The full exploitation of botanical polysaccharides is often hampered by inefficient extraction and limited structural controllability. This study investigated electron beam irradiation (EBI, 0-80 kGy) as a green pretreatment to enhance extraction yield and modify biofunctional properties of Angelica sinensis polysaccharides. EBI enhanced extraction yield by 62.13%, while reducing molecular weight by 46.61%, enhancing solubility and oil holding capacity. Notably, EBI triggered a dose-dependent reconstruction of monosaccharide composition, including a 42.01% increase in arabinose, without altering the fundamental functional groups or triple-helix conformation. This structural modulation led to divergent functional enhancements, medium-dose irradiation (40 kGy) markedly improved immunomodulatory activity and foaming capacity/stability, whereas high-dose irradiation (80 kGy) greatly enhanced antioxidant activity and antitumor efficacy against K562 cells. The strong correlations established between structural parameters and bioactivities underscore a controllable structure-activity relationship. These findings provide a novel strategy for the value-added development of functional food ingredients.

The inherent trade-off between biomass accumulation and secondary metabolite production remains a fundamental challenge in medicinal plant domestication. While conventional approaches predominantly focus on single-trait improvement, effective strategies for concurrent optimization remain underexplored. Here we present a pioneering comparative investigation employing gamma-ray (GR) and heavy-ion beam (HIB) irradiation (200 Gy) in Astragalus mongholicus cultivation, coupled with integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling to dissect their differential impacts on agronomic traits and medicinal quality. Our findings demonstrate GR irradiation as a potent inducer of biomass enhancement, achieving a remarkable 200% increase in fresh root weight while simultaneously elevating flavonoid content by 20.2%. In comparison, HIB irradiation exerted more pronounced impacts on metabolic reprogramming and genetic regulation despite moderate growth promotion. Multi-omics analysis revealed distinct molecular mechanisms: GR preferentially activated auxin signaling pathways and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis to coordinate root development and flavonoid accumulation, whereas HIB significantly modulated amino acid metabolism and secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathways. This radiation-specific pattern provides unprecedented insights into regulation of secondary metabolic networks regulation. Our study establishes a novel paradigm for radiation-based medicinal plants improvement-GR demonstrates superior potential for biomass and primary bioactive compound enhancement, while HIB offers unique advantages in manipulating complex secondary metabolism. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for precision application of radiation technologies in agronomic strategies aimed at enhancing bioactive compound accumulation in medicinal plants by leveraging the hormesis effect, effectively addressing the persistent yield-quality paradox in pharmaceutical crop cultivation.

Bupleurum chinense DC (B. chinense) is an important medicinal plant widely used in Asian countries. However, the efficacy of its medicinal components has medicinal components during the domestication process from wild to cultivated lines. Studies have shown that appropriate stress, such as ionizing radiation, can promote the accumulation of metabolites in medicinal plants. Nevertheless, the effects of ionizing radiation on B. chinense remains unclear. In this study, we systematically investigated the stimulatory effect of carbon ion beams (CIB) pretreatment on the growth, physiology, and accumulation of secondary metabolites in B. chinense. Although CIB irradiation inhibited the seed germination and survival rates, by the age of 4 months, the plant height and leaf area of the irradiated group had recovered to the levels comparable to the control. The enhanced growth performance during later developmental stages may be attributed to radiation hormesis and ROS-mediated regulation in antioxidant system and the photosynthetic system. One and two years after irradiation at doses of 50 and 100 Gy, no significant differences in root biomass were observed compared to the control group. Metabolically, the content of total flavonoid, saikosaponin a and saikosaponin c were significantly increased following 50 Gy irradiation. Further metabolomic analysis revealed that intermediate metabolites in the flavonoid and terpenoid biosynthetic pathways were significantly up-regulated in the 50 Gy irradiation group. Compounds with pharmacological activity also accumulated in large quantities after irradiation. These results suggest that pretreatment with 50 Gy CIB irradiation could serve as a potential method to promote the accumulation of secondary metabolites in B. chinense. This finding provides strong support for the application of physical radiation technology to enhance the production of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants, offering new avenues for the cultivation of high-quality Chinese herbal medicines.

