In this study, we aimed to isolate indigenous plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) with high indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-producing capacity from alfalfa rhizospheres in arid regions of Northwest China and systematically evaluate their bioacceleration effects on alfalfa growth. Fifteen bacterial strains were isolated from rhizosphere soils collected in Ningxia and Inner Mongolia. Among them, four high-IAA-producing strains were selected and identified as Brevundimonas sp. B3, Pantoea sp. P10, and Microbacterium sp. M1 and M7 based on 16S rDNA sequencing. Pot experiments showed strain-specific growth-promoting effects: P10 significantly increased plant biomass (increasing fresh weight by 10.04% and dry weight by 11.76%, with p < 0.05), while M7 notably enhanced plant height (by 16.48%, with p < 0.05) and branching. Physiological and cytological analyses revealed that the tested strains improved chlorophyll content (30-45% above the control), reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (20-40% below the control), and differentially regulated root-tip cell elongation. Principal component analysis further supported the comprehensive promotive effects of these strains, with P10 exhibiting the highest overall performance (PC1-PC4 cumulative variance: 83.1%). Within the limitations of controlled pot experiments, these findings highlight the potential of native PGPR strains, particularly P10 and M7, as promising candidates for developing region-specific microbial inoculants with which to enhance alfalfa productivity in arid and semi-arid environments.

This study evaluated the fruit quality of 12 apple cultivars grafted onto the cold-resistant dwarfing interstock SH40 in the arid region of Lingwu, Ningxia, to identify well-adapted varieties for local production. A total of 21 indicators were measured, encompassing three major aspects: external quality (e.g., fruit size, shape index, peel color), internal flavor (e.g., soluble solids, soluble sugars, titratable acids, vitamin C content), and textural attributes (e.g., hardness, crispness, chewiness), and data were analyzed using principal component analysis and membership function methodology. The cultivars exhibited distinct quality profiles under identical management: ‘Red General’ performed well in fruit size, weight, and sugar–acid balance; ‘Yanfu 6’ showed the highest firmness and crispness; ‘Shengli’ had the greatest soluble solids content; and ‘Granny Smith’ was richest in vitamin C. Four principal components were extracted, explaining 80.06% of the total variance and simplifying the quality evaluation system. Based on the comprehensive membership function scores, ‘Red General’, ‘White Winter Pearmain’, and ‘Huashuo’ ranked highest in overall fruit quality. In conclusion, these three cultivars perform excellently on SH40 and are recommended for promotion, whereas ‘Red Delicious’ is not recommended due to poor performance. These findings offer a practical reference for selecting apple cultivars paired with SH40 in similar arid regions.

Lycium barbarum L. is a characteristic agricultural crop in Ningxia. Powdery mildew is a serious fungal disease affecting Lycium barbarum. Resistance analysis of Lycium barbarum varieties is rarely reported, and comparative information on field resistance and associated anatomical and physiological responses remains limited. This study evaluated powdery mildew resistance in 26 Lycium barbarum germplasm accessions under natural field conditions over two years, compared leaf anatomical traits in eight representative accessions, and characterized early physiological responses in the genotype Ningqi-1 after inoculation. Based on the two-year mean disease index (DI), the 26 accessions were assigned to four descriptive resistance categories. Four sigmoidal equations were fitted to the observed disease-progress data; these equations were used only as descriptive curves and were not treated as independently validated predictive models. Across the eight representative accessions, the 2021 DI was negatively correlated with the number of palisade tissue layers, palisade tissue thickness, and leaf compactness, but positively correlated with spongy tissue thickness (two-tailed Pearson correlation, n = 8). In Ningqi-1, inoculation induced time-dependent changes in antioxidant-enzyme activities, malondialdehyde content, defense-related enzyme activities, lignin content, soluble protein content, and soluble sugar content during the first 48 h. The increase in malondialdehyde content suggested enhanced membrane lipid peroxidation during infection, which may reflect oxidative stress associated with powdery mildew infection. Overall, this study characterized field disease responses, candidate anatomical traits associated with DI, and early physiological responses in Ningqi-1. These findings provide preliminary information for future resistance screening, but validation in larger germplasm populations and under controlled inoculation conditions is still required.

