Aphelinus mali (Haldeman) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in China is comprised of two clades (termed, the Shandong and Liaoning clades). In order to clarify the genetic relationship between these two clades, we compared and analyzed the morphological characteristics and the mitochondrial genome of each, and performed a hybridization experiment. Morphological results showed that both males and females of the Liaoning clade were larger than Shandong clade, in terms of whole body, abdominal, wing and antennal lengths, however, there were no significant differences between clades for total length of the middle or hind leg of females. The length of the mitochondrial genome of the Shandong clade was 14415 bp and, for the Liaoning clade, it was 14804 bp. Each contained 31 genes, including 13 protein-encoded genes, 16 tRNA genes, and 2 rRNA genes. The highest AT level among the 13 protein-coding genes for the two clades were the same gene ( ATP8 ) (Shandong clade, 91.52%; Liaoning clade, 90.91%). By hybridization and backcrossing, we found that there was no cross incompatibility between these two clades of A . mali . Our results indicate that the historic geographical isolation between these clades has not yet caused reproductive isolation of these populations, and they belong to the same species.

RNA interference (RNAi) is an essential approach for studying gene function and has been considered as a promising strategy for pest control. However, RNAi method has not been conducted in Woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum Hausmann), one of the most damaging apple pests in the world. In the study, we investigated the efficacy of RNAi of V-ATPase subunit D (ATPD), an efficacious target for RNAi in other insects, in E. lanigerum by a transdermal double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) delivery system with nanocarriers. Our results showed although topical application of dsATPD in E. lanigerum for 24 h produced 40.5% gene silencing, the additional help of nanocarriers extremely improved the interference efficiency with 98.5% gene silencing. Moreover, a 55.75% mortality was observed 5 days after topical application of nanocarriers and dsATPD, relative to the control (topical application of nanocarriers and double-stranded green fluorescent protein [dsGFP]). The nanocarrier-based transdermal dsRNA delivery system will promote the development of functional analysis of vital genes and also provide a potential target for RNAi-based management of E. lanigerum.

Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), as a quarantine pest in many countries and regions, has shown a trend of northward diffusion in the past century in China. In order to determine whether B. dorsalis will cause great harm to the dominant northern fruits, the age-stage two-sex life tables of peaches and apples were constructed, with oranges as the control. The results showed that the developmental rate, intrinsic rate of increase (r), and finite rate of increase (λ) on oranges and peaches were significantly greater than on apples. Additionally, the prediction of population growth 90 days after oviposition revealed that the whole population on oranges and peaches increased by 13,667.3 and 12,112.1 times, respectively, indicating that B. dorsalis is very likely to endanger peach orchards. The population increased on apples by 4311 times, though this is lower than that on oranges and peaches. Overall, peaches with high fitness similar to oranges are very suitable as a host for B. dorsalis and are likely to become a new favorable host, while apples may also become a potentially new host, though with lower fitness. Therefore, the most pressing solutions to take are population monitoring, comprehensive prevention, and control in the case of any potential large-scale outbreak of B. dorsalis in northern China.

Agricultural ecosystems are extremely vulnerable to invasions by various pestiferous organisms. Bactrocera dorsalis is one of the invasive insect pests on fruits and vegetables in southern China, gradually spreading northward in past decades. To clarify its risk to damage to the northern fruits, the performance and fitness of the first and third reared generations of B. dorsalis were studied with two-sex life table on northern fruits (apples and peaches as dominant fruits) and southern fruit (oranges as appropriate host). Furthermore, the preference of host and oviposition selection were also conducted in laboratory experiments. Also, the CLIMEX model was used to comprehensively assess its potential risk in northern orchards. It was found that B. dorsalis had high fitness on peaches and good-performance on apples within first and third generations. This implies that peaches and apples are liable to become one of its most favorable hosts in northern orchards. The simulation based on CLIMEX model showed B. dorsalis had a high population growth potential in summer and autumn in some regions of northern China, where the life cycle can be completed and two simulated occurrence peaks last two to three months from early June to late July and from mid-late August to early September, long enough to cause serious harm. Projection for its distribution by 2080 indicated that the suitable area for B. dorsalis would further expand northward. Innate ability of B. dorsalis in flight, adaptability and wide range of hosts is conducive to its diffusion into new habitats, and external causes including harm concealment within fruits, frequent transportation were also discussed. Therefore, monitoring of B. dorsalis occurrence in northern orchards is necessary, combined with strict quarantine and control efforts, to avoid its further expansion and the consequent economic losses.

桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel),是一种难防治的危险性检疫害虫.当前化学防治是控制桔小实蝇的最主要手段,但随着杀虫剂的大量使用,桔小实蝇已经对多种杀虫剂产生了不同程度的抗药性,这加大了桔小实蝇的防治难度.总结了桔小实蝇的化学防治措施、抗药性现状和抗药性机理研究进展,并对抗性治理和未来桔小实蝇的防治趋势进行展望,旨在为桔小实蝇的化学防治及抗药性的研究提供基础参考.

Woolly apple aphid (WAA), Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), is an important global pest that feeds on Malus species. We studied the feeding preference of WAA on apple trees in the field for two consecutive years and in the laboratory we used electronic penetration graphs (EPG) to record the stylet penetration behavior of WAA on different parts of apple trees. We found that in the field WAA fed primarily on twigs and branches, not on leaves and fruits. Six EPG waveforms were produced during WAA probing on shoots, trunks and leaves of apple trees, including the non-penetration wave (np), the stylet pathway phase wave (C), the intracellular feeding wave (pd), the xylem feeding wave (G), waves indicative of release of saliva into the phloem (E1), and a wave indicative of ingestion from phloem (E2). In the laboratory, aphids only successfully fed on shoots, trunks and leaves, not on fruits. The EPG parameters on the phloem of shoots were significantly higher than those on trunks, indicating WAA prefer to feed on shoots. These laboratory findings explain the relative field feeding preference of WAA on different parts of apple trees, which occurs primarily on branches, barks, and young twigs in orchards, especially on young twigs.

2018年4～8月在烟台市福山门楼镇东陌堂村和青岛农业大学胶州实验基地苹果园释放不同密度金纹细蛾信息素,研究迷向法防治金纹细蛾的技术和方法.结果表明,在烟台市每公顷施用信息素散发器1 500粒/hm2、4 500粒/hm2、9 000粒/hm2的区域,对金纹细蛾的平均迷向率分别达到71.2％、82.4％、89.6％,叶片平均被害率分别为14.51％、9.53％和3.11％,防治效果分别为49.05％、66.54％、89.08％.在青岛市果园通过进一步降低释放密度,明确迷向效果,发现施用750粒/hm2信息素时,虽然金纹细蛾发生数量低于对照区,但迷向效果较差.综合防治费用与防治效果,建议按照4 500粒/hm2(2.57 g/hm2)释放性信息素迷向防治金纹细蛾.

Woolly apple aphid (WAA), Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) (Hemiptera: Pemphigidae), is a worldwide quarantine pest of apples. Understanding the resistance mechanism of various cultivars to WAA is important for the selection for durable resistance. Few studies have examined the resistance of different apple cultivars to WAA in China; among common varieties produced in China, Red Fuji is highly sensitive to WAA. In this study, the resistance to WAA of Red Fuji and three other common cultivars—Starkrimson, Jonagold, and Ralls Genet—was assessed based on the developmental and reproductive biological characteristics of aphids, assessed under four fixed temperatures: 20, 25, 30, and 35 ℃. We found the optimal temperature for WAA growth and reproduction to be 20–25 ℃, at which temperature, aphids on Red Fuji showed the highest rate of reproduction, the highest number of colonies, and the greatest area covered by aphid colonies among the four cultivars. These attributes of WAA were significantly higher at 20–25 ℃ than at 30 ℃. On Red Fuji, the most favorable variety, WAA showed its highest net reproductive rate (127.3 ± 13.3), intrinsic growth rate (0.30 ± 0.01), highest growth rate of the colony area (1.35 ± 0.02), and the lowest average generation time (16.1 ± 0.8 day) at 25 ℃. The aphids inoculated onto the four tested cultivars all died within 1 week at 35 ℃. Overall, Red Fuji was highly susceptible, while Starkrimson, Jonagold, and Ralls Genet were partially resistant.

