Phosphorus (P) availability directly affects grassland soil physicochemical properties and plant growth, which in turn alters microbially mediated nitrous oxide (N2O) emission. Linking plant, soil, and microbial processes is helpful to reveal processes that affect the effects of soil P on N2O emission. Here, we established five P-application treatments (control, with no P addition, and 1-12.5 g P m-2 yr-1 in treatments P1 to P12.5) to vary soil P availability. We investigated how the nutrient-acquisition strategies of Leymus chinensis, soil physicochemical properties, and microbial metabolic activity responded to P availability and assess effects on N2O emission. The N2O flux in the fertilization treatments was significantly lower than in the control but differed among the treatments. Plant biomass and root nonstructural carbohydrates increased significantly in P1 and P2.5, and plants increased root carbon allocation and recruited more microbes and greatly increased the nitrogen mineralization rate. This symbiotic plant-microbe association promoted plant water uptake, and soil drying increases the abundance of amoA functional gene, thereby promoting nitrification and reducing N2O emission. Plants obtained more nutrients associated with an increase in the number of root tips and carboxylate exudation in P5 and P12.5. This self-reliance strategy increased nutrient competition, and the resulting substantial reduction of microbial biomass decreased the N2O flux. However, the abundance of the narG gene and N2O emission increased slightly in P12.5, whereas the microbial biomass was low but maintained a high carbon-use efficiency, reflecting a self-reliant microbial strategy to acclimate to their environment. Overall, P availability in grassland soils was inversely proportional to N2O emission, and strongly determined plant-microbe interactions. Our results provide support for managing grass growth and N2O emission in P-deficient grassland.

Photovoltaic systems greatly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, the microenvironmental changes of photovoltaic modules affect soil organic carbon (SOC) and improve carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems to mitigate global climate change is unclear. We analyzed the effects of different photovoltaic systems on SOC and its fractions in semi-arid grassland, and revealed the SOC formation and stability mechanisms. Tracking photovoltaic systems increased carbon stock, especially proportion of mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC) in SOC by more than 10 %, and depended on the responses of plant inputs and microbial necromass to microenvironmental changes. Suitable amounts of light and water in the systems improved litter biomass and quality, and promoted MAOC accumulation by increasing the exogenous carbon supply and microbial activity. Such systems also reduced soil carbon loss by reducing heterotrophic respiration caused by low levels of organic acids and recruiting effective microorganisms such as Schizothecium and Lactobacillus. Moreover, changes in litter and root exudates promoted microbial biomass and enzyme activity, mediating the retention of microbial necromass and SOC. The contribution of bacterial necromass carbon to SOC increased by more than 8.5 %. However, fixed photovoltaic systems reduced soil carbon stock by 0.46 kg m-2 due to water limitations that decreased both plant carbon inputs and microbial necromass. Our results revealed the importance of plant inputs and microbial necromass in regulating SOC in photovoltaic systems, and demonstrated that photovoltaic systems can achieve synergies between CO2 emission reduction and soil carbon sequestration. This provides new insights for formulating carbon management policy and promoting sustainable eco-economic development.

Agrophotovoltaic systems (APV) combine solar power generation with agricultural production, thereby alleviating increasingly fierce competition for land between food and energy production. How changes in the microenvironment by APV in different seasons affect plant adaptations at different growth stages is unclear. In this study, we used plant metabolomics to analyze the specific adaptation strategies and yield formation mechanisms of oilseed rape under the APV during the seedling and blooming stages. Under the APV, soil temperature increased. During seedling, oilseed rape adopted a resource-acquisition strategy to improve its growth and photosynthetic rates by reducing specific root length (SRL) and root tissue density (RTD), and increasing leaf chlorophyll content. The APV also promoted nutrient accumulation by increasing root soluble sugars and upregulating organic acid metabolites, while downregulating defense-related metabolites such as phenylpropanoids, thereby promoting growth during the blooming stage. During blooming, shading by the APV caused plants to switch to a resource-conservation strategy by increasing LMA, RTD, and chlorophyll content, reducing SRL, and improving resource-utilization efficiency. Plants shifted resources from growth inputs to starch storage in leaves and upregulated leaf lipid metabolism to increase yield. The changes in growth and defense strategies were regulated by hormones such as abscisic and indoleacetic acids. Our results show that it is necessary to explore the synergy between crops and photovoltaic modules by accounting for the microclimatic characteristics and crop growth cycles in a region to provide new ideas for improving land-use efficiency and optimizing the APV.