As the demand for safe, wholesome, and high-quality food continues to rise, more research is being done on innovative food processing technologies that maximize efficiency while reducing negative effects on food quality. This study evaluates electron beam irradiation (EBI), a non-thermal green technology, for its microbial inactivation efficacy and quality preservation effects on Angelica sinensis Radix (A. sinensis). The investigation tested EBI doses from 0 to 10 kGy, revealing dose-dependent microbial reduction at 4-10 kGy and effective color retention at 2-6 kGy. GC-MS analysis revealed that EBI did not alter the chemical diversity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in A. sinensis but induced variations in their relative abundances. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) coupled with variable importance in projection (VIP) scores identified potential biomarkers for discriminating irradiation doses. Notably, key bioactive components, including ligustilide and senkyunolide I/H, remained stable across all tested doses. However, the volatile oil, total phenolic, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid contents in the 10 kGy group exhibited increases of 7.14 %, 12.18 %, 5.37 %, and 6.28 %, respectively, compared to the control. Antioxidant activity remained elevated post-irradiation, correlating with the enrichment trends of volatile oil and phenolic acids. Based on these findings, the study proposes 4 kGy as the optimal EBI dose for balancing microbial control with quality retention. Meanwhile, 10 kGy irradiation enhances active compound release, providing high-quality raw materials for functional food and pharmaceutical applications. This multi-criteria evaluation framework advances standardized EBI protocols in traditional Chinese medicine processing.

Fresh Gastrodia elata Blume has been traditionally utilized as both a food and medicinal plant in China and other East Asian countries. However, its market potential has been limited due to challenges in storage. This study aimed to explore the effects of X-ray irradiation pretreatment at different doses (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 kGy) on the preservation quality of Gastrodia elata and to investigate its underlying regulatory mechanisms. The results demonstrated that X-ray irradiation effectively delayed deterioration by inactivating microorganisms, reducing soluble solids content (SSC), and delaying weight loss. At the end of the storage period, compared to the control group, the 0.3 kGy treatment significantly increased the total phenolics, total flavonoids, and gastrodin content by 90.20 %, 23.25 %, and 55.47 %, respectively. Furthermore, the irradiation activated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) defense system, enhanced antioxidant-related enzyme activities, and increased DPPH radical scavenging capacity by 26.37 %. These findings suggest that 0.3 kGy X-ray irradiation is an effective non-thermal method for enhancing the storage quality and extending the shelf life of Gastrodia elata.

This study examines the effect of MgCl 2 (0–10%) as a crystal modifier on the carbonation behavior of C 3 S and [Formula: see text]-C 2 S, with particular emphasis on aragonite whisker formation. The results show that early-stage carbonation is strongly suppressed by MgCl 2 . This inhibitory effect was observed for both C 3 S and [Formula: see text]-C 2 S, where the carbonation reaction extent was reduced in a dosage-dependent manner. This inhibitory effect, however, diminished after 72 h, with the final DOCs converging to approximately 53–55%. MgCl 2 was found to promote aragonite formation over calcite. SEM analysis revealed the development of high-aspect-ratio aragonite whiskers, which formed interconnected networks at higher MgCl 2 concentrations. The strategy of using MgCl 2 to inhibit calcite nucleation and template aragonite growth paves the way for developing high-performance, carbonated cementitious materials reinforced by in-situ grown aragonite whiskers.

The functionalized 3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,3'-isochromane] skeletons were synthesized in our laboratory with high regioselectivity by palladium-catalyzed intermolecular tandem cycloaddition reaction, two of these derivatives were selected for crystallographic analysis, and the structures of the title compounds were verified by FTIR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR, and MS. The compounds 3a:6'-methoxy-4'-methylene-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,3'-isochromane], C18H16O3 and 3b: 6-fluoro-4-methylene-3'H-spiro[isochromane-3,1'-naphtho[2,3-c]furan ], C21H15O2F. The molecular structure was calculated by density functional theory (DFT) and compared with the x-ray diffraction data. The results of the conformational analysis also showed that the optimized molecular structure obtained by DFT calculations was the same as the optimized molecular structure obtained by X-ray diffraction analysis. In addition, the molecular electrostatic potentials and frontier molecular orbitals of the title compounds were further investigated by using DFT, which revealed the molecular structure features, conformations and some special physicochemical properties of the title compounds.