This study developed and elucidated a mechanism by which milk protein-lipid interactions at both the oil-water (O/W) and air-water (A/W) interfaces govern the stability of partially crystalline emulsions (PCEs) and their foams. At the O/W interface, compared with conventional triacylglycerol (TAG)-based PCEs formulated with palm kernel stearin (PKST) as the crystallizing fat, fat crystals of partial acylglycerols in the diacylglycerol (DAG) form increased interfacial polarity and strengthened hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions with adsorbed milk proteins, thereby modulating surface potential and reducing Brownian motion, which in turn enhanced the long-term emulsion storage stability. QCM-D corroborated at the microscale that DAG-based fat crystals, upon tight association with milk proteins, increase the viscoelasticity of the interfacial membrane. Building on this, the consequences of milk protein-lipid interactions at the A/W interface during the foam-formation stage were further evaluated. Bubble-dynamics experiments indicated that DAG-protein co-adsorption accelerates film formation and yields cooperative films with lower interfacial tension and higher elasticity. Concomitantly, DAG-type fat crystals markedly reduce bubble-crystal adhesion, facilitating rapid bubble encapsulation, slowing bubble escape, and increasing gas hold-up, thereby improving foamability and foam stability. Whipping-kinetics analyses and cryo-SEM consistently substantiated that DAG-protein interactions favor the rapid establishment and robustness of A/W interfacial membranes. Notably, even at identical solid fat content (SFC), altering the fat-crystal type profoundly changes the O/W and A/W behaviors of PCEs. Taken together, these findings delineate an interfacial-engineering strategy that modulates protein-lipid interactions to control the formation and stability of emulsions and foams, offering guidance for the development of clean-label, high-performance PCEs with reduced saturated fat.

DNA methylation is one of the earliest and most extensively studied epigenetic regulatory mechanisms. The ROS1 (Repressor of Silencing 1) gene was first discovered in Arabidopsis thaliana, and it is a DNA demethylase that can remove 5-methylcytosine from DNA, thereby affecting DNA methylation levels and gene expression. Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the role of ROS1 in the development and maturation of Ziziphus jujuba cv. “Dongzao” fruit. Methods: We cloned the ROS1 gene and conducted bioinformatics and expression characteristics analyses on it. Results: Three ROS1 genes, named ZjROS1-1~3, was identified, and each member protein was localized in the nucleus, cytoskeleton, chloroplast, and vacuole. The promoter contained cis-elements such as light response, plant hormone signal transduction, and stress response cis-elements, and it interacted with many proteins such as CMT, MET, and ZDP. The results of the real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR show that ZjROS1 has specific expression patterns in different tissues of Z. jujuba cv. Dongzao, and the expression of ZjROS1-2 in flowers and fruits is high. At the same time, CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to construct a gene-editing vector for ZjROS1, which provided a basis for the subsequent genetic transformation. Conclusions: In this study, the biological function of ZjROS1 was clarified and a gene-editing vector was constructed, which provided a theoretical basis for the regulation mechanism of demethylase ZjROS1 in the fruit ripening and development of Z. jujuba cv. Dongzao.

Compared to lard-based shortenings, diacylglycerol (DAG)-based shortenings have demonstrated beneficial effects, such as lowering blood lipids, and reducing postprandial blood glucose levels. In this study, different chain-length DAG oils were blended with lower melting point peanut oil DAG oil (PO-DAG-oil). The blend ratios for the three types of DAG-based shortenings were determined based on the solid fat content (SFC) of lard. Subsequently, 1 % of various emulsifiers were added, and the crystallization properties, rheological and textural characteristics, polymorphism, microstructure, water-absorbing capacity, and plasticity of the four shortening systems were examined. The emulsifiers found to be suitable for lard shortening, long chain fatty acid DAG (LCD-shortening), medium chain fatty acid DAG (MCD-shortening), and medium and long chain fatty acid DAG (MLCD-shortening) were Span60, PGFE, PGFE, and MAG, respectively. Cakes baked using DAG-based shortenings exhibited superior textural properties compared to those made with lard-based shortenings, supporting the application of high-melting-point DAG oils in shortening formulations.