Climate change is exerting severe pressure on terrestrial biodiversity. It is essential to clarify how vulnerabilities to climate change differ among taxonomic groups to mitigate biodiversity loss. Conservation planning should aim to minimize additional threats while maximizing the opportunities that climate change offers. In this study, we used species distribution models to simulate the current and future (2050s) suitable distributions of Chinese mammals, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and plants. We analyzed the climate change vulnerability across these taxonomic groups and identified conservation priorities based on the vulnerable and opportunity areas that will result from climate change. By the 2050s, the losses of current habitat suitable for amphibians, mammals, reptiles, birds, and plants will reach 26.8 %, 16.8 %, 13.8 %, 11.9 %, and 10.0 %, respectively, indicating high vulnerability to climate change. The relative loss of suitable habitat is influenced by the threat status of species. Spatially, the areas of China with the highest vulnerability to climate change are mainly distributed in the north, northwest, and Qinghai-Tibet regions, whereas high-opportunity areas are mainly in the south. Areas with high opportunity and vulnerability will together account for 11.8 % of land area in China and represent conservation priorities for reducing species extinction. However, provinces with large priority areas will have lower human development and human footprint indexes, which will challenge the successful implementation of conservation efforts. Our results highlight the different responses of different Chinese taxonomic groups to climate change and will guide the selection of crucial areas for reducing species extinction risk.

The rapid development of solar photovoltaic (PV) energy arrays has inevitably created competition for land. Agrophotovoltaic (APV) systems, the combination of crops with PV power generation, are a possible solution, so a comprehensive evaluation of their potential is essential. To perform that evaluation, we combined a Geographic Information System (GIS) with Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM), and an ecological benefit assessment framework based on the gross ecosystem product (GEP) to systematically assess the development potential of APV systems. To prove the feasibility, we used China's Hebei Province as a case study. We found that 75,537 km2 (40.0 %) of the province's land is suitable for the construction of an APV power plant, with a potential power generation of 9797.22 TWh and a CO2 mitigation potential of 5.78 Gt. In 2023, the Pingxiang APV power plant in Hebei Province produced 2.3474 x 106 CNY in ecological benefits, which comprised 31 % of the total benefit. The APV region offers nearly 20 times the ecological benefit provided by the non-planted PV region. Among the ecological products, agricultural crop production (ACP) offered the largest ecological benefit, and wax gourd is the best species. In Hebei Province, the monetarized ecological potential ranged from 54.9 to 137.8 billion CNY. Our results confirm the high development potential of APV, especially in terms of its ability to provide ecological protection and restoration. Our results also provide a new perspective for assessing the potential of PV systems that include an ecology component and can promote the transition to renewable energy and sustainable development.

Aims Both the carbon cycle and the function of grassland ecosystem as a carbon sink are impacted by the rising nitrogen deposition.Active organic carbon content is an important measure that can reveal changes in soil carbon pool.For a thorough understanding of carbon cycling and the creation of sensible ecosystem management strategies,it is essential to investigate the impacts of nitrogen addition on the active organic carbon fractions of grassland soils. Methods Five different nitrogen addition treatments were set up in a temperate typical steppe of Nei Mongol.Soil organic carbon fractions content,soil physical and chemical properties,aggregate stability,microbial activities and extracellular enzyme activities were measured.Pearson correlation and structural equation model(SEM)were used to examine the relationships. Important findings Nitrogen addition reduced the contents of dissolved organic carbon(DOC),microbial biomass carbon(MBC),and easily oxidizable organic carbon(EOC).The contents of DOC,MBC,and EOC all decreased with the increases of soil depth.The treatment of 5 g·m-2·a-1 nitrogen addition significantly promoted the decomposition of active organic carbon fractions.The effect of nitrogen addition on soil active organic carbon fractions content was regulated by biotic(microbial biomass,extracellular enzyme activity,etc.)and abiotic(soil physical and chemical properties,aggregate stability,etc.)factors.Nitrogen addition reduced soil density,increased mean mass diameter and the proportion of large aggregates,increased the contact between organic matter and substrate,promoted the decomposition of active organic carbon,and reduced the contents of DOC and EOC.Nitrogen addition inhibited the activities of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase,reduced the decomposition of difficult-to-decompose organic matter and the contents of EOC and MBC.Nitrogen addition increased the activities of β-glucosidase and cellulose hydrolase,promoted the utilization of DOC by microorganisms,and reduced the content of DOC.Our results indicated that nitrogen addition treatment can affect the decomposition process of active organic carbon by changing soil physicochemical properties and the secretion of extracellular enzymes from microorganisms,promoting the release of carbon in grassland soils.This provided a theoretical basis for further exploration of grassland soil carbon dynamics under nutrient addition in the future.

