Fraudulent activities such as mislabeling of beef occurred frequently. In this study, a fast and reliable methodology for specific discrimination of fresh retail beef cuts (ribeye, striploin, brisket, beef shank, and fore shank) was established based on electrosurgical knife - rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry (iKnife-REIMS) technique integrated with machine learning (ML). REIMS lipidomic fingerprints of various beef cuts were characterized by ML models to explore meaningful information. Authenticity identification models were built by main ML algorithms including discriminant analysis (DA), support vector machines (SVM), and k-nearest neighbor (KNN) to realize the discrimination of mislabeling in beef cuts. Mislabeling discrimination rates of DA, SVM, and KNN were 95.54%, 99.91%, and 100%, respectively. Model performances were evaluated by confusion matrix, receiver operating characteristic curve, and area under the curve. The validation of the proposed REIMS method for detecting mislabeled beef cuts with an accuracy of 96.80% was performed. Results demonstrated that this artificial intelligent method coupled to ML – guided REIMS analysis was efficient for authenticity detection of mislabeled beef cuts.

Pomegranate peels, the main byproduct of pomegranate production, are rich in phenolic compounds that are known for their effective antioxidant properties and have vast application prospects. In this study, steam explosion, an environmentally friendly technique, was applied to pretreat pomegranate peels for phenol extraction. We investigated the effects of explosion pressure, duration, and particle size on the content of total and individual phenolics, and antioxidant activity of pomegranate peels before and after in vitro digestion. The optimal conditions for a steam explosion for pomegranate peels in terms of total phenol content were a pressure of 1.5 MPa, a maintenance time of 90 s, and a particle size of 40 mesh. Under these conditions, pomegranate peel extract presented a higher yield of total phenols, gallic acid, and ellagic acid. However, it also had a lower content of punicalin and punicalagin, compared to the unexploded peels. There was no improvement in the antioxidant activity of pomegranate peels after the steam explosion. Moreover, the content of total phenol, gallic acid, ellagic acid, punicalin, and punicalagin, as well as the antioxidant activity of pomegranate peels, all increased after gastric digestion. Nevertheless, there was a large variation in the pomegranate peel processed by different pressure, duration, and sieve fractions. Overall, this study demonstrated that steam explosion pre-treatment could be an efficient method for improving the release of phenolics, especially gallic acid, and ellagic acid, from pomegranate peels.

Activation of Cas13 is exclusively dependent on crRNA-target RNA hybridization according to the canonical mode of Cas13 action. Upon activation Cas13 can cleave both target RNA and any surrounding RNA. The latter has been well adopted by therapeutic gene interference and biosensor development. This work for the first time, rationale designs and validates a multi-component controlled activation system of Cas13 by N-terminus tagging. A composite SUMO tag comprised of His, Twinstrep, and Smt3 tags fully suppresses target dependent activation of Cas13a by interfering with crRNA docking. The suppression releases upon proteases mediated proteolytic cleavage. The modular composition of the composite tag can be altered to fulfill customized response to alternative proteases. The biosensor SUMO-Cas13a is able to resolve a broad concentration range of protease Ulp1 with a calculated LOD of 48.8 pg/μL in aqueous buffer. Further, in accordance with this finding Cas13a was successfully programmed to exert target gene knock down preferentially in SUMO protease high cell types. In summary the discovered regulatory component not only fulfills Cas13a based protease detection for the first time, but also delivers a novel strategy for multi-component controlled activation of Cas13a toward temporal and spacial precision.

