自1994年深圳市罗湖区在环境卫生领域率先引入政府购买公共服务以来,我国政府购买公共服务经历局部性试点与探索、试点推进、制度化推广、全面推开与创新等 4 个阶段.2005 年以来,我国对动物防疫领域政府购买公共服务进行了探索,但有关术语及其涵义一直未界定,更未形成共识,导致术语混用较为严重.术语混用体现了人们认知不同,看法不一,给动物防疫领域政府购买公共服务理论研究和实践探索造成了混乱.鉴于此,本文尝试梳理术语混用的背景、混用情况并予以辨析,以探讨动物防疫领域政府购买公共服务相关术语的正确使用.

文章介绍了黔南布依族苗族自治州动物疫病监测体系中的采样监测、兽医实验室和保障体系建设情况,针对存在的问题提出加强队伍建设、提高动物疫病监测能力、推进动物疫病监测信息化平台建设、强化动物疫病监测信息应用的建议.

鸡传染性支气管炎(avian infectious bronchitis,IB)是由冠状病毒科、冠状病毒属鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(avian infectious bronchitis virus,IBV)引起鸡的一种急性、高度接触性传染病.IBV可感染不同品种、不同年龄的鸡,尤其是雏鸡和蛋鸡.本研究用7种禽源性病毒核酸检测试剂盒,对无菌采集的土杂肉鸡的 45 份咽拭子和肛拭子进行荧光定量PCR检测结果发现,样本的禽传染性支气管炎病毒核酸阳性率为73%,未检出其他6种禽源性病毒,初步证实该鸡场发生了禽传染性支气管炎病毒的感染.

The Cyclophyllidea comprises the most species-rich order of tapeworms (Platyhelminthes, Cestoda) and includes species with some of the most severe health impact on wildlife, livestock, and humans. We collected seven Cyclophyllidea specimens from rodents in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) and its surrounding mountain systems, of which four specimens in QTP were unsequenced, representing "putative new species." Their complete mitochondrial (mt) genomes were sequenced and annotated. Phylogenetic reconstruction of partial 28S rDNA, cox1 and nad1 datasets provided high bootstrap frequency support for the categorization of three "putative new species," assigning each, respectively, to the genera Mesocestoides, Paranoplocephala, and Mosgovoyia, and revealing that some species and families in these three datasets, which contain 291 species from nine families, may require taxonomic revision. The partial 18S rDNA phylogeny of 29 species from Taeniidae provided high bootstrap frequency support for the categorization of the "putative new species" in the genus Hydatigera. Combined with the current investigation, the other three known Taeniidae species found in this study were Taenia caixuepengi, T. crassiceps, and Versteria mustelae and may be widely distributed in western China. Estimates of divergence time based on cox1 + nad1 fragment and mt protein-coding genes (PCGs) showed that the differentiation rate of Cyclophyllidea species was strongly associated with the rate of change in the biogeographic scenarios, likely caused by the uplift of the QTP; i.e., species differentiation of Cyclophyllidea might be driven by host-parasite co-evolution caused by the uplift of QTP. We propose an "out of QTP" hypothesis for the radiation of these cyclophyllidean tapeworms.

采集贵州惠水县家禽血液488份,用血凝与血凝抑制试验检测血清中H9亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)的抗体情况,以期了解H9亚型AIV在惠水县的流行情况,为做好低致病性禽流感监测预警与防控工作奠定基础.结果显示,惠水县家禽血液中H9亚型AIV抗体阳性率为10.45％,鸡血清抗体阳性率最高为16.67％,鸭和鹌鹑较低,分别为2.94％和2.08％.H9亚型禽流感已经在惠水县普遍存在,鸡血清中H9亚型AIV阳性率较高,应加强鸡H9亚型AIV监测,提前做好禽流感的预警与防控工作.