ABSTRACT: Aphelinus mali (Haldeman) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) is an important specific endoparasitoid of Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) (Hymenoptera: Aphididae) with high natural parasitism in the field. By studying the COI gene of the A. mali mitochondrion, two distinct clades, Shandong and Liaoning clades, were found in China. In this paper, the mitochondrial genome of A. mali populations from Shandong province was sequenced and analyzed. In total, 14415 bp were sequenced, representing 93.5% of the total length of the A. mali mitochondrial genome, with six tRNA, trnY, trnM, trnI, trnQ, trnW, trnS1, not sequenced. The unmeasured area was located in an A+T-rich region of approximately 1000 bp. The AT content in the A+T-rich region was as high as 91.3% and this may be why this region has not been detected until now. The A+T content was 84.4% in the measured region, which is higher than that of other Hymenoptera. The AT skew was 0.1291, the highest AT skew known among Hymenoptera, which might be related to the higher AT content of protein-coding genes, rRNA and RSCU AT content. Transport genes (tRNA) had a secondary clover shaped structure, compared with other Hymenoptera; there is a more incomplete secondary structure, and less base mismatch. The mitochondrial genome of A. mali showed considerable rearrangement when compared with the mitochondrial genome of the most primitive arrangement, mainly concentrated in six tRNA genes and the gene region from cob to trnE and from trnL to nad1. The mitochondrial genome of A. mali is quite different from that of other Hymenoptera as can be demonstrated by constructing a phylogenetic tree. This paper provides a basis for further study of phylogeny, genetic structure, and hybridization of A. mali populations.

桔小实蝇[Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)]是一种重要的果蔬害虫.我国自台湾首次发现以来已有百余年历史,该虫因繁殖力强、危害严重、扩散蔓延迅速等因素备受关注.本文主要对桔小实蝇的发生为害、入侵历史、分布区域、适生区、传播扩散趋势等进行了梳理分析,明确了该虫的传播扩散趋势,并对北方地区的发生定殖风险进行了评估,为桔小实蝇的监测预警、阻截防控等工作奠定基础.

Aphelinus mali is an important endoparasitoid of Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). In our previous study, A. mali in China was divided into two genetic clades, named the Shandong and Liaoning clades, which showed differences in both biological characteristics and the level of pest control. The purpose of this study was to analyse the diversity of endosymbiotic bacteria associated with the two clades. An Illumina HiSeq sequencing platform was used to measure the 16s V3-V4 hypervariable region sequences of 15 A. mali samples from five regions in China. Based on clustering of OTUs, species annotation, abundance analysis and constructing phylogenetic trees, the structural differences of symbiotic bacterial species in different regions and samples were revealed. Our results showed QHD population had different patterns of endosymbiont diversity. The sample cluster analysis showed that there was low species richness in QHD, and proteobacteria accounted for more than 90%, significantly different from other four regions. It suggested this population was a separate re-invasion or is evidence for genetically distinct clades of A. mali. We hold the opinion that the differentiation of the symbiotic bacteria could be a new evidence of the two genetic clades of A. mali.