Objective:Objectives The aim of the study is to evaluate the mechanical performance, safety and efficacy of the novel robotic-assistant flexible ureteroscopy system (Ra-fURS) under in vitro and in vivo environments.Methods:Combing with commercial flexible ureteroscopes, the novel Ra-fURS was used for the in vitro test and animal model operation in October 2020. The study included three sections. ①Basic mechanical performance assessment: including endoscope motion control (dual deflection, axial rotation and forward/backward distance), reaction time and fiber regulation. ②Simulated surgery in ex-vivo 3D-printing renal collecting system model: including completion rate and time of calyxes exploration, directional movement and laser fragmentation [gypsum models (0.5×0.5×0.5 cm) were used to stimulate kidney stones]. ③Intrarenal surgeries in animal models (two 5-month female Yorkshire white pigs). In total, 32 surgeries was performed (8 surgeons × 2 pigs × 2 kidneys/pig). In vivo assessments were carried out including: ①consuming time for Ra-fURS installation and offloading; ②completion rate and time of calyxes exploration; ③comfort score (ranging from 0-10) as compared to the manual f-URS, which was corresponding to each Ra-fURS surgery. In simulated surgery and animal surgery sections, 8 surgeons were enrolled in the study (group A 4 without flexible ureteroscopy experience; group B: 4 highly experienced), and results were compared between two groups.Results:Under the Ra-fURS control, the flexible ureteroscope movement in three degrees of freedom (forward / backward: + 11 to -11 cm, axial rotation + 225°to -225°; active duel-flection: + 270°to -270°, as well as the laser fiber regulation + 2.5 to -2.5 cm). In simulated surgery tests, both groups achieved 100% completion rate of calyxes exploration, and there were no statistical differences in the time of the calyxes exploration between group A and group B (116.0±8.0)s vs.(110.3±15.4)s( P>0.05). Time-consumption for laser fragmentation of group B was shorter than that of group A (525.8±58.5)s vs. (780.5±141.2)s( P<0.01). In animal surgery, the installation time of Ra-fURS gradually shortened within the first 7 cases was(234.0±43.0)s, and became comparable in the later 8-32 cases was(149.3±8.0)s. The average uninstall time was (43.9 ±5.9)s and was relatively stable. There were 51 renal calyxes in two pigs. It was higher for the completion rate of calyxes exploration in group B than in group A [(95.5±9.1)% vs. (59.1±9.1)%, P<0.05], and the exploration time was also statistically variant between the two groups group A and group B[(274.8±34.6)s vs.(127.3±18.2)s, P<0.05]. For all the operators, the comfort scores were favorable to the Ra-fURS as compared to the manual f-URS (8.9±0.3 vs. 5.9±1.1, P<0.05). Conclusions:This preliminary study demonstrated that the novel Ra-fURS was capable of controlling flexible ureteroscope to perform retrograde intrarenal surgery and fragmenting stones with laser. Besides, other features, including easy installation, stable performance and comfortable manipulating environment, made it easy to use in clinical application.

High oxalic acid and calcium oxalate (CaOx)-induced renal tubular epithelial cell (TEC) injury plays a key role in nephrolithiasis. However, the mechanism remains unknown. Gene array analysis of the mice nephrolithiasis model indicated significant downregulation of sirtuin 3 (Sirt3) and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Kidney biopsy tissues of renal calculi patients also showed decreased Sirt3 expression. Silencing Sirt3 exacerbated oxidative stress and TEC death under CaOx stimulation. Restoring Sirt3 expression by overexpression or enhancing its activity protected renal function and reduced TEC death both in vitro and in vivo. Inhibiting the MAPK pathway resulted in upregulation of Sirt3 expression, preservation of renal function and decreased cell death both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, Sirt3 could upregulate FoxO3a activity post-translationally via deacetylation, dephosphorylation and deubiquitination. FoxO3a was found to interact with the promoter region of LC3B and to increase its expression, enhancing TEC autophagy and suppressing cell apoptosis and necrosis. Taken together, our results indicate that the MAPK/Sirt3/FoxO3a pathway modulates renal TEC death and autophagy in TEC injury.