Grazing has a profound impact on the availability of soil resources like carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) in grasslands. These changes can potentially make it difficult to meet microbial elemental demands, thus affecting microbial C use efficiency (CUE) and soil C dynamics. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how soil microbes respond to stoichiometric imbalances and their consequent effect on microbial CUE. In this study, we investigated the stoichiometry of soil labile resources, microbial biomass, extracellular enzymes, as well as the microbial community composition and microbial CUE, microbial respiration, microbial quotient (qMB), and soil organic carbon (SOC) changes, at sites with four grazing intensities (no grazing, light, medium, and heavy grazing) in a temperate steppe of northern China. Grazing led to decreased stoichiometric imbalances between soil labile resources and microbial biomass, thereby exacerbating limitations of available C on soil microbes. To alleviate this limitation of C, microbes raised the microbial threshold elemental ratios and microbial biomass, and increased fungi dominance rather than increased activities of C-, N-, and P- acquiring enzymes due to increased microbial own growth. Microbes also improved microbial CUE, qMB, and microbial respiration while decreasing SOC under increasing grazing intensity. These integrated adaptations denote that grazing can reduce SOC which is closely affected by soil microbial C utilization induced by resource change conditions despite the increased microbial biomass contribution to SOC. These findings illustrate the regulation of stoichiometric imbalances in soil C dynamics driven by microbes under grazing and improve our understanding of how stoichiometric changes influences soil C flows in semi-arid grassland.

The three-dimensional nature of agrophotovoltaic systems (APV) accounts for the needs of photovoltaic power generation and agricultural production. The combination can solve conflicts among utilization of resources, ecological protection, and agricultural production to achieve low-carbon economic development. However, the economically respond (crop yield and quality) of different species under the decreased light available system is still unclear. To provide insights, we compared agrophotovoltaic and traditional ecosystems to explore the economic feasibility of planting Bupleurum chinense (B. chinense) and Medicago sativa (M. sativa) from the perspectives of light utilization, photosynthetic responses, and land use. The combined system improved the land equivalent ratio, net income and species quality of B. chinense and M. sativa. Both species showed high plasticity, and maintained growth and development by regulating their morphology and photosynthetic parameters. B. chinense in the APV increased its light use efficiency, photosynthetic rate, and root biomass by increasing its height, electron transfer flux, and up-regulating a photosystem I protein (PsaA). M. sativa in the APV allocated more energy to photochemical reactions to improve photosynthetic capacity. It captured and utilized the limited light by reducing leaf mass per unit area and dark respiration, increasing the chlorophyll content, and down-regulating a photosystem II protein (PsbD). Our results showed the importance of species selection based on morphological and photosynthetic responses and provide insights into the selection of appropriate species, efficient resource utilization, and sustainable economic development based on APV.

Efficient nitrogen (N) acquisition by plants and microbes and internal reallocation of plant N are crucial for improving ecosystem N retention. However, little is known about shifts in N use strategy between plants and microbes under N addition. We used a(15)N tracer to investigate effect of N addition (0-25 g N m(-2) yr(-1)) on the N use and retention of plant-microbe-soil system in a temperate Chinese steppe. Adding 2-5 g N m(-2) yr(-1) increased the ecosystem's ability to retain 15N (65-76%) after 1 year. Plant N demand during the peak growth period depended strongly on rapid N immobilization by microbes during 7 days (immobilized 45% of N-15 within 24 h). When root biomass exceeded 0.36 kg m(-2), plants competed more strongly for N than the microbes. N addition increased N reallocation from roots to support new shoot growth (79-88% of N), because increased shoot N demand triggered root N transfer when external N was supplied. Thus, the temporal coupling between plant and microbial N use and in N reallocation within plants significantly altered the semi-arid grassland N cycle, and better predicting impacts of future N deposition scenarios.