为评估贵州省兽医系统实验室检测能力,2020年组织开展了全省市、县级兽医实验室检测能力比对工作,共有9个市(州)级和37个县(市、区)级的46个动物疫病预防控制机构兽医实验室参加,分别开展口蹄疫病毒O/A亚型鉴别检测、禽流感病毒H5/H7/H9亚型鉴别检测、非洲猪瘟病毒核酸检测、禽流感病毒H7亚型抗体检测、口蹄疫病毒O型抗体检测、小反刍兽疫抗体检测,每个实验室参与完成3～4个检测比对项目.结果:有8个市(州)级、26个县(市、区)级兽医实验室所有比对项目的检测结果完全正确,市、县级实验室正确率分别为88.89％、70.27％;口蹄疫病毒O/A亚型鉴别检测、禽流感病毒H5/H7/H9亚型鉴别检测、非洲猪瘟病毒核酸检测、禽流感病毒H7亚型抗体检测、口蹄疫病毒O型抗体检测、小反刍兽疫抗体检测项目结果正确率分别为96.30％、100％、97.62％、89.64％、100％、100％.结果表明:贵州省兽医系统实验室检测能力总体良好;部分县级实验室检测能力较弱,需要在基础设施设备、人才队伍等多方面加强建设.

The larva of Taeniidae species can infect a wide range of mammals, causing major public health and food safety hazards worldwide. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), a biodiversity hotspot, is home to many species of rodents, which act as the critical intermediate hosts of many Taeniidae species. In this study, we identified two new larvae of Taenia spp., named T. caixuepengi and T. tianguangfui, collected from the plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) and the Qinghai vole (Neodon fuscus), respectively, in QTP, and their mitochondrial genomes were sequenced and annotated. Phylogenetic trees based on the mitochondrial genome showed that T. caixuepengi has the closest genetic relationship with T. pisiformis, while T. tianguangfui was contained in a monophyletic group with T. crassiceps, T. twitchelli, and T. martis. Biogeographic scenarios analysis based on split time speculated that the speciation of T. caixuepengi (∼5.49 Mya) is due to host switching caused by the evolution of its intermediate host. Although the reason for T. tianguangfui (∼13.11 Mya) speciation is not clear, the analysis suggests that it should be infective to a variety of other rodents following the evolutionary divergence time of its intermediate host and the range of intermediate hosts of its genetically close species. This study confirms the species diversity of Taeniidae in the QTP, and speculates that the uplift of the QTP has not only a profound impact on the biodiversity of plants and animals, but also that of parasites.

为了解贵州省羊小反刍兽疫(peste des petits ruminants,PPR)的免疫及病原感染情况,2017—2020年,在全省累计采集2148个场点的85145份血清学样品,487个场点的24777份病原学样品,分别进行PPR免疫抗体和病毒核酸检测,并对检测结果进行统计分析.结果显示:2017—2020年贵州省PPR平均个体免疫合格率为85.28％,群体合格率为90.18％,个体和群体免疫合格率均呈逐年上升趋势;不同场点、不同区域的个体免疫合格率略有差别,但均达到了农业农村部要求的70％以上的标准;仅2017年在安顺市一商品代养殖场检出病原阳性样品,其他年份和区域均未检出.结果表明,贵州省PPR免疫及防疫效果较好,疫病发生风险较低,为退出PPR强制免疫,实现消灭计划目标奠定了基础.但应继续加强PPR强制免疫、监测,加大羊群调运监管力度,全面提升PPR防控能力.

为促进家禽绿色生态养殖,选用了天冬、巴戟天、鸡血藤三种中草药,通过饮水给药的方式,让鸡只服用,评价不同中草药对鸡生长、疫苗免疫抗体水平的影响.试验选用100只健康肉鸡,随机分成中药1组(天冬)、中药2组(巴戟天)、中药3组(鸡血藤)、空白对照组,每组25只.三个中药处理组均按0.5g/只分别口服天冬、巴戟天、鸡血藤中药溶液,连用7天,空白组自由饮水,比较不同中药对鸡生长、疫苗免疫抗体的影响.结果表明:三种中草药均能不同程度提高肉鸡的体重和鸡新城疫、禽流感疫苗抗体水平,能有效降低鸡只死亡率,为中草药免疫增强剂的利用开发提供实验依据.