Objective To study the effect of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) in the differential diagnosis of hydronephrosis and pyonephrosis.Methods From March 2015 to October 2017,50 patients with renal stone and highly suspected infectious hydronephrosis underwent renal DW-MRI,and clinical materials were collected and analyzed retrospectively.Seventeen male and 33 female patients were enrolled with a mean age of (49.40 ±-10.51) years.The median maximum diameter of renal stone was 30.30 (17.38,56.01) mm and hydronephrosis was 46.39 (34.33,56.55) mm.No pyonephrosis was diagnosed by preoperative ultrasound or CT,while 29 cases of hydronephrosis and 21 cases of pyonephrosis were reported by preoperative DW-MRI.Final diagnoses of hydronephrosis and pyonephrosis were made according to whether the pelvic urine drainage was purulent or not during the surgery.DW-MRI reports and characteristics of DW images were analyzed retrospectively.Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was calculated and ADC map constructed,which was compared between the two groups.Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was drawn to analyze the area under curve (AUC) and the optimal cutoff of ADC value,with sensitivity and specificity.Results Thirty-three patients of hydronephrosis and 17 pyonephrosis were confirmed intraoperatively.The overall accuracy of diagnosis using DW-MRI was 84.00％ (42/50),with sensitivity of 88.24％ (15/17) and specificity of 81.82％ (27/33).Among 30 patients who underwent CT scan in our hospital,mean CT value of 18 hydronephrosis was (7.03 ± 3.26)HU and that of 12 pyonephrosis was (8.67 ± 3.52) HU,with no statistical significance (P ＞ 0.05).On DW image,when b ≥ 500 s/mm2,hydronephrosis signal intensity was lowered apparently,whereas pyonephrosis signal intensity was intensified.On ADC map,hydronephrosis appeared as hyperintensity,whereas pyonephrosis appeared as hypointensity.The mean ADC value of pyonephrosis group was lower than hydronephrosis group [(1.53 ±0.58) × 10-3 mm2/s vs.(2.86 ±0.56) × 10-3 mm2/s,p ＜0.01].ROC analysis revealed that AUC =0.92 (95％ CI 0.80-0.98),and the cut-off value of ADC for pyonephrosis diagnosis was 1.39 × 10-3 mm2/s,of which the sensitivity and specificity was 94.12％ and 84.85％ respectively.Conclusions Signal of pyonephrosis was enhanced on DW image,while decreased on ADC image.The ADC value of pyonephrosis was much lower than that of hydronephrosis,with which the differential diagnosis between pyonephrosis and hydronephrosis could be made efficiently.

Background: To study the method of diffusion-weighted (DW) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the differential diagnosis of uronephrosis and pyonephrosis.Methods: The patients who were going to receive flexible ureteroscopy lithotripsy (f-URL) or percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) were enrolled in this study, and those who were diagnosed with uronephrosis by ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) furtherly underwent the exam of DW MRI.Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map was produced and the value of ADC focused on region of interest (ROI) was calculated based on different parameter b values: 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 500, 800 and 1,000 s/mm 2 .Patients were divided into the uronephrosis group and pyonephrosis group according to the appearance characteristics of renal pelvic urine during puncture and operation.Results: A total of 52 patients were included in this study, among which 22 patients were in uronephrosis group with

Objectives: We aim to analyze the causes and distribution of 3,081 patients with secondary hypertension among 8,942 patients hospitalized to provide pathological reference for prevention and treatment of hyperten Methods: A retrospective study was performed to analyze the 3,081 patients with secondary hypertension among 8,942 patients diagnosed hypertension who were hospitalized in hypertension department of Henan Province People's Hospital in recent 5 years. Results: Of the 8,942 patients surveyed, 5468 (61.15%) were males, and 3474 (38.85%) were females. Overall, 3081 (34.46%) were diagnosed secondary hypertension,of which 1720 (55.83%) were males and 1361 (44.17%) were females. Of these, 2550 cases had one cause, 496 cases had two causes, 34 cases had three causes, and 1 patient had four causes. Secondary hypertension with the highest prevalence were psychological hypertension (1477; 16.52%); obstructive sleep apnea (872; 9.75%); primary aldosteronism (657; 7.35%); renal artery stenosis (496, 5.55%); aortic coarctation (48; 0.54%); glaucoma (41; 0.46%); pheochromocytoma (28; 0.31%); renal hypertension (20; 0.22%);17a-hydroxylase deficiency (4; 0.04%); Cushing syndrome (3; 0.03%); Liddle syndrome (1, 0.01%)and reninoma (1; 0.01%). Conclusion: The study, secondary hypertension 34.46% was far more than 5% in previous data. The reasons:1. Comprehensive screening tests for secondary causes of hypertension were conducted on all patients.;2.Moderate-to-severe hypertension took a large amount of patients hospitalized in hypertension department;3. psychological factors took large responsibilities for secondary hypertension that has been recognized in recent years. Patients should conduct screening tests for secondary hypertension to improve the quality of diagnosis and treatment.

