分析、品种鉴定和物种间通用性等方面进行综述,以期通过运用EST-SSR标记,发现浆果类果树新基因、培育新品种,鉴定亲缘关系,从而推动浆果类果树的育种进程.

The yield of per plant,fruit quality and shoot characters of blueberry cultivar Northland were investigated in 2009 and 2011 respectively after the pruning of perennial main canes.The results were as follows.(1) The amounts of blueberry fruit set and yield increased gradually with the raising of remaining amount of perennial main canes.(2) Pruning improved the fruit quality,and the soluble solid content of the treatment with four main canes reserved.(3) Pruning perennial main canes played a promotive role in plant regenerate of blueberry Northland.The effects of pruning decreased with the increase of reserved main canes from 1 to 5.

An experiment was conducted to investigate and analyze the fruit appearances and internal qualities of 22 blueberry cultivars from Changchun of Jilin,Dandong of Liaoning,and Rushan of Shandong.The results showed that Reka,H60 and H63 produced in Rushan area,Blueray,Nelson and Coville produced in Dandong area and Northcountry,Northblue,Huilan and Spartan produced in Changchun area had better performance.

Taking blueberry‘Bluecrop'as material,the natural pollination seed germination efficiency at different fruit development stages were studied.The results showed that the mature blueberry seed germination efficiency in medium composition of 1/2WPM+GA3 600mg/L was 32.0%;young seed germination efficiency at two steps germination medium composition of 1/2MS and 30 d development cultivate was 19.0%;the young seed from fruit development phases of 42~50 dseed development efficiency was 16.3%~19.0%.The development cultivate in two kinds of dispose(2±2)℃ 20 d,(25±2)℃ 10 d and (25±2)℃ 10 d,(2±2)℃ 20 d seed germination efficiency was 23.1% and 28.8% respectively.At fruit development stage of 45 d,the mature,young and stunting seeds was 52.1%,32.4% and 15.5% respectively.

Taking highbush plant,half-highbush plant,lowbush plant of 19 blueberry cultivars as materials,height of plant,canopy diameter and indexes of inner conditions of growth statues were determined,the growing status of fruiting period were studied,and the growth vigour between all districts were compared,in order to get the suitable plant varieties in each area.The results showed that highbush blueberry in Tonghua area grew well,The 'Northland','Elliot' growing significantly better than that of other areas,highbush blueberry in Antu region growing was bad,not suitable for planting in the region.Half-highbush in Liuhe and Tonghua region was growing good,suitable for cultivation in the area promotion.The lowbush blueberry of 'Blomidon' was suitable for Liuhe,Tonghua,Jingyu cultivation.

With the main varieties of 'Northland','Bluecrop','Blomidon' as test materials in Jilin Changchun area,the plant height,canopy diameter,extended branch,base born branch were determined,and the years of change rule were studied,growth dynamic regulation were got about Changchun area cranberries,in order to provide a guiding role in cultivation management and fertilizer management.The results showed that fast growth stage of plant height was in the whole August,rapid growth stage of crown width was in late July to late August,accordance with plant height rapid growth stage,fruit harvest time was in late July to early August,the body space growth was later than fruits mature time,at this time,water and fertilizer management should be pay attention to,in order to provide sufficient fertilizer,to supply the rapid growth of the tree body;extended branch maintained a rapid growth from early July to late August,and base born branch rapid growth was concentrated in early July to middle August too.From early July to late September,the newbranch growth rate present a 'quick-slow' trend,the vegetative growth and reproductive growth at the same time,in this period should be appropriate for water management,to keep the nutrition normal supply,for next year's high yield.

The appropriate inoculation period,disinfectants,media,ZT concentration and pH value for cranberry stem culture in vitro were studied.The results showed that inoculation survival rate of stems collected from December 2010 to July 2011 reached above 70%.The survival rate of treatments with 12.5% 84-disinfection solution 5 min or 0.1% HgCl2 solution 3 min was above 70%.Culture effect with improved WPM was superior to that of Anderson solts+MS organic material,MS,1/2MS and Aderson mediums.Primary cultures survival rate of improved WPM+ZT 1.0 mg·L-1 treatments reached to 70.8%,treatment of improved WPM+ZT 0.3 mg·L-1 during the subculture period got the highest plant height,stem diameter,multiplication coefficient and node number.The optimum pH of medium was 4.55.0.

Blueberry could be cultivated through soil improvement in many areas of China,because it is suitable for growing in the acid soil of high organic content.This paper outlined the influence of the sulfur,organic materials,ground organic covered and mycorrhiza fungi on the growth of the blueberry.Some soil improvement ways in the blueberry cultivation were reviewed.This paper can provide a reference for soil improvement in the blueberry cultivation.

It is difficult to isolate total RNA from blueberry fruit because of a great deal of polysaccharides,polyphenolics,anthocyanins and other metabolites.In this study,total RNA from pulp and skin of blueberry fruit was isolated with plant RNA Isolating Reagent kit,reagent method and improved CTAB method.The total RNA were detected by the agarose gel electrophoresis and nucleic acid/protein assay(NanoDrop 2000).The results showed that improved CTAB method had the best result.The total RNA isolated by this method was proved to be relatively intact and with high purity.The isolated RNA could be used in molecular biology experimentation by RT-PCR analysis.