中药具有天然低毒、疗效明显和绿色生态的特点,被越来越广泛地用于畜牧生产.近年来,有关中药对动物免疫调节作用的研究方兴未艾.本文围绕中药对鸡免疫器官发育、非特异性免疫、特异性免疫和黏膜免疫等方面的促进作用的研究进行概述,以期为进一步研制效果良好、使用方便、成本低和副作用小的禽用中药免疫调节剂及其临床应用提供参考.

为了解长顺县散养绿壳蛋鸡肠道寄生虫的感染情况,本文采用蠕虫学解剖法,对长顺县7个乡镇办事处共11个散养户的65羽鸡进行了剖检,并对肠道各段的寄生虫进行收集.初步得出:散养绿壳蛋鸡寄生虫感染有鸡异刺线虫、鸡蛔虫、鸡棘口吸虫、赖利属绦虫四类,其感染率分别为75％、42％、42％、50％.调查表明,长顺县散养绿壳蛋鸡寄生虫感染较为普遍,其中鸡异刺线虫感染率最高.该调查为制定长顺县散养绿壳蛋鸡寄生虫的防治措施提供了一定的依据.

在国家执业兽医资格考试的背景下,为了适应符合国家职业教育改革和动物医学专业人才执业化的发展需求,提高教学质量,以蓝墨云班课为教学平台,将智能手机应用于动物医学专业核心课程《动物药理》的移动教学中,与传统教学方式进行比较.结果:使用移动教学班级的平均分显著高于使用传统教学的班级(P<0.05),教学方式与学生的及格率、优良率有显著相关性.结果表明:移动教学能提升学生的学习积极性,提高学生对知识的掌握程度.

为了探索不同药物对黔南州山羊寄生虫的驱虫效果,筛选出高效驱虫药物组合,笔者在黔南州瓮安、荔波两个县分4组对山羊进行了药物驱虫试验.结果显示,采用伊维菌素+丙硫眯唑组合驱虫效果较好,山羊增重快,可以作为黔南州山羊寄生虫药物驱虫大面积推广的驱虫药物组合.

为全面了解黔南州家畜弓形虫感染情况,2012-2014年,在全州12个县(市)采集血清样品4 081份,其中猪、牛、奶牛、犬、山羊分别为925,187,52,77,2 840份,用间接血凝试验检测家畜弓形虫抗体,阳性797份,总体阳性率为19.53％(797/4 081),变化范围为2.60％～26.92％.说明黔南州12个县(市)养殖的家畜普遍存在弓形虫感染的情况,应将此病作为重要的寄生虫防治病种列入防治规划和工作计划中.

为了进一步确定从贵州省黔南州山羊体内分离的食道口线虫虫株的分类地位,试验采用PCR方法对所分离的食道口线虫rDNA的内转录间隔区(ITS)序列进行扩增,并对其测序和分析.结果表明:扩增的ITS1和ITS2片段大小分别为374 bp和259 bp,经序列比较发现该食道口线虫为粗纹食道口线虫.

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(PRRS),是由猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)引起的一种急性接触性传染病. 2013年2月,本自治州某养猪场发生疑似PRRS病例,现将其诊断情况介绍如下. 1 材料 1.1 病料 采自贵州省黔南州某养猪场发病猪扁桃体样本共11份.