The aim of the present study was to retrospectively analyze the clinical effect and safety of ticagrelor administration in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In total, 203 patients were enrolled, who were confirmed with ACS between March 2013 and May 2013, and had successfully undergone PCI. The patients were randomly divided into two groups, including the clopidogrel (group A, n=108) and ticagrelor groups (group B, n=95). Patients in group A were treated with a 600 mg loading dose of clopidogrel followed by 75 mg/day clopidogrel plus 100 mg/day aspirin. Patients in group B received a 180 mg loading dose of ticagrelor followed by 90 mg ticagrelor twice daily plus 100 mg/day aspirin. Light transmission aggregometry was performed to measure the platelet aggregation rate prior to and following 4 weeks of anti-platelet drug treatment. In addition, the rate of cardiovascular events and the adverse drug reactions were recorded within a 1-year treatment period. Compared with the clopidogrel group, the rate of recurrent angina in the ticagrelor group was significantly lower (P=0.05). However, the rate of dyspnea in the ticagrelor group was significantly higher when compared with that in the clopidogrel group (P=0.03). After 4 weeks of treatment, the reduction in the platelet aggregation rate was significantly different between the two groups (P<0.05). Therefore, ticagrelor, which is a novel antiplatelet aggregation drug, may reduce the rate of the adverse cardiovascular events in ACS patients following PCI, but a higher incidence of side-effects, such as dyspnea, may be observed.

Long term retention of antimicrobials with effective drug concentration in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is of vital importance for the treatment of chronic periodontitis. In this study, a novel epithelial cell-targeting nanoparticle drug delivery system by conjugating minocycline-loaded poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic acid) (PEG-PLA) nanoparticles (NP-MIN) with RGD peptide were developed and administrated locally for targeting periodontitis epithelial cells and enhancing the treatment of periodontitis in dogs. Biodegradable NP-MIN was made with an emulsion/solvent evaporation technique. RGD peptide was conjugated to the surface of nanoparticles via Maleimide group reaction with hydrosulfide in RGD peptide (RGD-NP-MIN). Transmission electron microscopy examination and dynamic light scattering results revealed that RGD-NP-MIN had a sphere shape, with a mean diameter around 106nm. In vitro release of minocycline from RGD-NP-MIN showed that RGD modification did not change the remarkable sustained releasing characteristic of NP-MIN. To elucidate the interaction of RGD-NP and epithelial cells, RGD-NP binding, uptake and cellular internalization mechanisms by calu-3 cells were investigated. It was shown RGD modification significantly enhanced nanoparticles binding and uptake by Calu-3 cells, and RGD-NP uptake was an energy-dependent process through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Both clathrin-associated endocytosis and caveolae-dependent endocytosis pathway were involved in the RGD-NP uptake, and the intracellular transport of RGD-NP was related to lysosome and Golgi apparatus. Finally, in vivo pharmacokinetics of minocycline in the periodontal pockets and anti-periodontitis effects of RGD-NP-MIN on periodontitis-bearing dogs were evaluated. After local administration of RGD-NP-MIN, minocycline concentration in gingival crevicular fluid decreased slowly and maintained an effective drug concentration for a longer time than that of NP-MIN. Anti-periodontitis effects demonstrated that RGD-NP-MIN could significantly decrease symptoms of periodontitis, which was better than any other control group. These findings suggested that these epithelial cell-targeting nanoparticles offered a novel and effective local delivery system for the treatment of periodontitis.

目的 探讨机器人辅助腹腔镜肾盂成型术与输尿管软镜杂交手术治疗合并肾结石的复杂肾盂输尿管连接部梗阻(UPJO)的可行性.方法 回顾分析我科于2012年5月至2013年8月收治的5例UPJO合并肾结石患者的临床资料,其中单发肾下极结石3例,多发结石2例.所有患者均采用机器人辅助腹腔镜肾盂成型术联合输尿管软镜取石杂交手术治疗.结果 5例均顺利完成手术,无严重手术并发症,实际手术时间平均(132.4±24.8)min,平均软镜取石时间(25.4±11.9)min,软镜均能完整探查肾脏集合系统,术后复查提示结石取净率达100％.术后随访6个月,所有患者不适症状均明显减轻,仅1例患者仍有2 cm肾积水,其余4例UPJ成型效果满意.结论 机器人辅助腹腔镜与输尿管软镜杂交手术治疗合并肾结石的复杂性UPJO安全可行.