Abscisic acid (ABA), a pivotal phytohormone regulating plant growth and stress adaptation, orchestrates abiotic stress responses through the ABA-responsive element-binding factors ABF/AREB/ABI5. Nevertheless, the functional characterization of ABF/AREB/ABI5 homologs in Z. jujuba cv. Dongzao remains unexplored. In this study, we identified seven ZjABF genes distributed across five chromosomes. Domain analyses revealed high structural conservation, particularly within the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) DNA-binding domain. Subcellular localization confirmed nuclear targeting of all seven ZjABF proteins. Phylogenetic classification resolved these factors into three clades (A-C). Cis-regulatory element profiling implicated the involvement of the ZjABFs in hormone signaling, abiotic stress transduction, and photoregulatory pathways. Synteny analyses identified three segmental duplication events within the gene family. Tissue-specific expression patterns indicated critical roles for ZjABF2 and ZjABF3 in fruit maturation, and most of the ABF/AREB/ABI5 genes were highly expressed in the root. Under drought stress, four ZjABF genes exhibited differential expression, with ZjABF2 demonstrating pronounced sensitivity. These findings establish a molecular framework for understanding ZjABF-mediated abiotic stress responses in non-model woody perennials.

Apple production in the arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China, such as Lingwu in Ningxia, faces severe challenges due to water scarcity, which is exacerbated by climate change. To address this issue, this study aimed to identify superior drought-tolerant apple varieties grafted onto the dwarfing interstock SH40 for cultivation in the Lingwu region. Seven major commercial varieties ('Yanfu 3', 'Yanfu 6', 'Yanfu 8', 'Huashuo', 'Golden Delicious', 'Starking Delicious', and 'Red General') were evaluated. Under natural drought stress conditions in Lingwu, we measured physiological and biochemical indices, photosynthetic parameters, leaf anatomical structure, and post-harvest fruit quality and yield. Principal component analysis (PCA) and membership function analysis were then employed for a comprehensive evaluation of drought resistance. The results revealed significant varietal differences. 'Red General' exhibited superior antioxidant enzyme activities (peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and higher photosynthetic rates (net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr). 'Golden Delicious' showed the highest malondialdehyde (MDA) content but also possessed advantageous leaf anatomical traits, such as a high palisade-to-spongy tissue ratio. PCA extracted five principal components with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 95.492%. Membership function analysis ranked overall drought resistance as follows: 'Red General' > 'Golden Delicious' > 'Starking Delicious'> 'Huashuo' > 'Yanfu 6' > 'Yanfu 8' > 'Yanfu 3'. In conclusion, the mid-season varieties 'Red General', 'Golden Delicious', and 'Starking Delicious' demonstrated excellent comprehensive drought tolerance and are recommended as promising candidates for cultivation in the arid Lingwu region.

To elucidate the molecular mechanisms that underlie jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) flavor synthesis, we integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses on the ‘Lingwuchangzao’ cultivar across seven developmental stages. Our multi-omics approach detected 750 metabolites, categorized into 11 primary and 35 secondary classes, with K-means clustering revealing significant stage-specific variations in sugars, alcohols, and organic acids. KEGG enrichment analysis identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in key metabolic pathways, including carbohydrate metabolism and plant hormone signal transduction, showing dynamic changes during development. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) further pinpointed gene networks related to starch/sucrose and carbon metabolism, and eight novel genes linked to starch and fatty acid metabolism. Notably, the white ripening stage (BS) emerged as the critical phase for flavor compound accumulation, offering new molecular insights and targets for quality improvement.

The utilization of straw mulch and orchard grass in Ziziphus Jujuba orchards significantly influenced soil resource effectiveness, altering soil microbial metabolic limitations and enhancing nutrient accumulation. However, the response of soil microbial community composition to soil nutrient stoichiometry imbalance in Z. jujuba ‘Lingwuchangzao’ orchards is not clear. This study investigated stoichiometric characteristics of soil nutrient resources, microbial biomass, and extracellular enzyme activities. Meanwhile, it was combined with soil microbial community diversity and composition under different management practices in Z. jujuba orchards in the arid zone of northern China. Straw mulch and orchard grass management reduced C:N imbalance, decreased nitrogen limitation and nitrogen use efficiency, and increased soil carbon limitation. These management practices also increased soil microbial diversity (eg. Shannon and ACE indices), with significant between-group differences by non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis. These differences were more significantly affected by relative carbon and nitrogen limitations. Relative carbon and nitrogen limitations were significantly correlated with Proteobacteria, Acidobacteriota, Ascomycota, and Mortierellomycota. In addition, straw mulch and orchard grass management increased the connectivity and complexity of the soil bacterial-fungal co-occurrence network. Random forest analysis further indicated the importance of microbial community diversity and dominant phyla to environmental change. Partial least squares path modeling revealed that changes in soil stoichiometric imbalance had direct or indirect effects on microbial ecoenzymatic stoichiometry, metabolic limitation, nutrient utilization efficiency, and community composition. The interrelationships between soil nutrient stoichiometric imbalances and microbial communities under straw mulch and orchard grass management in Z. jujuba orchard can improve soil ecological management practices in arid regions.