[目的]明确粗放管理的苹果园系统内金纹细蛾Lithocolletis ringoniella发生为害动态规律、其寄生蜂种类和对金纹细蛾的控害作用,为金纹细蛾生物防治提供理论依据.[方法]试验于2018年在烟台福山区管理粗放的苹果园内,通过系统调查和实验室解剖对金纹细蛾的发生及其寄生蜂种类进行调查.[结果]在粗放管理的苹果园系统内,5月中旬-6月中旬是金纹细蛾成虫发生的全年最高峰,幼虫发生的两个高峰期分别在5月底和6月中下旬,而田间叶片被害率在6月中旬以后明显升高,7月初出现大量落叶.在自然生态系统下,共调查发现金纹细蛾姬小蜂Sympiesis laevifrons Kamijo、金纹细蛾绒茧蜂Apanteles theivorae、金纹细蛾跳小蜂Ageniaspis pestacsipes Rate、金纹细蛾羽角姬小蜂Eulopaus longulus Zett、柠黄姬小蜂Cirros-pilues ogimae (Howard)5种寄生蜂;在5月底至6月初和7月下旬出现2个寄生高峰,其中6月底以前,金纹细蛾姬小蜂、金纹细蛾绒茧蜂寄生率高,分别达到33.69％和29.48％,是优势种寄生蜂,7月份以后金纹细蛾跳小蜂是优势种寄生蜂,平均寄生率为38.54％,最高达71.72％.[结论]在粗放条件下,金纹细蛾寄生蜂自然寄生率高,不同时期优势种寄生蜂不同,应注意保护天敌,充分发挥寄生蜂对金纹细蛾的控害作用.

蓝莓作为新兴的经济作物,因其极高的营养价值和经济价值,种植面积逐年增加.但近几年,果蝇成为蓝莓上的主要害虫,严重影响了我国蓝莓产业的发展.为了明确青岛地区为害蓝莓的果蝇种类及发生动态规律,2016年5-12月,在青岛沃林蓝莓采摘园,选择暖棚、冷棚和大田3种蓝莓栽培环境,在相同高度悬挂糖醋液诱集瓶,监测果蝇发生的种类及数量动态规律.共进行了33次调查,诱集果蝇11 709头.结果 表明,青岛地区为害蓝莓的果蝇主要有黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster Meigen、铃木氏果蝇Drosophila suzukii Matsumura、海德氏果蝇Drosophila hydei Sturtevant和伊米果蝇Drosophila immigrans Sturtevant 4种.在3种不同的种植环境中,为害蓝莓的优势种为黑腹果蝇,共计6 878头,占总数量的59％,平均23.7头/5瓶,其次是铃木氏果蝇,共计4 372头,占总数量的37％,平均14.7头/5瓶,海德氏果蝇和伊米果蝇发生数量较少,共369头和90头,分别占总数量的3％和1％,平均1.2头/5瓶和0.4头/5瓶.黑腹果蝇在6-10月发生数量一直处于较高水平,而铃木氏果蝇在6-7月和10-11月出现2个明显的发生高峰,8-9月是发生的低谷期.冷棚诱集到果蝇数量为5 736头,占总数量的49％,大田为3 746头,占总数量的32％,暖棚为2 227头,占总数量的19％,暖棚能更好地减少果蝇的发生.本文讨论了不同栽培措施对蓝莓园果蝇种类和数量动态的影响,以期为蓝莓果蝇的监测和综合防治提供依据.

In recent years, fruit flies (Drosophila spp.: Drosophilidae) have become an increasingly serious problem for cherry production in northern China. In this study, we examined the species composition and dynamics of fruit flies in cherry orchards using lure-baited traps placed at different heights, and in 3 different cherry cultivars, from Apr through Sep 2014 to 2016 in Qingdao, Shandong Province, China. The total number of fruit flies increased from yr to yr. Four species were captured: Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, Drosophila hydei Sturtevant, and Drosophila immigrans Sturtevant (all Diptera: Drosophilidae). The dominant species was D. melanogaster, with 66.7% of the total captured, followed by D. suzukii (29.7%). Drosophila hydei and D. immigrans accounted for only 3.0 and 0.6%, respectively, and for these last 2 species, no peak period in abundance was observed. In general, Drosophila spp. appeared in Apr, and peaked around mid-Jul. Over the 3 yr span of the study, peak fruit fly abundance occurred later each yr, being at the end of Jun in 2014, and in the middle of Jul in 2015 and 2016. There were significant differences in the number of Drosophila species among cherry cultivars, as well as in the number of Drosophila trapped at different heights. The cultivar maturing in the middle of the season (cv. 'Van') attracted the most fruit flies. The optimal height for trap placement was at 1 m above ground level, which is recommended as a standard height for Drosophila spp. population monitoring.

