Enterococcus faecium is one of the probiotics used in piglet feeding. Enterococcus faecium can live in the gastrointestinal tract, maintain the balance of intestinal microbiota, regulate growth of small intestinal vil-lus, nutrient absorption, immune function, as well as resist to chlamydia, rotavirus and Salmonella typhimuri-um infection of piglets. The probiotic has important influence on the gut health of piglets. This review provided an update on the research in Enterococcus faecium field.

研究马尾藻多糖脂质体对南美白对虾免疫功能及抗病毒活性的影响。首先，选用72尾SPF南美白对虾，分为脂质体组和对照组，饲喂7 d 后，测血淋巴上清中总蛋白含量，酚氧化酶、溶菌酶、碱性磷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶活性；然后，选用2批180尾 SPF 南美白对虾分别观察多糖脂质体对感染白斑综合征病毒或桃拉病毒对虾的保护作用，将180尾对虾随机分为6组，设空白对照组、阳性对照组，药物阳性对照组和高、中、低3个脂质体剂量组，饲喂7 d 后攻毒，攻毒后观察7 d，记录发病数、死亡数。结果表明，在免疫试验中，脂质体组酚氧化酶、溶菌酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性极显著升高；在抗病毒保护试验中，多糖脂质体各剂量均能提高南美白对虾的存活率，高剂量组存活率最高。说明马尾藻多糖脂质体对南美白对虾具有免疫促进作用，并能提高其抗病力。

本文简述了研究生助教工作的开展,研究生助教在动物生物化学实验中的积极作用及面临的困难,积极探索研究生助教在提高本科实验教学质量中的作用。

为了比较不同方法测定的山羊粗饲料养分消化率的差异,试验采用随机区组设计,将12头体重相近的山羊随机分为3组(每组4头),分别饲喂象草、高粱秸秆和青贮玉米秸秆,采用酸不溶性灰分法、全收粪法和链烷烃C31法测定了山羊粗饲料干物质、有机物、粗蛋白、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、粗脂肪和总能消化率。结果表明:象草组、高粱秸秆组和青贮玉米秸秆组分别采用3种方法所得各营养成分的消化率差异不显著(P>0.05)。说明3种方法测定山羊饲料养分消化率差异不大。

The gonadotropic releasing hormone(GnRH) and its receptor(GnRH-R) in the mammary gland of Guangxi hybrid Murrah Buffalo were detected by immuno-histochemical and reverse transcription PCR(RT-PCR).The results showed that in 15 pieces of normal mammary gland tissue,there were 13 samples observed positive immunoreaction.The immunoreactive productions were mainly distributed in the cytoplasm and membrane of acinar cells;and it was negative in nucelus.The amplified target fragment was about 1 008 bp which was conformance to GnRH-R gene fragment.

为探索促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)在中国荷斯坦奶牛卵巢中分布特点,采用免疫组化技术对中国荷斯坦奶牛卵巢中GnRH进行检测。结果表明,中国荷斯坦奶牛卵巢中存在大量GnRH阳性细胞,且主要位于颗粒层细胞和黄体细胞的胞质内。

将12只体重相近的山羊随机分为3组,每组4头.3组山羊分别饲喂以象草、高粱秸秆和青贮玉米秸秆.用全收粪法、酸不溶性灰分(AIA)法和链烷烃C31法测定了山羊对粗饲料中的干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、粗脂肪(EE)和总能(GE)的消化率,结果表明,3种方法所得DM、OM、CP、NDF、ADF、EE和GE的消化率差异均不显著(P＞0.05).

The PBL(problem-based learning) teaching method is experimentally carried out in anatomy of domestic animals for specialized undergraduates of animal science.The results show that while the teaching workload of the teachers was significantly decreased,PBL hindered the students in neither their learning of the intellectual rudiments,main points,and difficult points nor their development of the ability to analyze and solve problems.It is concluded that the PBL is feasible in the laboratory courses in the anatomy of the domestic animals.

将PBL教学法在家畜解剖学教学实习中进行试验,结果表明,该教学法可以明显减少教师的工作量,不影响学生对基础知识、知识要点和难点的掌握,不妨碍学生的综合分析和解决问题能力的培养,更有利于学生综合能力乃至学习效果的提高.