数字时代为全民数字技能发展提出了新的要求,通过数字技能发展提升人力资源成为全球教育和培训改革的重要内容,提升全民数字技能、形成数字发展新格局也是我国建设社会主义现代化强国的重要战略举措之一.研究基于世界银行主办的"东亚和太平洋国家数字技能发展研讨会"上的发言材料和相关文献,以新加坡、韩国和印度尼西亚为例,进行三国数字技能发展的比较研究,具体包括数字技能发展的政策保障、数字技能发展的技术支撑、以及数字技能发展的职业培训.基于研究结果,对我国数字技能发展提出四点启示,包括推进多方协同的全民数字技能发展的政策制定和治理模式;厘清数字技能涵盖的内容和建立数字技能的等级及标准;建立服务全民数字技能发展的基础设施和一站式平台;加强职业教育、普通教育、继续教育贯通融通和持续提升的数字技能培训.

The interactive effects of grazing and climate on carbon (C) storage are important for the global C budget and regional C management. In a regional-scale field experiment based on multiple grazing gradients, we examined how changes in grazing intensity and climate affected the C sequestration rate and C storage at five desert steppe sites. The mean total ecosystem C storage at each site ranged from 1502 to 3728 g C m(-2) and averaged 2341 g C m(-2). The peak value of the C sequestration rate (290 g C m(-2) yr(-1)) occurred in the light grazing intensity. The light grazing and fencing management were more beneficial to C sequestration. The rising temperature would decrease C storage in desert steppe, while rising precipitation would promote C sequestration. Soil nitrogen content plays an important role in the driving mechanism of C sequestration in desert steppe. The soil C pool, which dominated the C dynamics in desert steppe, was influenced by the changes of precipitation and grazing intensity. Grazing affects soil nitrogen content by changing the aboveground C pool. Precipitation changes may change soil C storage by influencing the aboveground C pool to change soil nitrogen content and microbial biomass. Such information improves understanding of the dynamics of C storage and sequestration in desert steppe, and is critical for improving the sustainability of grassland ecosystem services and C management.

数字化和学习型社会建设催生了教育基础性制度的变革,全球兴起的终身学习资历框架建设成为变革的重要方向.国家资历框架是终身学习制度体系的基础,事关经济、教育、人才、外交等国家重大战略.构建中国国家终身学习资历框架已经呼吁十几年,由于缺乏国家层面的终身学习资历框架体系,学习成果认证缺乏权威性和公信力,学分银行数量庞大但受益人数有限.该文讨论了数字时代终身学习制度的基本意涵,明确了终身学习资历框架的基本定位;确立了我国以资历框架标准引领的学习成果认证制度和学分银行制定结合的三位一体的制度框架;分析了国外探索多年形成的制度体系,包括:资历框架的政策法规、资历框架的组织机构、资历框架的等级标准、学习成果认证制度、资历学分的累积和转换制度、过往学习成果认证制度等六方面内容;最后提出了推进数字时代中国特色终身学习制度体系建设的五项对策和建议,包括完善"标准+认证+学分银行"的制度体系的中国方案;建立国家终身学习资历框架制度保障体系和组织机构;制定基于质量保障机制的学习成果认证制度;完善数字学分银行制度建设,通过数据互联互通,为全社会成员提供个性化和智能化的精准服务;加快加入UNESCO《承认高等教育相关资历全球公约》的步伐,为数字时代终身学习制度体系建设提供中国模式和中国经验.

学习成果认证是数字时代推进全民终身学习的重要教育治理方式,不但有助于促进教育高质量发展,也有利于加快教育数字化进程.质量保障是学习成果认证制度建设的核心,根据学习成果的来源及其在质量保障上的差异,各类学习成果通过认证进入资历名录的方式不同:正规教育学习成果可采用机构认证的形式直接进入资历名录;非正规教育学习成果可采用证书认证和课程认证相结合的形式,通过直接或评审的方式进入;而非正式学习的学习成果,则可采用个人申请认证的形式,通过评审的方式进入.基于此,可构建起数字时代的学习成果认证模式,其包含终身学习层、学习成果认证层、数字化资历名录层三个层级,并由资历框架标准制度体系、数字技术支撑和安全体系提供保障.未来,我国的学习成果认证制度建设可从五个方面着力:一是加快推进国家资历框架和行业资历等级标准顶层设计,二是制定以质量保障为核心的学习成果认证标准体系,三是设立面向非正规教育和非正式学习的学习成果认证机构,四是建立基于学习成果认证的数字化资历名录,五是促进数字赋能的学习成果认证生态建设.