Aphelinus mali (Haldeman) is an effective natural enemy of woolly apple aphid (WAA), Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann). Previous studies have found that, with WAA from Shandong Province (Qingdao) as the host, there are significant differences in various biological characteristics between a Shandong clade and Liaoning clade of A. mali. The ability of the Shandong clade to control this aphidwas significantly higher than that of the Liaoning clade in Shandong Province. In order to determine whether differences were caused by better adaptation of the Shandong parasitoid clade to the population of the host in that province or if it represents a more general fitness of this clade to control the host regardless of location, we compared the same parasitoid clades with hosts from Hebei Province. We found no significant differences in the developmental threshold temperature, effective accumulated temperature, fecundity, longevity, and oviposition period of the two clades, but the duration of host searching of the Shandong clade was significantly longer than that of the Liaoning clade. The instantaneous attack rate, the control ability (a/Th), the search parameter (Q) of the Shandong clade (0.0946, 0.543, 0.0725) of A. mali were higher than that of the Liaoning clade (0.0713, 0.382, 0.0381), and therefore, with WAA from Hebei Province as the host, the host adaptability of the Shandong clade of A. mali was not worse than that of the Liaoning clade, while the pest control ability of the Shandong clade was still greater than that of the Liaoning clade.

Aphelinus mali (Haldeman) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) is an effective natural enemy used in China to control the woolly apple aphid ( Eriosoma lanigerum [Hausmann]) (WAA). Population of A. mali in China falls into two distinct genetic clades (Shandong clades and Liaoning clades). In the present results, the developmental threshold temperature of the Shandong clade (9.82 ± 1.44 °C) was lower than that of the Liaoning clade (10.72 ± 0.24 °C), while the effective accumulated temperature of the Shandong clade needed for development from oviposition to adult eclosion (126.45 ± 16.81 day-degree) was significantly higher than that of the Liaoning clade (107.99 ± 3.44 day-degree). The supercooling and freezing points of the Liaoning clade (− 27.66 °C, − 27.17 °C) were significantly lower than those of the Shandong clade (− 26.04 °C, − 25.54 °C). Some other differences between the two clades as well were the content of fat, trehalose, and protein of overwintering larvae of the Liaoning clade (60.8%, 7.57 μg/one insect, 10.11 μg/one insect) as these were significantly higher than those of the Shandong clade (45.5%, 5.73 μg/one insect, 8.05 μg/one insect). The occurrence of the first adult emergence of the Shandong clade of A. mali was earlier in the year than that of the Liaoning clade, allowing this clade to better control WAA in early spring. Meanwhile, the developmental duration from oviposition to adult emergence of the Shandong clade was longer than that of the Liaoning clade, and the cold tolerance of one of these, the more northerly Liaoning clade, is greater than that of the other, the more southerly Shandong clade. All of these factors imply differences in the pest control ability of the two clades of A. mali in their respective regions.

Aphelinus mali (Haldeman) is an effective natural enemy used in China to control woolly apple aphid. Previous studies have found that populations of A. mali in China fall into two distinct genetic clades. We found that one of these, the Shandong clade, is more effective as a biological control agent than the Liaoning clade. The control ability of the Shandong clade of A. mali (a/Th = 2.447) was found to be stronger than that of the Liaoning clade (a/Th = 1.278); the search parameter (Q) and the mutual interference parameter (m) of the Shandong clade (0.1166, 0.2567) were both significantly higher than that of the Liaoning clade (0.076, 0.185). The egg production and life (64.4 ± 10.44 eggs and 16.26 ± 1.04 (female), 13.54 ± 0.75 (male) days, respectively) of the Shandong clade were both significantly higher than they were for the Liaoning clade (30.67 ± 4.02 eggs and 9.34 ± 0.67 (female), 7.64 ± 0.48 (male) days, respectively), and the Shandong clade had a longer oviposition period for one oviposition (Shandong 86.6 s, Liaoning 61.4 s). We expect, in Shandong Province, the pest control ability of the Shandong clade of A. mali to be better than the Liaoning clade.