[Objective] The function of reproductive adjustment and milking role of the prolactin releasing peptide(PrRP) of young Murrah hybrid buffalo F1 was searched.[Method] The distribution of the PrRP in the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary of five female F1s was lactated through the method of paraffin coated section,HE stain,Nissl stain and immunohistochemical stain,and combined with the LEICA image analysis system and the analysis of statistics software SPSS13.0.[Result] The results showed that the PrRP immunoreactive positive neurons in the hypothalamus were mainly located in anterior nucleus(AN),but few,in pasterior nucleus(PN).The high density of PrRP immunoreactive positive fibers was observed in paraventricular nucleus(PVN);the density,in arcuatus nucleus(AN) and mamillarybody nucleus(MBN);and few,in medisal preoptic nucleus(MPN),AN,supra-chiasmatic nucleus(SCN),ventromedialis nucleus(VMN),ventrolateral nucleus(VLN),dorsomedialis nucleus(DMN) and dorsallateral nucleus(DLN).No PrRP immunoreactive positive fiber was found in supra-opticus nucleus(SON).In the pituitary,the PrRP immunoreactive positive cells could only be observed in adenohypophysial,but there was no PrRP immunoreactive positive fiber;there were a large number of PrRP immunoreactive positive fibers in neurohypophysis,but no PrRP immunoreactive positive cell.No PrRP immunoreactive positive product was found in the follicle and the mesenchyme of ovary,only few PRrP was found in corpus luteum.[Conclusion] The PrRP was widely distributed in hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary of the young Murrah hybrid buffalo F1.

[Objective]The present experiment was conducted to investigate the similarities and differences in localization and expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in ovaries of two different buffalo varieties, viz. Guangxi swamp buffalo and Murrah hybrid buffalo, for studying the mechanism of ovary function regulation by GnRH. [Methods]The distribution and expression of GnRH and its receptors in ovaries of buffaloes were compared using immuno-histochemical SP staining. [Results]Results showed the existence of many GnRH positive cells in ovaries of both buffalo varieties, which were mainly located in cytoplasm of stratum granulosum and corpus luteum cells. The quantity of GnRH positive cells in ovaries of different buffalo varieties differed significantly, while the size and average optical density of GnRH positive cells did not show significant differences between two varieties. [Conclusion]Besides stimulating the pituitary secretions of FSH (Follicle stimulation hormome) and LH (Luteinizing hormone) in hypophysis during reproduction, GnRH might play an important role in reproductive organs to regulate the secretion of proteins, production of peptide and steroid hormone by paracrine, self-secretion and neurosecretion, and the regulation of functional activities of these cells and organs. The difference in distribution of GnRH amongst different buffalo varieties might be related with the reproductivity.

[Objective] To explore the cellular location of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH),detect the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R) in hypophysis of Guangxi swamp buffaloes and provide a theoretical basis for cloning and sequence analysis of GnRH-R gene. [Method] The location and expression of GnRH in hypophysis of Guangxi swamp buffaloes were determined by using immunohistochemical ABC method and image analysis. The GnRH-R gene fragment was amplified by real-time PCR. [Result] Many positive GnRH cells were detected in adenohypophysis,the positive substances were mainly distributed in cytoplasm and it was negative in nuclei. There was no positive signal in neurohyppohsis. Meanwhile,the GnRH-R gene fragment was amplified with 1 008 bp in size. [Conclusion] A large number of GnRH and GnRH-R exist in the pars distalis of adenohypophysis,which indicates that the anterior hypophysis plays an important role in the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and the interaction of multiple endocrine axes.

The present experiment was conducted to investigate the changes in gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH) in pituitary gland of different cow varieties.The distribution of GnRH in pituitary gland was compared in Guangxi native swamp female buffalo,Murrah hybrid buffalo,Holstein cow and Guangxi native female yellow cattle using immunohistochemical staining.The results showed that claybank or fulvous GnRH-positive productions were found in bovine pituitary gland of different cow varieties.Statistical analysis showed that the GnRH-positive cells in Murrah hybrid buffalo varieties were significantly larger there than those in other three cow varieties(P0.05),while the average optical density values were found similar between Holstein cow and Guangxi native female yellow cattle(P 0.05).There were only existing immune GnRH-positive fibers in neurohypophysis,but without GnRH-positive cells.The cells in pars distalis hypophyseos showed GnRH-positive reaction,and positive productions were mainly found in cytoplasm of chromophobe and chromophilic cell.These results indicated that the secretion of pituitary hormone directly depends on neuroregulation of GnRH and neurohypophysis may help in the process of GnRH regulation.