PURPOSE:This study aimed to compare the effectiveness and safety of single-stage bilateral and unilateral retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) for treatment of patients with renal stones.PATIENTS AND METHODS:Patients undergoing single-stage bilateral RIRS for renal stones between January 2011 and April 2014 were retrospectively reviewed and matched to patients undergoing unilateral RIRS at a 1:1 ratio by the propensity score based on age, sex, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, stone burden, and stone location (involvement of the lower calix or not). Main outcome measures were stone-free rate per patient and per renal unit and RIRS-associated morbidity.RESULTS:Of 60 patients treated by single-stage bilateral RIRS, 59 patients were matched with patients treated by unilateral RIRS. Stone-free rates per patient for bilateral RIRS and unilateral RIRS were 84.7% and 91.5%, respectively (P=0.255). Median operative time (100 vs 65 min, P<0.001) and postoperative hospitalization (2 vs 1 d, P=0.011) was significantly longer for bilateral RIRS than unilateral RIRS. Median changes in hematocrit (1.3% vs 1.0%, P=0.964) and serum creatinine level (3 vs 2 μmol/L, P=0.716) were similar between bilateral and unilateral RIRS. The overall complication rate was slightly higher with bilateral RIRS (11.9% vs 8.5%, P=0.542). No serious RIRS-associated morbidities occurred in either group.CONCLUSION:Single-stage bilateral RIRS was as effective and safe as unilateral RIRS among propensity score-matched patients.

Objective To evaluate the value of flexible ureteroscopy(F-URS)in managing asymptomatic calyceal calculi for flight attendants.Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 8flight attendants who were surgically treated for asymptomatic calyceal calculi at our hospital from January 2008to May 2012.The demographic information,disease characteristics,and perioperative information were collected.Results Eight patients had a total of 37intrarenal calculi,with bilateral renal stones found in 2patients.The mean number of stones per kidney in our patients was 3.7±0.7(range 3-5).The mean size of individual stone was(4.5±1.5)mm(range 2-8mm).The mean stone size per kidney was(16.8±4.7)mm(range 6-20mm).The mean operation time was(45.0±7.6)min(range 30-56min)and the average postoperative hospital stay was(1.8±0.5)d(range 1-2d).Mean time lost from work due to F-URS was(13.0±1.1)d(range 12-15d).No severe complications occurred during the operation.Stone free rate was 100%at 2weeks after treatment as showed by a follow-up CT scan.Conclusion F-URS with holmium laser is a safe,effective and minimally invasive procedure,and may serve as a first-line therapy for asymptomatic calyceal calculi for flight attendants.

Based on regional distribution of gypsum-salt and the detailed analysis of lithological features, the origin of Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation gypsum and salt in the Sichuan basin was studied, and migration and evolution of gypsum and salt pot and their structural significance were further discussed. The Leikoupo Formation contains two lithological assemblages and distribution patterns. One occurs as laminated gypsum salt intercalated with massive gypsum salt during the Lower submember of the 1st Member of Leikoupo Formation and the Lower submember of the 3rd Member of Leikoupo Formation depositions. It has a thin thickness and stable distribution, suggesting a lagoon origin. The other occurs as massive anhydrite and halite with greatly varied thickness and quick horizontal change. In contrast to the previously-formed gypsum-salt, the depocenter of gypsum-salt migrates westward and northward, suggesting an origin of gypsum-salt pot. Both reflect a structure signature that tectonic stress field of the Sichuan basin was in the transition from tensile stress to compression stress during the Middle Triassic Leikoupo Stage, in which the basin was in tranquil during deposition period of the Lower submember of the 1st Member of Leikoupo Formation and the Lower submember of the 3rd Member of Leikoupo Formation sections, whereas the basin was in active during the period of the Middle submember of the 3rd Member of Leikoupo Formation and the Middle submember of the 4th Member of Leikoupo Formation. NW-SE-trending and NE-SW-tending compressive stress in the basin tended to be active, thus the new depocenter formed. In addition, extensive evaporation caused the gypsum-salt to precipitate quickly in depressed areas. With the basin being more active due to compression, gypsum-salt pots of the Middle submember of the 3rd Member of Leikoupo Formation, the Upper submember of the 3rd Member of Leikoupo Formation and the Lower-Middle submember of the 4th Member of Leikoupo Formation were formed distributing from north to west. West Sichuan depression started and developed at the Middle submember of the 3rd Member of Leikoupo Formation period, and had an initial shape at the Lower-Middle submember of the 4th Member of Leikoupo Formation period. Above understanding will provide new information for studying the origins of Leikoupo gypsum-salt of the Sichuan basin.