大气氮沉降增加生态系统氮有效性,优势种植物对不同水平氮输入的响应影响草原生态系统结构和功能.研究设置4个氮添加水平,分析内蒙古温带草原优势种大针茅(Stipa grandis)光合生理特性对不同梯度氮添加的响应.结果表明:低氮(0—2 gm-2a-1)处理时,大针茅叶片氮含量较低,叶绿素含量和1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化/加氧酶的活性不高,光能利用效率低,导致光系统II出现过剩激发能,光合器官受到抑制,净光合速率相对较低.适量氮添加(5—10 g m-2a-1)提高了大针茅叶片羧化系统和电子传递系统的氮分配,进而提高了1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化/加氧酶的活性以及电子传递速率,净光合速率增大.高氮(25g m-2a-1)处理时,叶片氮含量较高,但光合氮分配比例下降,降低了光合氮利用效率.大针茅光抑制程度增大,叶绿素含量、1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化/加氧酶的活性下降,不利于生物量积累.研究结果有助于进一步了解全球变化背景下草原生态系统优势种的生理响应机制,并为草原的可持续发展提供一定的理论依据.

资历框架和学分银行建设的目的是构建各级各类教育与培训之间纵向衔接和横向沟通的终身学习立交桥.虽然我国资历框架和学分银行建设已经有10多年了,但由于制度体系的不完善,资历框架和学分银行建设的实践不尽人意.2022年新修订的《中华人民共和国职业教育法》的出台,破解了我国资历框架、学习成果认证、学分银行建设中长期遇到的关键问题,主要表现在以下几个方面:一是新《职业教育法》为职业教育与普通教育横向沟通提供了制度保障,破解了职业教育和普通教育难以融通的难题;二是新《职业教育法》为职业教育序列的纵向衔接提供了制度保障,破解了职业教育系统缺乏上升通道的难题;三是新《职业教育法》为各级各类教育的资历等级维度提供了标准,破解了资历框架等级标准维度设立的难题;四是新《职业教育法》为行业企业全面参与职业教育提供了制度保障,破解了资历框架下学校人才培养与行业人才岗位要求脱节的难题;五是新《职业教育法》为职业培训机构设立提供了质量要求,破解了资历框架下学习成果认证的范围和方法的难题;六是新《职业教育法》为我国职业教育与境外学习成果互认提供了制度保障,对我国资历框架和学分银行建设提出了国际化要求.我国将以职业教育为切入点,有效地推动基于资历框架标准和学习成果认证基础上的学分银行建设的全面开展和有序发展.

Intensifying nitrogen (N) deposition disturbs the growth of grassland plants due to an imbalance between their carbon (C) and N metabolism. However, it's unclear how plant physiological strategies restore balance. We investigated the effects of multiple N addition levels (0-25 g N m(-2) yr(-1)) on the coordination of C and N metabolism in a dominant grass (Leymus chinensis) in a semiarid grassland in northern China. To do so, we evaluated photosynthetic parameters, leaf N allocation, C- and N-based metabolites, and metabolic enzymes. We found that a moderate N level (10 g N m(-2) yr(-1)) promoted carboxylation and electron transport by allocating more N to the photosynthetic apparatus and increasing ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity, thereby increasing photosynthetic capacity. The highest N level (25 g N m(-2) yr(-1)) promoted N investment in nonphotosynthetic pathways and increased the free amino acids in the leaves. N addition stimulated the accumulation of C and N compounds across organs by activating sucrose phosphate synthase, nitrate reductase, and glutamine synthetase. This enhancement triggered a transformation of primary metabolites (nonstructural carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids) to secondary metabolites (flavonoids, phenols, and alkaloids) for temporary storage or as defense compounds. Citric acid, as the C skeleton for enhanced N metabolism, decreased significantly, and malic acid increased by catalysis of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. Our findings show the adaptability of L. chinensis to different N-addition levels by adjusting its allocations of C and N metabolic compounds and confirm the roles of C and N coordination by grassland plants in these adaptations.