BACKGROUND: Cystic echinococcosis is highly prevalent in northwest China. A cost-effective, easy to operate diagnostic tool with high sensitivity and specificity would greatly facilitate the monitoring of Echinococcus infections in canine definitive hosts. METHODS: The primers used in the LAMP assay were based on the mitochondrial nad5 gene of E. granulosus sensu stricto (E. granulosus s.s., or E.g.s.s.) and were designed using Primer Explorer V4 software. The developed LAMP assay was compared with a conventional PCR method, copro-ELISA and microscopy, using the faeces of dogs experimentally infected with E.g.s.s., and field-collected faeces of domestic dogs including 190 from Qinghai province highly endemic for E.g.s.s. and 30 controls from an area in Gansu, where a domestic dog de-worming program was in operation. RESULTS: The positivity rates obtained for the field-collected faecal samples were 12.6%, 1.6% and 2.1% by the LAMP, PCR and copro-ELISA assays, respectively. All samples obtained from the control dogs were negative. Compared with the conventional PCR, the LAMP assay provided 88.8% specificity and 100% sensitivity. The higher sensitivity of the LAMP method was also shown by the fact that it could detect the presence of laboratory challenge dog infections of E. granulsous s.s. four days earlier than the PCR method. Three copro-samples shown positive by the commercial copro-ELISA were all negative by LAMP, PCR and microscopy, which suggests these samples may have originated from another infection rather than E. granulsous s.s., possibly E. shiquicus or E. Canadensis, which is also present in China. CONCLUSIONS: We have developed a potentially useful surveillance tool for determining the prevalence of canine E. granulosus s.s. infections in the field. The LAMP assay may lead to a more cost-effective and practicable way of tracking Echinococcus infections in canids, especially when combined with the copro-ELISA.

为了解贵州省黔南州2014年上半年牛、羊口蹄疫亚I型抗体水平,笔者按照《贵州省2014年重大动物疫病监测方案》的要求,在全州12县市随机采集了口蹄疫0型-亚I型二价苗免疫的牛、羊血清共1619份(其中牛血清491份,羊血清1128份),采用液相阻断ELISA方法对抗体进行监测.结果表明,牛、羊规模场亚I型抗体合格率分别为83.07％和79.47％,散养户合格率分别为54.22％和79.72％.除牛散养户外,其它场、户免疫合格率均达到农业部免疫合格率大于70％的要求.这一结果为评估黔南州春防牛羊口蹄疫亚I型抗体的保护效果和下一阶段疫病防控决策提供了重要的依据.

BACKGROUND:Alveolar echinococcosis, caused by the metacestode larval stage of Echinococcus multilocularis, is a zoonosis of public health significance and is highly prevalent in northwest China. To effectively monitor its transmission, we developed a new rapid and cheap diagnostic assay, based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), to identify canine definitive hosts infected with E. multilocularis.METHODS:The primers used in the LAMP assay were based on the mitochondrial nad5 gene of E. multilocularis and were designed using Primer Explorer V4 software. The developed LAMP assay was compared with a conventional PCR assay, using DNA extracted from the feces of dogs experimentally infected with E. multilocularis, on 189 dog fecal samples collected from three E. multilocularis-endemic regions in Qinghai province, the People's Republic of China, and 30 negative control copro-samples from dogs from an area in Gansu province that had been subjected to an intensive de-worming program. Light microscopy was also used to examine the experimentally obtained and field collected dog copro-samples for the presence of E. multilocularis eggs.RESULTS:The E. multilocularis-positivity rates obtained for the field-collected fecal samples were 16.4% and 5.3% by the LAMP and PCR assays, respectively, and all samples obtained from the control dogs were negative. The LAMP assay was able to detect E. multilocularis DNA in the feces of experimentally infected dogs at 12 days post-infection, whereas the PCR assay was positive on the 17th day and eggs were first detectable by light microscopy at day 44 post-challenge.CONCLUSION:The earlier specific detection of an E. multilocularis infection in dog copro-samples indicates that the LAMP assay we developed is a realistic alternative method for the field surveillance of canines in echinococcosis-endemic areas.