Compared with conventional plant oils, diacylglycerol (DAG)‐based fats exhibit a higher melting point and could serve as a solid base oil for preparing specialty fats. In this study, different chain length DAG‐based solid fats were prepared, and the influences of acyl groups on the physical property, crystal microstructure, and crystallization kinetics of the binary solid fat phase were explored. The slipping melting point (SMP) of obtained medium chain‐DAG (MCD‐fats), medium‐long chain‐DAG (MLCD‐fats), and long chain‐DAG (LCD‐fats) fats were 35.67, 40.70, and 52.30°C, and their original β′ crystal content were 46.3%, 56.1%, and 66.9%, respectively. The solid fat content (SFC) profiles and crystallization properties were significantly affected as the fatty acid chain length and acylglycerols compositions changes. The microstructure of crystal in DAG‐fats got denser slowly during storage. DAG can delay the translation of crystal form and stabilize β′ crystal form, which is related to their three‐dimensional crystalline network changes. The hardness of MCD‐fats and LCD‐fats were higher than that of MLCD‐fats because of the acylglycerol compositions as well as fat crystals in DAG‐fats. Applying high melting point DAG as a novel base stock has an immense potential value in the production of specialty fats with low saturated fat, high stability, and decent operability.

Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.), belonging to the Rhamnaceae family, is gaining increasing prominence as a perennial fruit crop with significant economic and medicinal values. Here, we conduct de novo assembly of four reference-grade genomes, encompassing one wild and three cultivated jujube accessions. We present insights into the population structure, genetic diversity, and genomic variations within a diverse collection of 1059 jujube accessions. Analyzes of the jujube pan-genome, based on our four assemblies and four previously released genomes, reveal extensive genomic variations within domestication-associated regions, potentially leading to the discovery of a candidate gene that regulates flowering and fruit ripening. By leveraging the pan-genome and a large-scale resequencing population, we identify two candidate genes involved in domestication traits, including the seed-setting rate, the bearing-shoot length and the leaf size in jujube. These genomic resources will accelerate evolutionary and functional genomics studies of jujube. Jujube is a perennial fruit crop with significant economic and medicinal values. Here, the author report genome assemblies of four jujube accessions, construct pan-genome together with four previously published genomes, and generate resequencing data to reveal genetic basis of domestication traits.

Wolfberry (Lycium, of the family Solanaceae) has special nutritional benefits due to its valuable metabolites. Here, 16 wolfberry-specific metabolites were identified by comparing the metabolome of wolfberry with those of six species, including maize, rice, wheat, soybean, tomato and grape. The copy numbers of the riboflavin and phenyllactate degradation genes riboflavin kinase (RFK) and phenyllactate UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT1) were lower in wolfberry than in other species, while the copy number of the phenyllactate synthesis gene hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate reductase (HPPR) was higher in wolfberry, suggesting that the copy number variation of these genes among species may be the main reason for the specific accumulation of riboflavin and phenyllactate in wolfberry. Moreover, the metabolome-based neighbor-joining tree revealed distinct clustering of monocots and dicots, suggesting that metabolites could reflect the evolutionary relationship among those species. Taken together, we identified 16 specific metabolites in wolfberry and provided new insight into the accumulation mechanism of species-specific metabolites at the genomic level.