Soil erosion and phosphorus (P) removal due to livestock production have led to a grave depletion of P in grasslands. Accordingly, understanding how plants cope with such P limitation conditions and which P transition processes operate in the soil under different grazing intensities is imperative for better scientific management of grazed grasslands. Here, we conducted a field experiment that tested the impact of different grazing intensities (light, medium, and heavy) and a control (no grazing) on P-related dynamics in a typical temperate grassland site in Inner Mongolia, China. The increased N:P ratio in leaves of dominant plant species and higher annual primary production (APP) of vegetation that generally ensued under grazing indicated that plants’ compensatory growth in response to grazing pressure was a factor contributing to P limitation. Plants’ P requirement for growth stimulated P transition in the rhizosphere via the mobilization of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) and mycorrhizal fungi. Specifically, LMWOAs promoted the conversion of stable P into organic P, and mycorrhizal fungi converted that organic P into labile P in the rhizosphere. This P transition process is jointly affected by changes to key soil physiochemical properties and the altered P input from excrement caused by herbivores. Altogether, these results suggest that grazing increases the biological vitality of the soil and accelerates the transition of P in the rhizosphere; and a medium grazing intensity may be more suitable for agricultural production because it provides the highest APP and a more biologically dynamic soil environment.

当前,省域终身教育学分银行的组织架构、业务体系及实际运行都取得了实质性进展,同时亟待突破的问题是:厘清学分银行作为公共服务平台的功能属性、明晰运行中具体的政策支持和专业指导,以及形成统一的数据标准和基础技术规范.构建中国特色的学分银行制度和组织体系,要进一步对学分银行的内涵、功能凝聚共识,加快法制建设步伐,统筹推进及深化理论研究和实践探索.把握学分银行的基本性质,应澄清营利性与非营利性、学术性与行政性、服务性与管控性三对关系,从治理架构、业务体系、可持续发展、网络系统及技术支持等方面采用适切的策略.新修订的职业教育法为促进职业教育与普通教育的学习成果融通、互认提供制度保障,指引地方学分银行加强行业资历等级标准的建设.我国学分银行建设在很多方面带动了学校制度的破旧立新,作为终身教育领域的机制创新,"十四五"期间将会保持继续发展、深入推进的趋势.

老年大学学习环境是保障老年终身学习成效的基础,探究互联网时代老年大学学习环境现状及问题,是推进老年教育高质量发展的依据,也是实现教育现代化目标的重要举措.研究采用分层抽样和整班抽样技术,对东、中、西部地区不同老年大学的1923名学习者开展问卷调查.研究发现:互联网时代老年大学学习环境在机构支持维度评价最高,时空适应维度评价最低;教师在促进老年学习者建立社会联结和知识联结方面策略不足;信息技术应用水平尚难支撑老年大学在线学习的常态化;老年大学学习内容规范化和体系化需加强;老年大学中自主学习和合作学习是主要学习方法;老年大学评价理念需向成效为本的标准评价转变;老年大学形成了与社区的互动局面,但缺乏志愿服务和服务社区的思想引导;老年大学具有一定的时空适应性,但在机制灵活方面有显著的提升空间.研究期望为互联网时代老年大学的供给侧改革提供参考.

荒漠化是内蒙古荒漠草原面临的最严重的生态环境问题之一,而风蚀则是造成土地退化的主要因素.采用修正风蚀方程(Revised wind erosion equation,RWEQ)定量评估了内蒙古荒漠草原2000和2017年的固沙量,并结合土地利用、降水、风速、植被覆盖度数据分析了该区域防风固沙服务的影响因素.结果 表明:内蒙古荒漠草原的防风固沙服务表现出明显的空间异质性,不同土地利用类型提供的防风固沙服务有所差异,其中高覆盖度草地的固沙量相对较高.总体来说,2000年固沙量与降水、风速、植被覆盖度均为正相关,2017年固沙量与降水为负相关,与风速和植被覆盖度为正相关.2000-2017年内蒙古荒漠草原固沙物质总量增幅为53.95％,其中9.65％来源于土地利用变化区域,土地利用方式发生变化的面积占研究区总面积的5.6％.2000-2017年土地利用变化以林地的恢复、建设用地的扩张以及不同覆盖度间草地的转换为主.2000-2017年,风力因子的分布模式对防风固沙服务的空间分布变化的影响较大.总的来说,土地利用变化对内蒙古荒漠草原的防风固沙服务有一定的增强作用,防风固沙服务的空间分布在时间上的变化主要受气候因子的影响.