Palladium-catalyzed intermolecular [5+2] cycloaddition of propargylic carbonates with benzyl allenyl ethers has been developed for the synthesis of allene-containing 2-benzoxepines. The reaction proceeds by a pathway involving decarboxylative allenylpalladium formation, regioselective intermolecular insertion, and intramolecular nucleophilic attack. In this way, the sequential formation of C-C and C-O bonds results in the generation of a 2-benzoxepine skeleton in a one-pot process.

Danggui Buxue Decoction (DBD) is a classical herbal formula with potential anti-heavy ion radiation effect. To explore the mechanism for DBD anti-heavy ion radiation, the active ingredients and potential targets of DBD were searched on TCMSP and Swiss Target Prediction database. Targets associated with different heavy ion radiation were searched on GeneCards database. The potential targets of DBD anti-heavy ion radiation were obtained by mapping the potential targets of DBD active ingredients with the targets of heavy ion radiation. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed by STRING database. Other interaction networks were constructed by Cytoscape 3.9.1. Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analysis were performed by Metascape database. Molecular docking was performed to verify the results of network pharmacology. A total of 36 DBD active ingredients and 284 potential targets for DBD anti-heavy ion radiation were identified. The active ingredients with a higher degree were jaranol, isorhamnetin, quercetin, kaempfero, and isoflavanone. Target AKT1, TNF, CTNNB1, IL6, VEGFA, EGFR, CASP3, SRC, MAPK3, JUN, HSP90AA1, STAT3, HRAS, ESR1, MTOR, CCND1, PTGS2, MAPK1, MMP9 and PPARG were the top 20 hub potential targets in the PPI network. GO and pathway analysis showed that potential targets mainly participated in many processes and pathways related to inflammatory reaction, immune reaction and cell growth and death. PI3K-Akt and MAPK were the hub pathways. The molecular docking results verified the reliability of network pharmacological results. This study reveals the active ingredients and potential mechanism of DBD anti-heavy ion radiation, and provides a reference for subsequent research.

[Objective] Network pharmacology technology was used to explore the mechanism of Danggui anti-carbon radiation. [Methods] Danggui active ingredients and Targets of Danggui anti-carbon ion radiation were obtained through related databases. Target biological networks were constructed, bioinformatics analysis of targets were conducted. Molecular docking was performed to verify the results of network pharmacology. [Results] Nine active ingredients of Danggui participate in signaling pathways such as PI3K-AKT and MAPK through ninety-eight targets, regulate molecular functions such as DNA binding, kinase binding, and DNA damage response and other processes. Molecular docking verifies the reliability of network pharmacological results. [Limitations] The results of network pharmacology were only verified by molecular docking.

本研究旨在探索12C6+离子辐照茶树精油后,茶树精油活性成份的变化及其对口蹄疫病毒(foot-and-mouth disease virus,FMDV)的杀灭效果.采用50、100、150、200 Gy的12C6+离子束辐照茶树精油后,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(gas chromatography-mass spectrometer,GC-MS)法和红外色谱法分析辐照前后茶树精油主要成分变化及其质量沉积效应;检测茶树精油中松油烯-4-醇、1,8-桉叶素含量变化;将辐照前后茶树精油原液以及1 ∶ 2、1 ∶ 4辐照后稀释的精油注射50日龄成年鼠检测其临床用药的安全性;将稀释成1 ∶ 2、1 ∶ 4、1 ∶ 6、1 ∶ 8的辐照后茶树精油分别与等量的1∶ 500的O-FMDV强毒充分混匀,皮下注射4～5日龄乳鼠,连续观察7 d,观察小鼠有无FMDV感染症状.试验结果表明,以100 Gy的12C6+离子束辐照茶树精油后,松油烯-4-醇含量由37.90％升高到39.03％,1,8-桉叶素含量无明显变化,羟基化合物含量明显增高;辐照前后茶树精油原液以及稀释后精油注射未见不良反应,辐照后茶树精油临床用药安全;乳鼠感染混有不同浓度的O-FMDV后,1 ∶ 2、1 ∶ 4稀释倍数的茶树精油组感染O-FMDV的乳鼠未出现死亡,注射部位未见炎症、坏死等,阳性对照组全部死亡.结果表明,12C6+离子束辐照茶树精油最佳剂量为100 Gy,在乳鼠体内抗O-FMDV效果的最大稀释度为1 ∶ 4,12C6+离子束辐照可以提高茶树精油对FMDV的杀灭效果.