Pollen fertility is a critical factor in seed development and crop breeding. Extensive studies have explored the mechanisms of pollen fertility in model plants and economic crops. However, the mechanisms of pollen abortion in medicinal and edible plants, including Lycium barbarum, remain elusive. This study utilized transcriptome analysis to identify key genes and regulatory networks implicated in pollen fertility in L. barbarum. The results demonstrated differential expression of 12,185 genes (DEGs) between the sterile and fertile lines, encompassing 489 genes that exhibited variation across the five stages of pollen development. Additionally, GO and KEGG enrichment analyses indicated that the DEGs were predominantly associated with energy metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and notably, hydrolase activity. Co-expression network analysis unveiled two modules intimately associated with fertility, each comprising 908 and 756 hub genes, incorporating β-1,3-glucanase genes (Glu) and co-expressed transcription factors (TFs). Phylogenetic analysis implied that LbGlu1 was a potential candidate gene implicated in regulating pollen abortion in L. barbarum. This work advances a novel understanding of pollen abortion in L. barbarum and offers theoretical support for the utilization of sterility genes to enhance crop improvement.

Wolfberry (Lycium barbarum) is a traditional cash crop in China and is well-known worldwide for its outstanding nutritional and medicinal value. Lycium ruthenicum is a close relative of Lycium barbarum but differs significantly in size, color, flavor and nutritional composition. To date, the metabolic differences between the fruits of the two wolfberry varieties and the genetic basis behind them are unclear. Here, we compared metabolome and transcriptome data of two kinds of wolfberry fruits at five stages of development. Metabolome results show that amino acids, vitamins and flavonoids had the same accumulation pattern in various developmental stages of fruit but that Lycium ruthenicum accumulated more metabolites than Lycium barbarum during the same developmental stage, including L-glutamate, L-proline, L-serine, abscisic acid (ABA), sucrose, thiamine, naringenin and quercetin. Based on the metabolite and gene networks, many key genes that may be involved in the flavonoid synthesis pathway in wolfberry were identified, including PAL, C4H, 4CL, CHS, CHI, F3H, F3’H and FLS. The expression of these genes was significantly higher in Lycium ruthenicum than in Lycium barbarum, indicating that the difference in the expression of these genes was the main reason for the variation in flavonoid accumulation between Lycium barbarum and Lycium ruthenicum. Taken together, our results reveal the genetic basis of the difference in metabolomics between Lycium barbarum and Lycium ruthenicum and provide new insights into the flavonoid synthesis of wolfberry.

露地栽培灵武长枣(Ziziphus Jujuba'Lingwuchangzao')在枣果快成熟时如果遇到连续雨天,则极易发生非常严重的裂果现象,设施栽培可大大减少裂果.为探讨冷棚栽培对灵武长枣果实品质的影响,分别在冷棚栽培和露地栽培果园中采集半红期、全红期的灵武长枣果实样品,进行果实内外品质指标测定和分析.结果表明,与露地栽培相比,冷棚栽培可以显著提高灵武长枣果实的单果质量、纵径、横径及含水量,降低果肉硬度、脆度、胶黏性和内聚性,全红期果肉的咀嚼性低于露地栽培,有助于果皮着色,改善外观品质和适口性,果实更具商品性,但可溶性固形物和维生素C含量下降,风味下降.

Edible beef tallow (BT) has been widely used in Sichuan hotpot due to its unique flavor and texture. However, BT should not be consumed in excess caused by its trans-fatty acids and cholesterol issues. In this study, a BT substitute was prepared after enzymatic interesterification in a pilot-scale packed-bed reactor using soybean oil and fully hydrogenated palm oil (4:3, w/w) as feedstock. The products were characterized against BT in terms of fatty acid/triacylglycerol compositions, solid fat content, polymorphism, and melting/crystallization behaviors to select the most promising BT substitute. The optimal flow rate was 120 mL/min. Changes in volatile compounds during stir-frying and simmering were also investigated for Sichuan hotpots made with these two oils. The volatile compounds of BT substitute were similar to that of natural BT. The findings will contribute to expanding the base oil categories of Sichuan hotpot oils.