Objective To investigate the changes of PWV and other relative clinical indices in patients with coronary artery disease combined with diabetes mellitus.Methods The patients were divided into control group(group A)(50 cases),coronary artery disease group(group B)(50 cases) and coronary artery disease combined with diabetes mellitus(group C)(50 cases),blood glucose,blood fat,glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c),nitric oxide(NO),endothelin(ET),high sensitive C-reactive protein(hs-CRP) and baPWV were examined in 3 groups.Results The levels of fasting blood glucose(FBG),2-hour postprandial blood glucose(2hPG),HbA1c,hs-CRP and baPWV in group C were obviously higher than those in group A and group B(P0.05,P0.01),the levels of NO was lower than that in group A and group B(P0.01).The level of baPWV was positively correlated with age,2hPG,LDL-C,low density lipoproteincholesterol(LDL-C),hs-CRP and ET in group C(P0.05,P0.01),negatively correlated with NO(P0.01).Conclusions At DM stage,PWV has been significantly accelerated in patients with coronary artery disease.Postprandial hyperglycemia,insulin resistance,inflammatory factors and endothelial function injury can speed up artery injury,which are also main disk factors for AS.

The inconsistence in different mining areas of the stratigraphic division schemes of Leikoupo Formation,Sichuan Basin,and the fact that on the karst zone strata sloughed off effected by Early Indosinian movement,brings about a problem of stratigraphic classification and lithofacies paleographic reconstitution.Guided by sequence stratigraphy theories and methods,this paper collates and stipulates the stratigraphic division schemes of Leikoupo Formation on the basin interior and reconstructs stratic lithofacies paleography by using quarternary bedding as constructive units.High precision lithofacies paleographic study demonstrates that Sichuan Basin of Leikoupo stage was in restricted-evaporated sea environment and that platform edge developed near Songpan-Ganzi oceanic trough in northwest Sichuan,where the grain bank of platform internal and fringe constitutes the main prospecting parts of Leikoupo Formation.The evolution of lithofacies paleography indicates that the bed form of basin transformed from dipping eastward to westward by the way of"seesaw"in the period of Leikoupo Formation deposition.Even in the early stage of sequence Ideposition,it still remained what the topographic configuration took on as in early Triassic,which was high westward and low eastward,while the eastward dipping trend disappeared gradually in sequenceIII depositional period.Yet,after that period there presented a miniature of uplift-hollow framework in the sequence IV—V depositional period on the basin interior.From sequence VI on,the bed form uplift-hollow framework differentiated intensively accompany with the intensity of the tectonic compression movement,forming macro-thick gypsolyte basin,whose depocencer had an apparent westward dipping trend in the depositional period of sequence VI—X.

电子政务建立后,一方面政府可以及时获取大量准确的信息;另一方面通过网络,提高行政决策的透明度和公众参与的积极性,提高决策的民主化程度.行政决策支持系统的建立和网络技术的应用,还可以大大提高行政决策的时效性和有效性.电子政务作为一项系统、专业、复杂的庞大工程,必须具备一定的时间、空间和环境,拥有充足的人力、物力和财力,处理好政府与政府、用户方和开发商、内外部和上下级等错综复杂的关系,都是不可或缺的重要因素.

The Leikoupo Formation in Sichuan Basin was deposited in a restricted evaporative platform or margin platform environment.Exploration practice has indicated that in the Leikoupo reservoir developed two kinds of grain shoals,i.e.intra-platform shoal and marginal-platform shoal,which are distinctly different.With thorough analyses on characteristics and formation conditions of these two shoals,the present paper showed that the marginal-platform shoal had a wave base up to 20 m in maximum and a large available space for sediments,forming shoals with big thickness for an individual one and less exposure.Greater static pressure of overlying formations resulted readily in a trellis support for grains and the decreased throat port,favoring the preservation of intergranular space within shoals and the formation of reservoir space dominated by residual intergranular pores(dissolved enlargement).While the intra-platform shoal had a wave base ranging generally between 2～3 m due to a shelter of the marginal-platform environment and grain shoals developed in local micro-topographic highland with minor thickness and frequent exposure.Fresh water in the early atmosphere might influence the middle and upper parts of a mono-cyclic intra-platform shoal,resulting in the reservoir space dominated by intragranular karst and moldic pores.A material basis laid by environments is a key to diagenetic and porous evolutions at the late stage,exerting an effect on the final reservoir features of grain shoals.