为了建立青蒿的 SRAP 最佳扩增体系，并筛选出 SRAP 多态性引物，本研究以青蒿叶片 DNA 为模板，采用正交试验设计，以 Mg 2 + 、 dNTP Mix 、 Taq DNA 聚合酶、引物和 DNA 模板 5 种因素 5 个水平，对青蒿 SRAP 反应体系进行研究。结果表明，青蒿 SRAP-PCR 最佳反应体系为：引物 0.6 μ mol / L 、 Mg 2 + 2.0 mmol / L 、模板 DNA 5.1 ng 、 Taq DNA 聚合酶 2.0 U 、 dNTPs 0.25 mmol / L ，总体积为 25 μ L 。各因素对扩增反应均有不同影响，其中引物浓度的影响最大， dNTPs 的影响最小。运用该体系对不同种质资源的青蒿进行验证，证明该体系稳定可靠，并在 30 个引物组合中筛选出了 25 对扩增条带清晰，多态性丰富的引物组合。这一结论为今后利用 SRAP 标记技术进行青蒿分子遗传学研究提供了科学依据。

伊维菌素是一种高效、广谱、安全的抗寄生虫药物,其长效制剂的研发已成为当今兽药领域的热门课题.文章介绍了伊维菌素缓释巨丸剂、控释胶囊、长效注射剂、微球、微囊、纳米粒制剂及皮下埋植剂等多种长效制剂的研究进展,分析并针对该类制剂在研究及应用中存在的生产工艺复杂、成本高、制剂类型相对单一、耐药性、药物组成单一等问题,提出多种药物合理配伍、研制复方伊维菌素长效制剂等建议.

旨在为树莓叶黄酮的开发应用提供数据参考,通过正交试验与响应曲面法设计改良乙醇提取工艺,并通过HPLC建立树莓叶黄酮的色谱分离条件为:Agilent ZorBax SB色谱柱,流动相为1 mg/mL乙酸-乙腈=72.5:27.5,等度分离,柱温30℃,检测波长:257 nm,完成树莓叶黄酮的初步分离,以及黄酮中芦丁含量的准确测定和验证.最佳提取工艺为:646 mL/mL乙醇,料液比1:12.5,41.9℃加热回流173.3 min,最佳工艺所得提取率1.127％,响应曲面法最佳工艺提取率略高于正交试验法,且其工艺条件均较优于正交试验所得工艺,可为后期研发树莓叶芦丁兽用中药制剂提供理论参考.

As a natural plant source of artemisinin,a first-line drug against malaria,Artemisia annua directly affects the extraction process of artemisinin and the source of artemisinin. At present,traditional breeding methods combined with tissue culture are often used to breed high-yield artemisinin-containing new varieties of A. annua. However,the breeding method has the disadvantages of low efficiency and continuous selection. In this study,heavy ion beam irradiation technology was used to observe the specific germplasm resources of A. annua,and the morphological characteristics,agronomic traits and artemisinin content were used as indicators to observe the selection materials and materials. The cultivated new varieties were compared with trials and regional trials. In addition,the new variety of A. annua was identified by SRAP molecular marker technology. The results showed that the new variety of A. annua, " Kehao No.1",had an average yield of 235. 0 kg of dry leaf per mu,which was more than 20% higher than that of the control. Especially,the average artemisinin content was 2. 0%,which was 45% higher than that of the control,and the " Kehao No.1" has high anti-white powder disease,high-yield and high-quality new varieties. Therefore,mutagenic breeding of heavy ion beam irradiation can significantly improve the yield and artemisinin content of the " Kehao No. 1" and it has a good promotion value.