[目的]探究宁夏不同产区土壤条件对金冠系苹果品种品质的影响,为提升宁夏金冠系苹果品质提供理论支持.[方法]以宁夏吴忠市、中卫市共7个果园9个金冠系苹果品种为试材,采用土壤元素含量分析、多样品品质隶属函数分析及相关性分析,探究不同土壤条件下果实品质的差异及不同营养含量对果实品质的影响.[结果]土壤分析结果表明,采样果园土壤pH值在7.81～8.61,土壤呈弱碱性,主成分分析从15个品质指标中提取出4个主成分,其中,维生素C含量、可溶性固形物含量、酸含量、硬度、破裂力在成分1上的载荷较高,成分1的方差贡献率最高.通过Topisis综合分析法得出宁夏万齐无锈金矮生评分最高,说明宁夏万齐的果实品质最好.土壤因素与果实品质之间的相关性分析表明,20～40 cm土层pH值以及有机质、水解性氮、全氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙含量等指标与果实部分外观品质、内在品质、质地品质呈正相关,且土壤有机质、水解性氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙含量与果实品质中维生素C含量、单果质量、纵横径以及质地指标相关性显著(p＜0.05),说明20～40 cm土层的营养元素对金冠系苹果果实品质影响最大,也表明该深度土壤是果树根系吸收土壤营养的主要部分.[结论]主成分分析表明万齐农业无锈金矮生苹果品质相对较高,南山台子是金冠系苹果的优质产区.20～40 cm土层的营养元素对金冠系苹果品质影响最大,该深度土壤是金冠苹果根系吸收土壤营养的主要部分;通过对土壤条件对比分析,在pH值弱碱性、有机质含量(w,后同)1～6 g·kg-1、全氮含量0.15～0.30 mg·kg-1、水解性氮含量9.2～32.8 mg·kg-1、有效磷含量10 mg·kg-1以及速效钾含量40～170 mg·kg-1的条件下对金冠系苹果果实的外观性状、口感和营养成分积累最为有效.

Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is a globally popular and economically important fruit that is rich in bioactive compounds with strong anti-cancer effects. Rain-proof cultivation is widely used to cultivate Chinese jujube, as it helps avoid rainfall damage during fruit harvest. Although the sugar content of jujube fruits differs between rain-proof and open-field cultivation, the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. Here, we analyzed the levels of sugar content, sugar accumulation pattern, and transcriptome profiles of jujube fruits at five developmental stages grown under rain-proof and open-field cultivation modes. The sugar content of jujube fruits was significantly higher under rain-proof cultivation than under open-field cultivation, although the sugar composition and sugar accumulation patterns were comparable. Comparative analysis of transcriptomic profiles showed that rain-proof cultivation enhanced the intrinsic metabolic activity of fruit development. Gene expression and correlation analyses suggested that ZjSPS, ZjSS, ZjHXK, and ZjINV regulate the development-related changes in sugar content in jujube fruits grown under rain-proof cultivation. Temperature, humidity, and moisture conditions were key climatic factors affecting sugar accumulation. Our results provide insights into the molecular mechanisms regulating sugar content and sugar accumulation in Chinese jujube fruits grown under rain-proof cultivation, and we provide genetic resources for studying the development mechanism of Chinese jujube fruit.

During the growth of plants, genomic DNA methylation will also change with the influence of external factors, thus participating in many important life processes of plants. In this study, five developmental stages of 'Dongzao' (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) fruits under two treatments of rainproof (RP) cultivation and open-field (OF) cultivation were used as materials, MSAP technology was used to study the changes in methylation level patterns during the development of jujube fruits, and to explore the involvement of DNA methylation in fruit development of 'Dongzao' and response to RP reaction mechanism. The results showed that the total methylation level of genomic DNA decreased as the fruit matured in both RP and OF cultivation. The total methylation level of OF-cultivated fruit was lower than that in RP-cultivated fruit during the same period. The rate of full methylation showed a similar trend. There were both methylation and demethylation changes in every two adjacent stages of fruit in RP and OF cultivation. As the fruit develops, the ratio of demethylation was higher than the ratio of methylation. Under the two treatments, the comparison result in the same period was mainly the occurrence of hypermethylation. As the fruit matures, the proportion of methylation and demethylation induced by RP cultivation in cytosine increased. Serine/threonine-protein kinase, hypothetical protein, DEAD helicases superfamily protein, WD40 protein, lipoate synthase, RNA polymerase factor and other related genes were isolated. The methylation of these genes occurred during fruit development and in response to RP environment. The genome of 'Dongzao' has abundant methylation modifications at different stages of fruit development, and it is possible to adjust the expression of these functional genes to respond to fruit development and RP environment. Those results provide theoretical basis for the research on the adaptive mechanism and epigenetic expression regulation of jujube fruit development.