[Objective]The aim was to study the association of oxytocin (OT)'s distribution in hypothalamatic,pituitary and ovary,and understand how the OT secrete releasing in hypothalamus,pituitary and ovaries in Guangxi local buffalo. [Method]The paraffin section immunohistochemistry SuperPicTureTM two-step method was used to detect the distribution of OT in hypothalamatic-pituitary-ovary axis of five femal Guangxi local buffalo. [Result]The results showed that oxytocin immuno reactive (OT-IR) neuronsw was mainly distributed in arcuate nucleus,supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus,and OT-IR neurons was also found in ventromedial nucleus,ventrolateralis nucleus,suprachiasmaticus nucleus,dorsomedial nucleus,mamillary body,anterior hypothalamic nucleus and so on. The OT immunoactive production was found in pituitary and few OT-IR nerve fibers extended to post pituitary from hypophyseal stalk and medium eminence. In ovaries,OT immunoactive productions were only distributed in germinal epithelium cells,granulosa cells and lutein cells. [Conclusion]The OT was first discovered in singulorum link of hypothalamatic-pituitary-ovary axis of Guangxi local buffalo and the OT immunoactive neurons were first discovered in every main nucleus of Guangxi local buffalo hypothalamus,especially distributed in arcuate nucleus,supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus,which could provide morphology according to study the OT's synthesis and mechanism of action,and could play reference and directions part in breeding Guangxi local buffalo.

In order to explore the differences of production performance between Murrah hybrid buffalo and Guangxi local water buffalo's,the organizational structures of adrenal gland between Murrah hybrid buffalo and Guangxi local water buffalo were compared.The results showed that the shape of both sides of the adrenal gland had different sizes,different individuals had the different shape of adrenal gland in the ipsilateral,the capsules of adrenal glands could be clearly divided into outer and inner layer line longitudinal layer,the envelope of Guangxi local buffalo was thicker than that of Murrah hybrid buffalo by the test of general anatomy.The spherical belt cell long axial of Guangxi local water buffalo was longer 2-4 μm than that of Murrah hybrid buffalo.The reticular zone cell's major axis of Guangxi local water buffalo was longer 4.00-5.00 μm than that of Murrah hybrid buffalo and the reticular zone cell's short axial was longer 2-3 μm than that of Murrah hybrid buffalo.Therfore,the conclusions were drawn that,the abilities to regulating the cardiac activity and vascular pressure and resisting cold stress and side effect of the drug of Guangxi local water buffalo were superior to that of Murrah hybrid buffalo.

[Objective] The research aimed to study the distribution of gonadotropin (GnRH) releasing hormone in hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis of youth murrah hybrid water buffalo. [Method] The immunohistochemistry SuperPicTure(superscript TM) two step method was used to detect the distribution of GnRH in hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis of five femal murrah hybrid water buffalos. The association of GnRH's distribution in hypothalamus, pituitary and ovary, and understand how the GnRH secrete releasing in hypothalamus, pituitary and ovary. [Result] The GnRH was first discovered in singulorum link of hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis of murrah hybrid water bufflo. The GnRH immunoreactive neurons were first discovered in every main nucleus of murrah hybrid water bufflo hypothalamus, especially distributed in supraoptic nucleus, preoptic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus most. The GnRH immunoactive productions were first discovered only in murrah hybrid water bufflo adenohypophyais for pituitary. The GnRH immunoactive productions were first discovered in the germinal epithelium cells, granulosa cells and lutein cells of murrah hybrid water bufflo. [Conclusion] The test results could provide morphological basis for the study of the GnRH'a syrithesis and mechanism of action, and could play reference and directions part in breeding murrah hybrid water bufflo.

免疫组织化学染色是应用抗体结合组织中特异性抗原的特殊染色方法,广泛应用于肿瘤病理诊断和神经解剖学.但是,免疫组化试验操作步骤繁多,在实际操作过程中经常遇到一些问题,这就需要认真分析问题的原因,找到解决问题的方法.笔者就此问题展开论述.

从基因结构、合成代谢、神经元分布、生物学功能及生产应用等方面对哺乳动物促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）进行简要综述。

指出了动物解剖实验室中存在的若干问题,并从改善实验室教学环境、动物标本存放室,改良标本浸泡液,标本的建设和管理等方面的建设进行了探讨。

Under transmission electron microscope,the prehypophyseal cells in F1 hybrid-marrah buffalo have five marked cells types in common,their ultrastructural features appeared characteristically.Gonadotrophs are round in shape,which about 7.6 to 9.0 μm in diameter;the size of secretory granules is either big or small clearly,which has high electron density.Thyrotroph is about 6.0 to 7.5 μm in diameter and contains irregular nuclei in the centre mostly;their secretory granules are generally minor and tiny,distributed in the vicinity of plasmalemma.Adrenocorticotrophic hormone(ACTH)cells are ovoid in shape and 7.1 to 8.5 μm in diameter;irregular nuclei always is side incline;their secretory granules occurred in cytoplasmic periphery or one side.Somatotrophs are round,containing rounded nuclei and numerous secretory granules.Lactotrophs are almost the biggest cells in pituitary,numerous cells of various size are full of periplast.The results aimed to provide the morphology basic data for controlling reproduction endocrine in F1 hybrid-marrah buffalo.