Apolygus lucorum is currently a major pest of tea plantations, affecting the normal growth of tea shoots and reducing yield and quality. This study measured the effect of damage by A. lucorum alongside mechanical damage using UV spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography. We found that the nutritional characteristics of tea varied with the level of bug damage, which influenced levels of caffeine, theanine, and tea polyphenols. As damage increased, caffeine content gradually increased. In contrast, theanine levels in highly damaged leaves were reduced compared to other levels of damage. The polyphenol level, like caffeine, increased with increasing damage. The levels of five other substances–Epigallocatechin, Catechin, Epigallocatechin gallate, Epicatechin, and Epicatechin gallate were all higher in tea with higher damage. Damage from A. lucorum changed the chemical profile of the tea, caused tea water turbidity, taste bitterness and decreased freshness, leading to the tea quality decline.

[目的]苹果绵蚜是我国重要的入侵害虫,对苹果生产造成了严重危害.近年来,苹果绵蚜扩散面积增大,危害加重.了解苹果绵蚜入侵过程中的分子生态变化,可为该虫的综合防控提供依据.[方法]利用微卫星标记技术,选择6个微卫星位点对山东省6个地区(烟台、威海、青岛、潍坊、聊城、泰安)2012-2015年苹果绵蚜种群遗传结构变化规律进行分析.[结果]2012-2015年,山东省6个地区的苹果绵蚜遗传多样性随时间推移逐渐降低.其中,2012年的遗传多样性极显著高于2013-2015年;2013-2015年之间虽然差异不显著,但随时间推移,等位基因观测值(Na)和期望杂合度(He)等遗传多样性指数有逐渐降低的趋势.通过无限等位基因模型、双相突变模型和逐步突变模型分析发现,6个地区的苹果绵蚜均经历了瓶颈效应,是遗传多样性降低的主要原因.对6个微卫星位点分析发现,Erio20、Erio75和Efio78扩增到的苹果绵蚜等位基因数量以及这3个位点的多样性指数随时间推移逐渐降低.[结论]Erio20、Erio75和Eno78是引起苹果绵蚜遗传多样性降低的主要多态位点.苹果绵蚜可能进化出了“超级克隆”基因型,因此,其可在我国适应不同生态环境并增大扩散范围.

Eriosoma lanigerum (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is an important invasive pest causing serious damage to apple trees in many countries. The powdery wax covering the integument of this aphid plays an important role in its defense against natural enemies. We examined all instars and adults of E. lanigerum to determine the morphology and distribution of wax gland pores. We found four lines of wax-gland plates, two pleural and two marginal, on all thoracic segments and on the first seven abdominal segments. On the head, there are six pleural and two marginal plates on the first, while the eighth abdominal segment had just two pleural plates. In total, 50 wax gland plates were distributed over the dorsal region of the aphid. Each plate was composed of several wax gland pores arranged in a circle, with from 3 to 12 "petals." On average, abdominal segments had 8 to 12 pores, thoracic segments had 7 - 10 pores, and the head had 5 - 8 pores. The wax secreted by different instars varied, and the optimal time to observe wax secretion in 1st to 4th instars and adults is at 16, 12, 8, 4 and 2 hours respectively after removing the wax on the cuticle. The rate of wax secretion increased with age, correlating with increases in body length, width, and diameter. In 1st to 3rd instars, marginal plates secreted more wax skeins and bundles of wax skeins than pleural plates, but there were no statistically significant differences between pleural and marginal plates. For 4th instars and adults, no significant differences were found in the number of wax filaments between pleural and marginal plates. For all E. lanigerum instars, more wax was found on the abdomen than on other parts of the body, which might help protect woolly apple aphids against honeydew, rain and parasitism.