Background Sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB), comprising both a dermal layer and pith, is a solid waste generated by agricultural activities. Open burning was previously used to treat agricultural solid waste but is harmful to the environment and human health. Recent reports showed that certain techniques can convert this agricultural waste into valuable products. While SSB has been considered an attractive raw material for sugar extraction and the production of value-added products, the pith root in the SSB can be difficult to process. Therefore, it is necessary to pretreat bagasse before conventional hydrolysis. Methods A thorough analysis and comparison of various pretreatment methods were conducted based on physicochemical and microscopic approaches. The responses of agricultural SSB stem pith with different particle sizes to pretreatment temperature, acid and alkali concentration and enzyme dosage were investigated to determine the optimal pretreatment. The integrated methods are beneficial to the utilization of carbohydrate-based and unknown compounds in agricultural solid waste. Results Acid (1.5−4.5%, v/v) and alkali (5−8%, w/v) reagents were used to collect cellulose from different meshes of pith at 25–100 °C. The results showed that the use of 100 mesh pith soaked in 8% (w/v) NaOH solution at 100 °C resulted in 32.47% ± 0.01% solid recovery. Follow-up fermentation with 3% (v/v) acid and 6.5% (w/v) alkali at 50 °C for enzymolysis was performed with the optimal enzyme ratio. An analysis of the surface topography and porosity before and after pretreatment showed that both the pore size of the pith and the amount of exposed cellulose increased as the mesh size increased. Interestingly, various compounds, including 42 compounds previously known to be present and 13 compounds not previously known to be present, were detected in the pretreatment liquid, while 10 types of monosaccharides, including D-glucose, D-xylose and D-arabinose, were found in the enzymatic solution. The total monosaccharide content of the pith was 149.48 ± 0.3 mg/g dry matter. Discussion An integrated technique for obtaining value-added products from sweet sorghum pith is presented in this work. Based on this technique, lignin and hemicellulose were effectively broken down, amorphous cellulose was obtained and all sugars in the sweet sorghum pith were hydrolysed into monosaccharides. A total of 42 compounds previously found in these materials, including alcohol, ester, acid, alkene, aldehyde ketone, alkene, phenolic and benzene ring compounds, were detected in the pretreatment pith. In addition, several compounds that had not been previously observed in these materials were found in the pretreatment solution. These findings will improve the transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into sugar to create a high-value-added coproduct during the integrated process and to maximize the potential utilization of agricultural waste in current biorefinery processing.

利用不同剂量的碳离子束辐照处理牛至精油微胶囊,研究对其缓释特性及抗鸡球虫病活性的影响.研究结果表明,通过碳离子束处理的牛至精油微胶囊,其主要活性成分百里香酚和香芹酚含量未发生变化,辐照处理后反应收率及产品的生物活性均提高,其中400 Gy剂量处理的牛至精油微囊的收率和生物活性均最高,收率达68.44%.通过对感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫的小鸡喂食后,其盲肠和十二指肠肿胀明显减轻,血液性内容物明显减少,血便指数在感染的第七天已降为0,抗球虫指数(ACI)达到179.39.

A highly regioselective synthesis of functionalized 3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,3'-isochroman] scaffolds using a novel palladium-catalyzed tandem cyclization reaction is explored. During the reaction process, C-O, C-C and C-O bonds are sequentially formed in one pot via decarboxylative allenylpalladium formation, nucleophilic attack, arylpalladium addition and intramolecular nucleophilic attack.

The title compound 14-O-[(2-chloroacetamide-6-aminopyrimidine-2-yl) thioacetyl] mutilin (4), C28H39ClN4O5S, was prepared and characterized by IR, NMR, HRMS and single- crystal X-ray diffraction. The title compound crystallizes in orthorhombic system, space group P212121 with a = 11.5388(8), b = 14.5282(10), c = 19.8301(14) A, V = 3324.3(4) A(3), Z = 4, D-c = 1.396 g/cm(3), mu(MoK alpha) = 0.462 mm(-1), F(000) = 1464, S = 1.003, R = 0.0386 and wR = 0.1014 for 5170 independent reflections (R-int = 0.0224) with I > 2 sigma(I)). The preliminary in vitro antibacterial bioassay against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA-ATCC25923), Staphylo- coccus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Staphylococcus warneri (S .warneri) were screened and the MIC values of the title compound were 0.125, 0.0625, 8 and 0.5 mu g/mL, respectively.